Dissemination of knowledge and copyright: an historical case study

Notes on Contributors

Notes on Contributors

Au XVIII e siecle, les bateaux etaient consideres comme des instruments scientifiques permettant de voyager et connaitre ainsi la geographie, la topographie et la meteorologie a travers le monde

December 01 2002 Comments on the Precarious Relationship between History and Philosophy of Science Richard M. Burian Richard M. Burian Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Richard M. Burian Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Online Issn: 1530-9274 Print Issn: 1063-6145 © 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology2003 Perspectives on Science (2002) 10 (4): 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1162/106361402322288039 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Search Site Citation Richard M. Burian; Comments on the Precarious Relationship between History and Philosophy of Science. Perspectives on Science 2002; 10 (4): 398–407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/106361402322288039 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll JournalsPerspectives on Science Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology2003 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

textabstractThis chapter discusses essential elements of an economic analysis regarding the socio-economic implications of intellectual property (IP). The aim is to help scholars from various disciplines interested in the economic reasoning behind IP for creative industries to recognize logically consistent and well-rounded assessments or to develop them themselves. The chapter covers: (1) a general introduction to the economic perspective on IP; (2) the application of economic theory to address the implications of unauthorized use and copyright protection; (3) empirical evidence on the effects of copyright protection on rights holder revenues and innovation as well as a

Copyright is an essential instrument within the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) system, providing legal protection for works of art, literature, and science, including the economic and moral rights of the creator. In Indonesia, copyright regulation has evolved from Law No. 6 of 1982 to Law No. 28 of 2014, which affirms that copyright arises automatically based on the declarative principle and grants creators exclusive rights to exploit, use, and derive economic benefits from their works. This study employs a normative legal method by examining primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, including relevant legislation and court decisions. Copyright protection plays a crucial role in ensuring that creators receive recognition, control, and economic benefits from their works. The use of artistic works for commercial products without permission, such as the silhouette sketch of the “Tugu Selamat Datang” by PT Martina Berto Tbk, constitutes a violation of the creator’s economic and moral rights. Law No. 28 of 2014 emphasizes that copyright arises automatically once a work is realized, so any adaptation or use of a work still requires permission from the rights holder. The analysis indicates that copyright protection is vital for preventing unilateral exploitation of artistic works, ensuring legal certainty for creators, and promoting compliance within the creative industry

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The creative industry is a sector that is growing rapidly in this era of globalization, but the development of the creative industry also poses challenges in protecting Intellectual Property Rights. This research aims to analyze the regulation of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the creative industry from an international legal perspective. The research method used is a normative approach by examining various international legal instruments related to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). The research results show that the regulation of Intellectual Property Rights in the creative industry still has weaknesses and challenges, especially in terms of law enforcement and protection of copyrights, patents and brands. This research provides recommendations for improving legal regulations related to intellectual property rights in the creative industry, including increasing international cooperation and more effective law enforcement.

With the wave of digitalisation, institutions across countries are pushing for the creation of open data and their governance. FAIR Data Principles have initiated the publishing of open research data to the key stakeholders and practitioners in the low- and middle-income countries to meet their developmental goals through practical usage in problem-solving. Open Data, which is part of the Open Science movement, has transformed the regime structure at a transnational level for the governance of critical issues surrounding water and energy. This paper provides a baseline survey to look into the various open data initiatives in the areas of water and clean energy across countries in general and India in particular. Given the multifaceted challenges around the water-energy nexus existing in India, it is critical to identifying the open data initiatives and studying their governance at the country level. Since governance requires the participation of various institutions and multiple stakeholders, the research aims at highlighting the various initiatives such as participation of institutions and the application of Creative Commons (CC) licensing terms in the open data governance for clean energy and water sectors in India.

Many voices have been recently heard in favor of the reintroduction of formalities in copyright law, in order to counteract the rapid expansion of copyright protection and the ensuing diminishing of the public domain. Formalities have been considered as a way to limit the automatic granting of copyright, to shorten its duration or to make its enforcement less easy. This paper examines the relevance of a possible reintroduction of formalities for the enhancement and safeguarding of the public domain. It first considers the formalities the introduction of which (or reintroduction in some countries) has been proposed, under two lenses: their validity under the Berne Convention, and their relevance to promote the public domain. It concludes that formalities based on a registration or renewal process have the effect to grant protection to works considered by their copyright owner to have some market potential. Thereby, it espouses a peculiar view of copyright where protection would only be granted to those works with a commercial value. In that narrative, works with no interest to the public – or at least none recognized by the market – will fall into the public domain. Is this really the kind of public domain that we would like to build? More relevant to enhance public availability of works would be to impose some publicity to the transfer of the copyright title, for instance through recordation in public registers, as well as formalities conditioning additional protections of copyright, such as protection against the circumvention of technological measures.As an overall conclusion, this paper argues for the retention of some formalities and explains their potential for enhancing access to and dissemination of knowledge without impairing authors’ rights. Formalities might have another effect on the public domain, if conceived differently. Indeed, formalities could be imposed to secure the relinquishment of one’s work into the public domain as an opt-out mechanism. Such system of reverse formalities would remove the existing uncertainties, at least in countries with a moral right, about the possibility to give up copyright in a work. It would also guarantee the public domain status of a work for potential users.

We trace the evolution of open government data (OGD) publication among U.S. health agencies to illustrate how OGD goals and benefits might be achieved. Our novel conceptual framework illustrates the implicit logic underlying OGD activities in the health domain and their anticipated impact on population health. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 50 diverse practitioners and policymakers from local, state, and federal agencies, and non-governmental organizations. Using a positive deviance approach, we identified innovative U.S. health agencies that were early OGD adopters. We analyzed transcripts using a grounded theory methodological approach to identify common themes. Results indicate that the OGD movement is marked by three major eras (pre-OGD early activities, Open Data 1.0, and Open Data 2.0), and U.S. health agencies are in different stages of evolution. Among innovative jurisdictions, OGD transitioned from an early focus on releasing large volumes of data to a more demand-driven approach to promote meaningful user engagement with data. Although engagement strategies could yield benefits, limited evidence exists on best practices for engaging diverse data users and many jurisdictions have not yet transitioned to this later phase. Our conceptual framework could be adapted for other domains to help visualize how successful OGD initiatives might unfold.

This article presents a number of challenges and opportunities for a European open data policy which represents an opportunity to generate new economic activity in the European Union and to deliver on the premises of an open and participative democracy.As a consequence of the current development in the area of public open data policies, and also as a result of the Commission's actions and legislative initiative, a genuine shift in public administrations' approach to the matter can be anticipated.This fundamentally concerns the ways in which public administrations interact with their constituencies.As a result of a culture change the new paradigm brings about a situation in which public administrations act as resourceproviders in an open data eco-system.If people put data on the Web -government data, scientific data, community data -whatever it is, it will be used by other people to do wonderful things in ways they never could have imagined.-Tim Berners-Lee, TED, February 2010 Data is the new oil of the knowledge economy.The US Library of Congress collected 235 terabytes of data in April 2011 alone (Manyika et al., 2011).As the steam engine powered with coal is the symbol of the industrial revolution, our digital era is based on micro-chips processing data.Data allows analysis and codes taking form, to create new services and applications.But data has to be produced and be made available in a way that makes its re-use and exploitation possible and straightforward enough for businesses, within a sound legal framework that secures such new usages without damaging copyright and data protection. Policy context What is open data?'Public data' can be defined as all the information that public bodies produce, collect or pay for.Public data is quite varied and can include geographical data, statistics, meteorological data, data from publicly funded research projects, and digitised books from libraries.Generally, this data is collected by the public bodies in the framework of their public service missions, or as a consequence of them.It is not produced -nor paid for -with a view to be re-used by the public.'Open data' by contrast can be described as data that is readily accessible to be easily consulted and re-used by anyone

In the era of government 3.0, the availability of open government-owned public data and data sharing with the private sector are important. We surveyed the status of public data openness in the healthcare domain and of compliance with the standard open data format based on the “5 stars of linked data” model. We examined healthcare data on the Open Data Portal (https://www.data.go.kr). We also surveyed data on the websites of the public institutions and state administrative agencies that provided healthcare data on the Portal. In terms of data on the Portal, all public institutions except the National Medical Center, the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, and the Korea Environment Corporation were found to have provided data in the 3-stars format corresponding to the Public Data Open Standard Maintenance Guide. All data provided by state administrative agencies met the 3-stars format. Only 2 institutions (the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service and the Korea Health Industry Development Institute) released data in the 3-stars format on their websites. Among the major state administrative agencies providing data on the Portal, none released data in the 3-stars format on their websites. Government-owned data should be provided in a standard format both on the Open Data Portal and on data-holders' websites to facilitate communication and collaboration. Considering the huge potential of linked healthcare data from a single national health insurance system, providing open data in compliance with the standard open format will promote the opening and sharing of public data.

This article examines how countries move beyond the traditional model of publishing open government data by integrating AI-driven surveys, blockchain-based verification and participatory feedback forums to co-create higher-quality, more trustworthy datasets. In this regard, the study analyzes user feedback mechanisms across various national open data platforms and particularly investigates three specialized e-participation initiatives: the U.S. Challenge.gov crowdsourcing ecosystem, Sweden’s NOSAD open data and open-source collaboration network, and Vienna’s blockchain-driven data verification system. The cross-national content analysis identifies a diverse set of mechanisms, including interactive forms, social media integration, dataset request systems, metadata automation and community discussion boards that e-government platforms increasingly deploy to enhance data quality, usability and civic participation. Findings show that context-aware feedback, AI-tailored user interactions and decentralized metadata verification significantly strengthen transparency, trust and citizen engagement. The case studies further illustrate how incentives, collaborative resource exchange and distributed ledger technologies shape new models of participatory data governance. The article concludes by proposing a conceptual framework for evolving OGD portals into citizen-centric, innovation-driven ecosystems and offers policy recommendations to support more responsive, secure and collaborative open data infrastructures.

Science for all: The struggle to establish school science in EnglandE.Jenkins, 2019London, UCL Institute of Education Press £24.99 (paperback), 207 pp ISBN 978-1-78277-264-4