Discourse Markedness and Structural Markedness

This research aims to discover the similarity and differences of Noun Phrase (NP) used in English and Indonesian sentences. This scientific writing used an instrument of report text as the reference to collect data. The report text was taken from a textbook of Developing English Competencies for senior high school. This research demonstrated that when English Noun Phrase was translated to Indonesian, there were changes in syntatic pattern, syntatic category, and meaning. Based on the research results, researchers found several similarities between Indonesian and English Noun Phrases. Similar parts, including head, determiner,and modifier, formed the Noun Phrase. However, there were also differences between them. English Noun Phrase was frequently expanded to the side of the head; meanwhile, in Indonesian, it was expanded to the back of the head. English Noun Phrase consists of a central-determiner (the, a, an); meanwhile, Indonesian Noun Phrase lacks it.

The English noun phrase is exceedingly complex. The Head-word can be modified by a number of other grammatical elements such as determiners, intensifiers, adjectives, etc. These modifiers of the head-word are properly ordered and rule-governed. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine word order in the English noun phrase and show how this can pose a problem to the second language learner in the Nigeria situation. The study adopted the case study research design. The data for the study were collected through the test administered to two thousand final year students randomly selected from twenty government owned secondary schools in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The theoretical framework employed was Rod Ellis procedural analysis of errors. The findings of this study reveal that learners experience some difficulties in the placement of modifiers in the English noun phrase. The study recommends that teachers should emphasize the established order of modifiers especially the pre-modifiers in the English noun phrase and where possible, use language games to teach the students to overcome the problem. The study concluded by noting that if serious attention is given to the order of pre-modifiers in the noun phrase, the problems students have in ordering words in the English noun phrase would be greatly reduced.

This researchaims to describe mixing code form of the post of facebook account Meme Manado Basudara. The object of this research mixing code form of the post of facebook account Meme Manado Basudara. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. Data analysis techniques in this research are descriptive analysis and data collection techniques with 2 techniques, namely reading and note taking. Based on the analysis of the research, it was found that the forms of words consisting of nouns (nouns), adjectives (adjectives), verbs (verbs), adverbs (adverbs). The various forms of phrase codes were also found in this research, namely noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases.There are mixing code form of words consisting of mixed forms of noun code (nouns) instead of 7 nouns consisting of 6 Indonesian nouns and 1 English noun. The mixing code form of adjective found 8 adjectives consisting of 6 Indonesian adjectives, 6 Indonesian adjectives and 2 English adjectives. The mixing code form of verbs (11 verbs), 11 verbs consisting of 6 Indonesian verbs, 5 verbs in English. The form of a mixture of adverb code that is 3 Indonesian adverb languages. The results of the research mixing code form of the post of facebook account Meme Manado Basudaraalso found mixed forms of phrase codes including 1 English noun phrase, 1 English verb phrase and 1 English adjective phrase.Keywords : mixed code, social media, ,meme

This paper is concerned with English noun phrases that denote generalized instances: they do not refer to actual spatio-temporal instances, but to virtual ones that are abstracted from a limited number of actual instances, e.g., a student in Three times, a student complained (Langacker, Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume II: Descriptive application, Stanford University Press, 1991, Dynamicity, fictivity, and scanning: The imaginative basis of logic and linguistic meaning, Cambridge University Press, 2005, forthcoming). Langacker likens generalized instances to generic ones, which constitute “global” generalizations over all actual instances of a type. On the basis of authentic data, I argue that, even though the profiled instance denoted by generic and generalized noun phrases is similar, the way the respective instances are accessed in discourse is very different. My data set consists of English noun phrases that are explicitly marked for generalized instantiation by the addition of a secondary determiner such as same in The twin brothers bought the same car or kind of in There was no way we could match that kind of offer. I compare noun phrases of four sets of secondary determiners, viz. adjectives of multiple exposure (usual), of identity (same, identical), of similarity (similar, comparable) and type noun constructions (kind of/type of/sort of). These data also allow me to refine the concept of generalized instantiation in terms of its semantic subtypes, the semantic interaction between secondary determiner and primary determiner, and the selection criteria for secondary determiners that can express it.

The paper deals with semantic developments in the Lithuanian and Latvian definite adjectival forms. The basic function of definite adjectival forms in Baltic is to mark the definiteness of the noun phrase. However, the adjectival marking of definiteness creates an interesting situation in which the noun phrase has several slots for the marking of (in)definiteness. In certain cases, different values for definiteness may appear in different slots: the adjective may be in the definite form whereas the noun phrase as a whole may be viewed as indefinite and can occur with formal markers of indefiniteness such as indefinite pronouns. These cases afford certain insights into the periphery of definiteness and the mechanisms of extension of definiteness markers into the domain of indefiniteness. The factors involved in this spill-over of definiteness markers are (i) genericity, realised in the form of so-called definite generics, whose definite markers are often retained when descending from the level of kind-reference to that of individual reference (this is referred to here as rigid or fossilised generic definiteness), and (ii) nominalisation of the adjective, which enables the retention of definite marking when a noun phrase shifts from definite plural description to singular or plural indefinite description. An important factor in the spread of definite adjectives beyond the domain of definiteness of the noun phrase seems to be their ability to evoke ad hoc taxonomies. The instances of extended definiteness marking discussed in this paper have parallels in article languages that have only one slot for (in)definiteness marking. The presence of two slots for definiteness marking in Baltic brings to light the layered nature of the definiteness of many noun phrases,which leads to what is here called ‘definiteness conflicts’ and indeterminacy between the semantic zones of definiteness and indefiniteness.

The acquisition of semantic knowledge is paramount for any application that requires a deep understanding of natural language text. Motivated by the problem of building a noun phrase-level semantic parser and adapting it to various applications, such as machine translation and multilingual question answering, in this paper we present a domain-independent model for noun phrase semantic interpretation. We investigate the problem based on cross-linguistic evidence from a set of four Romance languages: Spanish, Italian, French, and Romanian. The focus on Romance languages is well motivated. It is generally the case that English noun phrases translate into constructions of the form P N in Romance languages where, as we will show, the P (preposition) varies in ways that correlate with the semantics. Thus, based on a set of 22 semantic interpretation categories (such as PART-WHOLE, AGENT, POSSESSION) we present empirical observations regarding the distribution of these semantic categories in a cross-lingual corpus and their mapping to various syntactic constructions in English and Romance. Furthermore, given a training set of English noun phrases along with their translations in the four Romance languages, our algorithm automatically learns classification rules and applies them to unseen noun phrase instances for semantic interpretation. Experimental results are compared against a state-of-the-art model reported in the literature.

The paper analyzes the form of the noun phrase and its translation shift found in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment”. The shift in translation is stated as a major concept in a sentence analysis found in translation. The concept of shifting can be used in order to learn how a unit on a different level used to make interesting structures. This study has used the theory that is proposed by Catford (1978) and Quirk et all(1985). The qualitative method is applied to the research method by the researcher. In the data of noun phrases, it consists of the derived noun as head in the source language. In the translation process in this study, a shift occurred in the translation process from the source language into the target language. It can be seen that this study focuses on the translation strategies of the noun phrase. Those can be dictated by the structural discrepancies that occurred between the two language systems involved in this process. The optional ones (those that are dictated by the personal and stylistic preferences) and communicative rendition in source language text into another language. There are some shifts in translation occurred in the English noun phrases that are also translated into noun phrases in Indonesian as the target language. This study intends to: (i) identify the types of the noun phrase and its constituent structure found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of the noun phrase in the translation process from the source language into the target language.

: I am concerned with the relationship between the forms of linguistic expressions noun phrases in particular, and the discourse entities to which they refer. That is, when does a noun phrase introduce a new referent into the discourse? My concern in particular is to specify the role that the discourse context plays in answering this question. A simple first approach to the relationship between noun phrases and discourse entities might suggest that definite noun phrases refer to entities which are assumed to be mutually known to the speaker and hearer, and indefinite noun phrases refer to entities which are not mutually known, and thus, that discourse context plays no role at all. This discussion will point out problems with this approach for both definite and indefinite noun phrases. I will describe examples where definite noun phrases are used to introduce new referents, and, conversely, where indefinite noun phrases do not introduce new referents. In the first case, the local focus structure provides a guide to recognizing that a new entity is involved, and in the second case, the recognition that no new entity is introduced is based on the given/new status of propositions in the discourse. I will begin by describing certain definite descriptions that introduce new entities. I will then describe some examples where indefinite descriptions do not introduce new entities. In each case, I will discuss some related processing issues. I will restrict the current discussion to deal with cases where the mutual knowledge is based on the discourse context, rather than on knowledge that the speaker and hearer bring to an interaction. In the cases of indefinites, I will also restrict my discussion to sentential contexts where an indefinite could introduce a new entity; in other words, to specific contexts, as distinguished from non-specific contexts as discussed in [Prince1981].

One major controversy in the study of code-switching (CS) has been the treatment of structural regularities or patterns. Formal approaches attribute these patterns to syntactic constraints or models that are independent of socio-pragmatic or discourse factors, and hence they fall short of accounting for the variation and diachrony of CS constructions. Functional approaches call for due consideration of inter- and intra-speaker variation and discourse or processing factors, but they do not seem to go very far in pinpointing precisely what factors motivate a particular structural pattern. This paper attempts to integrate these two approaches in examining an emergent pattern in Cantonese–English CS in which postmodifying phrases are attested with English prepositions. The form of the construction may well be captured by some version of the Null Theory, but nonetheless it has little to say about why it is a new and variant pattern in Cantonese–English CS. This paper suggests that the construction is prompted by discourse factors such as salience, information status (i.e. given versus new) and heaviness (of the modifying noun phrase); typological differences (i.e. word order difference between Cantonese and English) and syntactic properties of words (such as prepositions) also have a role to play. Diachronically, this paper suggests that the construction evolves from a continuous English noun phrase with a further switch, which this paper terms “reinsertion”, within this noun phrase. Variants and possible changes of this postmodifier construction are also discussed in the light of “reinsertion” and “schematization”.

Teaching grammar has always constituted a major part of language education in curricula around the world. This paper investigates pre-modifiers in noun phrase in English and focuses on their definition and classifications. Pervious scholars have different focuses and give various definitions and classifications of pre-modifiers. Through thoroughly evaluating and comparing of the different theories given by previous grammarians and linguists, this study redefines modifiers from a semantic, formal and syntactical perspective and constructs a new classification based on word classes and classifies pre-modifiers into six categories: 1). adjectival pre-modifiers; 2). nominal pre-modifiers; 3). participle pre-modifiers; 4). genitive pre-modifiers; 5). adverb phrases pre-modifiers; 6). sentences, etc. The implications of this paper may provide new insights in grammar teaching in English classes.

This study examines the difficulty shown by Spanish-speaking university students in decoding pre-modified noun phrases (NPs) in English. NPs carry a heavy lexical and conceptual load and foreign language (L2) readers may be challenged by first language (L1) crosslinguistic influence triggered by cognate NPs. Therefore, this study also attempts to determine whether the presence of cognates activates L1 syntactic patterns. A cross-sectional design was implemented using a sample of 160 undergraduates. Data was collected from intact groups at four levels of instruction. Results suggest that cognate words may hinder comprehension of longer pre-modified NPs because of L1 language transfer. They also indicate that these NPs are amenable to the instruction delivered through a comprehension-based approach. Learners with limited English proficiency benefit especially from such instruction.

This paper examines noun phrases functioning as toponyms in English and Albanian, with a particular focus on their degree of definiteness. By exploring the role of articles in achieving definiteness, the study conducts a contrastive analysis of article usage in these two languages. Given that the article is a complex grammatical category, acquired progressively across different linguistic levels, the paper aims to analyze and compare its role, grammatical function, and form, as well as the rules governing its use in toponymic phrases. Starting from the premise that English and Albanian belong to distinct language families, the study utilizes a corpus of sentence sets to investigate which linguistic factors influence the use of articles with geographical names. The findings reveal that, in Albanian, syntactic norms ‒ the function of toponymic phrases within sentences ‒ and pragmatic considerations play a significant role in determining article usage. In contrast, article application in English is shaped by the interplay of multiple linguistic disciplines, with semantics exerting the greatest influence. However, syntax also can play a role in dictating usage rules, while pragmatics and historical linguistics provide insights into exceptions and irregularities. This comparative study highlights the differing linguistic mechanisms that govern definiteness in English and Albanian toponymic noun phrases, offering a deeper understanding of article usage across these two languages.

This research aims to describe the pattern of functions (S-P-O-K-Pel) in interrogative sentences, and phrases filling the functions of subject, predicate, object, description, and complement in the short story anthology "Alona Ingin Menjadi Serangga". In addition, it can draw conclusions on the similarities and differences between current and previous research. The focus of this research are: 1) looking for data sources that match the title, namely "Alona Ingin Menjadi Serangga"; 2) grouping data quotations based on syntactic function-filling phrases; 3) analyzing data quotations based on syntactic function-filling phrases; 4) making conclusions. The method used in this research is to use a qualitative approach with document study techniques. The object of study and analysis in this research is the anthology of short stories Alona Ingin Menjadi Serangga by Mashdar Zainal. The results obtained are various types of syntactic function patterns and phrases filling each subject function in the form of noun phrases, phrases filling each predicate function in the form of noun phrases, verbs, numeralia, and adjectives. Then the phrases filling each object function are noun and verb phrases; phrases filling each adverbial function are noun phrases, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and prepositions. Also, phrases filling each complementary function are in the form of noun and adverb phrases. Keywords: Filler phrases of each function, Syntax, Short Story, Qualitative, Document Study.

Iconicity in English Noun Phrases

This paper aims to investigate the distribution and function of the determiners sē, sēo, þæt in Old English genitive noun phrases. The hypotheses presented stem from the analysis of the Old English version of Bede's "Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum". Data shows, on the one hand, that determiners display a peculiar distribution, as their position varies according to the relative order of the genitive modifier and the head noun in genitive noun phrases, be it "genitive+noun" or "noun+genitive". On the other hand, their function does not seem to be as clear-cut as is usually described in grammar textbooks, since determiners appear to be used in a bridging context, oscillating between pragmatic or semantic definiteness. The discussion in this paper provides a functional description of determiners on the basis of the type of genitive noun phrase as a contribution to the debate on the status of determiners in Old English. Additionally, it provides a hypothesis concerning the apparent correlation between determiners and "head + modifier" structures where they appear to be six times as frequent as in "modifier + head": the hypothesis is that this correlation is not casual, but may have originated from appositive structures of the kind "Head-Noun+[DET+Adj/N]".