Discussion

Objective: To conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the 17-item Sexual Health Survey (SHS), a comprehensive instrument designed to be used with college students. Participants: College students (N = 515) aged 18 to 26 years enrolled at a Midwest public university October 2009. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation was performed to test the stability of the constructs. Results: All factor loadings were significant (p < .001), ranging from .55 to .99 (standardized). The range of squared multiple correlations of items was .31 to .98, and the intercorrelations among the 5 factors were from −.03 to .52. These small to moderate levels of intercorrelation support discriminant validity of 5 constructs. Conclusions: This study supports the 5-factor version of the 17-item SHS as a viable scale that can measure sexual health overall and 5 distinct areas. College health professionals should consider use of this scale for assessment purposes and evaluation of programmatic efforts.

The Enders and Siklos asymmetric cointegration test is employed to examine the long-run asymmetric equilibrium relationships between the Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets. Three samples are adopted, which are the whole sample (October 1992 to September 2002); the first subsample before B shares were opened up to the Chinese public (October 1992 to February 2001); and the second subsample after B shares were opened up (February 2001 to September 2002). The estimated results are as follows. First, when the conventional Engle–Granger symmetric cointegration test is used, only the A shares in Shanghai and Shenghen stock exchange market are cointegrated when using the whole sample and the first subsample. However, with the Enders–Siklos M-TAR asymmetric cointegration test, Shenzhen A and B shares stock prices have an asymmetric cointegration relationship after B shares were open, suggesting that openness increases the market efficiency. Furthermore, the two A shares in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges also have an asymmetric cointegration relationship in the whole sample and the first subsample, implying that although the asymmetric relationship is crucial, it has long been neglected. Finally, it is found that the adjustment speed of Shanghai A shares is faster when deviation from the long-run equilibrium is positive than when it is negative.

From the Department of Orthopaedics, NYU-Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York. Submitted for publication October 17, 2002. Accepted for publication January 20, 2004. Neither Michael G. Soojian, the primary author of this paper, nor Nirmal C. Tejwani has any financial or proprietary interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this article. Address for reprints: Nirmal Tejwani, MD, Department of Orthopaedics, NYU-Hospital for Joint Diseases, 550 First Avenue, NBV 21W37, New York, NY 10016; email: [email protected].

*Associate Professor. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas College of Health Sciences and Hospital, 39th and Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66103. Accepted for publication October 10, 1979.

Received for publication October 10, 1996. David G. Kline, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery School of Medicine in New Orleans Louisiana State University Medical Center 1542 Tulane Ave., Box T7-3 New Orleans, La. 70112-2822

Article1 October 1946AMEBIASIS OF THE LIVER: CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTGERALD KLATSKIN, M.D.GERALD KLATSKIN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-25-4-601 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptINTRODUCTIONAmebiasis of the liver is a disease of considerable interest and importance. Its protean clinical manifestations make it a difficult diagnostic problem at times, but early treatment has such an important bearing on prognosis that its prompt recognition is important. Unfortunately, most reports have emphasized the clinical picture of amebic abscess, usually a late manifestation of the disease, so that many cases go unrecognized and untreated.Numerous studies1have established the fact that amebiasis of the colon is a relatively common disease in the United States. The incidence is even higher in tropical and subtropical areas, where sanitation is...Bibliography1. OCHSNERDEBAKEY AM: Amebic hepatitis and hepatic abscess, Surgery, 1943, xiii, 460. Google Scholar2. KLATSKIN G: Unpublished data. Google Scholar3. PAYNE AM: Amoebic dysentery in Eastern India, Trop. Dis. Bull., 1945, xlii, 206. Google Scholar4. PALMER RB: Changes in the liver in amebic dysentery, Arch. Path., 1938, xxv, 327. Google Scholar5. ROGERS L: The rapid cure of amebic dysentery and hepatitis by hypodermic injections of soluble salts of emetine, Brit. Med. Jr., 1912, i, 1424. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. ROGERS L: Amebic liver abscess, Lancet, 1922, i, 569. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. BERNE CJ: Diagnosis and treatment of amebic liver abscess, Surg., Gynec. and Obst., 1942, lxxv, 235. Google Scholar8. ROGERS L: Recent advances in tropical medicine, 1929, P. Blakiston's Son and Co., Philadelphia. Google Scholar9. GREIG ED: Amebic abscess of the liver discharged through the lung, Jr. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 1940, xliii, 207. Google Scholar10. MELENEY HE: The pathology of amebiasis, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1934, ciii, 1213. CrossrefGoogle Scholar11. ROGERS L: Amebic liver abscess, Lancet, 1922, i, 463. CrossrefGoogle Scholar12. CHEVERSMACLEAN N Quoted by SCOTT H. H.: A history of tropical medicine, 1939, The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Google Scholar13. BROWNHODGSON PWCH: Late results of treatment of amebic abscess and hepatitis of the liver, Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1938, cxcvi, 305. CrossrefGoogle Scholar14. KILGORE ES: Discussion of Elliott's paper, Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys., 1935, l, 176. Google Scholar15. MUNK J: X-ray appearances in amebic hepatitis, Brit. Jr. Radiol., 1944, xvii, 48. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16. PANCOAST HK: The roentgenological diagnosis of liver abscess with or without subdiaphragmatic abscess, Am. Jr. Roent., 1926, xvi, 303. Google Scholar17. OCHSNERDEBAKEY AM: Amebic hepatitis and hepatic abscess, Surgery, 1943, xiii, 612. Google Scholar18. NOTHHIRSHFELD PHJW: Amebic abscess of the liver with secondary infection. Local treatment with penicillin, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1944, cxxiv, 643. CrossrefGoogle Scholar19. ROYSTERHAYWOODSTANFIELD HAHBWW: The treatment of amebic abscess of the liver, Ann. Surg., 1936, ciii, 794. CrossrefGoogle Scholar20. ELLIOTT CA: Importance of the therapeutic test for amebiasis in patients presenting symptoms referable to the right lower chest, Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys., 1935, l, 176. Google Scholar21. SODEMANLEWIS WABO: Amebic hepatitis, Am. Jr. Trop. Med., 1945, xxv, 35. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New Haven, Connecticut*Received for publication October 12, 1945.From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine.†Formerly Chief of Medical Service, Schick General Hospital, Clinton, Iowa. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byA Refractory Case of Hepatic AmoebiasisA clinical comparison of amebic and pyogenic abscess of the liver in sixty-six patientsFever Patterns in a Case of Hepatic AmebiasisHepatic amoebiasisNutritional Factors in Liver Disease in ManAmebiasis of the liverBronchobiliary Fistulas Secondary to Amebic Abscess of LiverAMEBIASIS: CONTROLLED LINEAR STUDIES ON NONDYSENTERIC AND MILD HEPATIC FORMS IN EGYPTIANS*H. LEONARD JONES JR., M.D., F.A.C.P., GAMIL CASSIS, M.B., B. Ch., THOMAS M. FLOYD, B.S., M.S., N. S. MANSOUR, B.SC.DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AMEBIC LIVER ABSCESS*RYLE A. RADKERenal Displacement and Pyelography Deformity Produced by Amebic Infection of the LiverAmebic Hepatitis Presenting as Fever of Unknown OriginAcute Liver Disease: Its Causes and TreatmentEXPERIENCES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY OF AMEBIASIS: AN ANALYSIS OF 50 CASES*NELSON J. WEISER, EUGENE SPIOTTA, PIERRE EKMANProblems in diagnosis and complications of amebic infection of the liverARTHRITIS DUE TO INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS*EMANUEL M. RAPPAPORT, M.D., A. X. ROSSIEN, M.D., LOUIS A. ROSENBLUM, M.D., F.A.C.P.Chronic Involvement of the Liver in Intestinal Amoebiasis. (Chronic Amoebic Hepatitis)Amebic Abscess of the LiverAmebiasis 1 October 1946Volume 25, Issue 4Page: 601-631KeywordsAmebiasisColonLiverLiver diseasesMedical servicesSanitation ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1946 PDF downloadLoading ...

(Muravchick) Professor of Anesthesia, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.(Rosenberg) Professor and Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology, Hahnemann University.Received from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Submitted for publication August 15, 1995. Accepted for publication October 26, 1995.Address correspondence to Dr. Muravchick: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Courtyard Building no. 402, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283. Address electronic mail to: muravchick@a1.mscf.med.upenn.edu.AUSTIN Lamont's distinguished career as an anesthesiologist was a direct result of both his unique personality and the circumstances in which the struggling medical specialty of anesthesiology found itself during the span of his professional career. Although it is undeniably personal, the story of his achievements at The Johns Hopkins and the University of Pennsylvania Schools of Medicine also in many ways provides a general synopsis of the evolution of modern American academic anesthesiology from its beginnings, in the first third of this century, to its maturation 40 yr later. Lamont insisted that an anesthesiologist's education must include a large measure of applied clinical science, and he was, in large part, responsible for the formation of the Association of University Anaesthetists, an organization that established the academic and professional credibility of physicians who devoted themselves to the practice of anesthesiology in a university environment. Throughout his career, he brought a physician's sensitivity and sense of priorities, a scientist's discipline and analytic perspective, and an educator's understanding of the need for broadly based knowledge to a type of medical practice that had not even been considered respectable by most medical professionals when he first began his career in anesthesiology. (Figure 1).Lamont was born in Englewood, New Jersey, on February 25, 1905. As one of the three sons of Thomas W. Lamont, an internationally known banker and partner in the J. P. Morgan financial empire, his wealth and privilege were assured. Therefore, it was inevitable that young Austin would become an educated gentleman. Like his father and his older brothers before him, he graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy and completed his undergraduate education at Harvard College, receiving his degree in 1927. Originally planning to study classic Latin and Greek at the New College, Oxford University, England, he changed his mind while still on the steamship headed for Europe. Instead, in what was to become his characteristic fashion, he decided to study science, simply because he felt he knew the least about this discipline, and he was always determined to meet and master new challenges. He began with basic biology, physics, and chemistry, and apparently found it much to his liking. However, neither was he a

The authors investigated the clinical efficacy of a slit illuminator in a surgical microscope during capsulorhexis for white cataract. After staining the anterior capsule, the slit illuminator was adjusted to a width of 3 mm and a height of 12 mm using the slider to obtain a high-contrast image of the anterior capsule, and an angle of 30 degrees to both the left and right was possible using the arc guide. After the anterior capsular puncture was done, a capsulorhexis forceps was used to grasp the capsular edge and a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis was successfully performed in all 10 cases. Using a slit illuminator in a surgical microscope seems to be a valuable technique for performing a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis on a mature or intumescent cataract that has no red reflex and high intralenticular pressure.

From the Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.N.), Bethesda, Maryland, International Committee of the Red Cross (R.C.), Geneva, Switzerland, and Department of Plastic Surgery, Caniesburn Hospital (R.D.), Glasgow, Scotland. Submitted for publication August 7, 2002. Accepted for publication October 23, 2002. Address for reprints: John Navein, MRCGP, 164 Banbury Road, Stratford Upon Avon, Warwickshire CV37 7HU, United Kingdom; email: [email protected]

Los Angeles, Calif. Peter B. Fodor, M.D. 2080 Century Park, E., Suite 710, Los Angeles, Calif. 90067, [email protected] Received for publication October 22, 2003.

Dallas, Texas Received for publication October 23, 2006. Joel E. Pessa, M.D., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, [email protected] Disclosure:The author has no financial interests to disclose.

The acceptability of financial incentives for organ donation is contentious. This study sought to determine (1) the acceptability of expense reimbursement or financial incentives by the general public, health professionals involved with organ donation and transplantation, and those with or affected by kidney disease and (2) for the public, whether financial incentives would alter their willingness to consider donation. Web-based survey administered to members of the Canadian public, health professionals, and people with or affected by kidney disease asking questions regarding acceptability of strategies to increase living and deceased kidney donation and willingness to donate a kidney under various financial incentives. Responses were collected from 2004 members of the Canadian public October 11-18, 2011; responses from health professionals (n=339) and people with or affected by kidney disease (n=268) were collected during a 4-week period commencing October 11, 2011. Acceptability of one or more financial incentives to increase deceased and living donation was noted in >70% and 40% of all groups, respectively. Support for monetary payment for living donors was 45%, 14%, and 27% for the public, health professionals, and people with or affected by kidney disease, respectively. Overall, reimbursement of funeral expenses for deceased donors and a tax break for living donors were the most acceptable. The general public views regulated financial incentives for living and deceased donation to be acceptable. Future research needs to examine the impact of financial incentives on rates of deceased and living donors.

Since the first report in 1953 (1), several studies have confirmed the observation of excess mortality rates in various rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prevalence and incidence cohorts. On review, there appears to be little doubt that people with RA have a lower life expectancy (2–4). These reports, along with data from observational studies demonstrating that most patients eventually experience severe functional decline (5), work disability (6), and joint destruction (7), have led to considerable changes in treatment strategies. Rheumatologists have abandoned the traditional pyramid paradigm (“go low; go slow”) and are treating their patients earlier and more aggressively (8). Introduction of new diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), more aggressive use of “old” drugs both singly and in combination, as well as reintroduction of corticosteroids in the treatment of early disease have fundamentally changed the approach to treating patients with RA (9). Along with the therapeutic changes, there have been important advances in the standardization and adoption of outcome measures of disease activity, severity, and quality of life (10). Fortunately, these measures are now widely used in almost all trials and observational studies, and we know that therapeutic changes have been successful in improving the quality of life and functioning of RA patients. These changes in the approach to RA have led to improved morbidity rates, but evidence of improved mortality rates in RA remains relatively scant. For instance, recent cohort studies have documented similar mortality rates in patients with RA and the general population (11,12), and improved survival associated with response to methotrexate has been reported, but from only 2 treatment centers, albeit with important databases (13,14). Other studies, however, concluded that survival in RA has not improved in recent decades (15,16), and one study suggested increased mortality in methotrexate-treated RA patients who have cardiovascular disease (17). Several explanations have been offered for these conflicting signals. First, apparent improvement in survival in certain studies could be due to the more frequent use of population-based cohorts rather than clinic-based or referral cohorts in recent years (18,19). Second, since the excess mortality in RA does not become apparent until approximately 8–10 years after disease onset, inception cohorts followed too briefly will fail to capture this excess, and any improvement in mortality rates can only be identified after a long lag time (16,19). Furthermore, there may be hidden problems in retrospective cohort studies that could potentially bias the results (20). Finally, traditional measures of RA disease activity may not necessarily be the best predictors of mortality. This commentary suggests an additional explanation that rheumatologists should be able to address in the clinic: the undertreatment of—mostly cardiovascular— comorbidity. In very recent work, Navarro-Cano et al (21) confirmed the independent contributions of RA and comorbidity to mortality. Most of this contribution comes from the widespread cardiovascular comorbidity (22). Perhaps excess mortality in RA is primarily linked to etiologies such as the effects of systemic inflammation on vascular integrity (23), and the treatments, although Maarten Boers, MSc, MD, PhD, Ben Dijkmans, MD, PhD: VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Sherine Gabriel, MD, MSc, Hilal Maradit-Kremers, MD, MSc: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; James O’Dell, MD: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Theodore Pincus, MD: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Maarten Boers, MSc, MD, PhD, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 9B-116, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: keb.info@vumc.nl. Submitted for publication October 23, 2003; accepted in revised form February 28, 2004.

Journal Article Snippets from the Past: Seventy Years Ago in the Journal Get access George W. Comstock George W. Comstock Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 138, Issue 12, 15 December 1993, Pages 1105–1107, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116828 Published: 15 December 1993 Article history Received: 17 September 1993 Published: 15 December 1993

CIHR) -supports research that focuses on cardiovascular health, respiratory health, blood and blood vessels, stroke, critical/intensive care, and sleep/circadian rhythms.Together, the disease areas that are covered under the mandate of the ICRH represent conditions with the largest health, societal, and economic burden of any of the other Institutes within CIHR.This reality and the extraordinary diversity of these medical conditions present a major operational challenge for the ICRH.Despite these difficulties and limited resources, the Institute's 2013-2016 Strategic Plan1 demonstrates a commitment to ensuring that research excellence, capacity, competitiveness, innovation, and impact are enhanced across all research fields affiliated with the Institute.Moreover, building on previous successes, the ICRH continues to nurture past collaborations and work to establish new meaningful national and international alliances with the research community, partners, and other stakeholders to develop interdisciplinary, integrative health research that reflects Canada's emerging health needs, gaps, and opportunities.The ICRH also strongly supports partnerships with relevant stakeholders to accelerate the transfer of new knowledge into benefits for Canadians.Notably, patient engagement is an important priority that will serve as 1 of the major building blocks of all clinically related initiatives of the ICRH.Based on identified gaps, opportunities, and feedback received from the International External Review Panel,2 ICRH research communities and partners, and in alignment with the CIHR 2014-2018 Strategic Plan, the ICRH identified 4 research priorities for 2013-2016.The first priority focuses on enhancing capacity, competitiveness, and impact of our communities through networking.This objective is consistent with the importance of aligning with CIHR's largest comprehensive Roadmap Signature Initiative (RSI) the Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR).In 2013, the Institute launched the ICRH Emerging Networks program in 3 gap areas, funding the Canadian Vascular Network, Canadian Respiratory Research Network, and the Canadian Stroke Prevention Intervention Network.In addition, through focused community development programs in critical care, stroke treatment and recovery, sleep and circadian rhythms, blood diseases, and resuscitation clinical research, the ICRH has targeted 5 additional research communities in need of networking.Aligned with CIHR's Patient Engagement Framework,3 the ICRH will use specific actions and tools to enhance patient engagement in health research, implement patient engagement as a core priority in strategic initiatives, and offer programs that will allow patients to be true partners in research.Finally, the ICRH is continuing its collaboration with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health in the ongoing support of 2 large Canada-US networks--the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium and the Cardiothoracic Surgical Network, and will explore other international network opportunities.