Distance-based dynamic caching and replacement strategy in NDN-IoT networks

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the network of medical devices, hardware infrastructure, and software applications used to connect the healthcare information technology. Massive traffic growth and user expectations cause challenges in the current exhausting models of IoMT data. To reduce the IoMT traffic, Information Centric Network (ICN) is a suitable technique. ICN uses persistent naming multicast communication that reduces the response time. ICN in IoMT provides a promising feature to reduce the overhead due to the distribution of commonly accessed contents. Some parameters such as energy consumption, communication cost, etc., influence the performance of sensors in the IoMT network. Excessive and unbalanced energy consumption degrades the network performance and lifetime. This article presents a framework called Dynamic Cache Scheme (DCS) that implements energy-efficient cache scheduling in IoMT over ICN to reduce network traffic. The proposed framework establishes a balance between the multi-hop traffic and data item freshness. The technique improves the freshness of data; thus, updated data are provided to the end-users via the effective utilization of caching in IoMT. The proposed framework is tested on important parameters, i.e., cache-hit-ratio, stretch, and content retrieval latency. The results obtained are compared with the state-of-the-art models. Results’ analysis shows that the proposed framework outperforms the compared models in terms of cache-hit-ratio, stretch, and content retrieval latency by 59.42%, 32.66%, and 18.8%, respectively. In the future, it is intended to explore the applicability of DCS in more scenarios and optimize further.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is overrunning different domains and applications, where the use of wireless sensors and mobile devices is indispensable in such a mobile environment. These heterogeneous devices may generate a tremendous amount of content. Information-Centric Network (ICN) paradigm has been proposed to meet today’s users and application requirements. The in-network caching is a fundamental feature supported by design in ICN that improves network performance by providing ubiquitous caching in the network layer. Since most IoT devices are resource-constrained with limitations in communication, processing, energy, and memory; the energy-efficiency is a prime concern in IoT deployment. Different factors may affect energy efficiency in ICN-based wireless IoT networks such as transport (communication), caching, and energy limitation. This research paper attempts to focus on the in-network caching in wireless IoT to maximize the energy-efficiency. We propose an Energy-aware caching placement scheme (EaCP) that aims to maximize the energy-saving by trading-off between content transmission energy and content caching energy. Compared to other strategies, the simulation results show significant improvements while ensuring low data replication and a high cache hit ratio.

As devices for the Internet of Things (IoT) are typically battery-powered, energy efficiency is a major challenge for IoT networks. In this paper, we leverage the in-network caching of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) to propose a novel cooperative caching scheme, based on the IoT data lifetime and user request rate, to improve the energy efficiency of IoT networks. By caching IoT data at different nodes (such as content routers, base stations, etc.), IoT devices can stay in sleep mode for a larger portion of time and therefore reduce the overall energy consumption. With the help of an auto- configuration mechanism, the proposed IoT data Lifetime-based Cooperative Caching (LCC) scheme can dynamically adapt to the change of request rate. Extensive evaluations were performed and the simulation results show that LCC outperforms existing schemes in terms of total energy consumption reduction (up to 40%) and the reduction in the average number of hops traversed along the path (up to 20%), which is also directly related to the response time. Keywords- Internet of Things (IoT), Cooperative Caching, Information-Centric Network (ICN).

Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly deployed in different domains and environments including smart homes, smart cities, healthcare, industry 4.0, and smart agriculture, by connecting a large number of physical objects to deliver a new class of applications. The rising number of these connected objects and their heterogeneity have raised new research directions and challenges regarding their communications, scalability and the large amount of data that generate. As a result, new communication technologies have been proposed to be applied in these environments and applications, mainly to consider their main inherent properties which are the information that generate and handle, and the content that disseminate. Among the adopted techniques and recently integrated into the IoT is the ICN (Information Centric Networking) paradigm. The choice of integration of ICN in the context of IoT is mainly motivated by all the advantages it represents, in particular content caching and decoupling senders and receivers. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the motivations behind using ICN in IoT environments and a survey of existing research work that have already applied ICN as a communication support for IoT applications.

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising candidate architecture for the future internet that leverages the content name instead of the source of the content (host address). ICN decouples the content from its original location and owner, and enables in-network caching at the network layer. Similarly, the inception of ioT has enabled futuristic applications and services in almost every walk of life. Due to the nature of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, traditional TCP/IP-based internet architecture faces challenges such as addressing, heterogeneity, availability, scalability, and resource constraints. Therefore, ICN can be a suitable choice to address these challenges in IoT applications. Among other features of ICN, the in-network caching feature increases the availability and efficiency of content-sharing in IoT networks. Therefore, it is essential to have efficient cache placement strategies in ICN to increase its utility. in this regard, in this article, we propose an ICN cache placement strategy at the edge network for IoT applications. More precisely, we design a distributed cache placement scheme that aims to push the popular content to the edge network and keep the relatively less-popular content at the core. We also propose a collaborative mechanism to fetch content from the nearest neighbor's content-store as well as propose a cache replacement policy based on the content popularity. Through extensive simulations, we evaluate the proposed scheme and the obtained results show the efficiency and out-performance against similar strategies in the literature.

International audience

A survey of Internet of Things communication using ICN: A use case perspective

최근에 기존 IP기반과는 다른, 정보 중심 네트워킹이 부각되고 있으며 그 중의 하나인 Content-Centric Networking(CCN)은 Van Jacobson에 의해 처음 제안되어 대표적인 정보 중심 네트워킹 패러다임으로 활발히 연구되고 있다. CCN은 콘텐츠 자체에 대한 접근과 전달에 목표를 두고 라우터에서 콘텐츠의 배분이 가능토록 하여 IP 방식보다 좀 더 빠르게 콘텐츠가 전달되도록 하는 장점을 가지고 있다. 하지만, CCN은 정보요청자 기준의 통신(pull-based)으로 사전 요청패킷의 전송없이 정보를 분배하는 것이 제한된다. 또한, PIT(Pending Interest Table)의 사용으로 DDoS 공격 등을 받을 시 PIT 메모리 오버로드의 문제점이 있다. 이에 본 논문은 CCN에서 요청패킷 없이 정보를 전달하는 push-based 기법과 PIT 오버로드 상황에서 데이터 전달이 가능하도록 Interest Group Pushing Table(IGPT)을 활용한 정보전송 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 데이터 전송의 신속성 및 보안성 향상 측면에서 기존의 기법보다 동일 시간동안 많은 양의 콘텐츠 전송이 가능하다. Recently, Information-Centric Networking(ICN), different from traditional IP-based networking, has been highlighted. Content-Centric Networking(CCN), proposed by Van Jacobson, is a representative scheme of the ICN architectures. It can deliver messages slightly faster than the IP-based networking by focusing on the access and delivery to the content itself. However, CCN is restricted to distribute the information without transmitting the request packet in advance because it is pull-based architecture by content requester. In addition, it has a problem that the Pending Interest Table(PIT) could be overloaded easily when DDoS attack happens. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm using a push-based scheme without request packets and overcoming PIT overload situation by Interest Group Push Table(IGPT). The proposed scheme enables to transmit a large amount of content than an existing scheme during the same amount of time in terms of timely-delivery and security.

A Lightweight Forwarding Strategy for Named Data Networking in Low-end IoT

By caching multiple copies of the sensed data and suppressing repeated content deliveries from the sensor nodes, the in-network caching exhibits strong potentials to reduce energy consumption and avoid service loss in the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we review the fundamentals of the in-network caching in IoT, especially the deployment principles of the cache-enabled brokers. Since in-network caching is not the optimal choice in some cases, we propose the dynamic in-network caching scheme to decide whether the sensed data should be cached in brokers or not, where the location and delay requirement of the clients, traffic load of the brokers as well as the energy level of the sensor nodes are encapsulated in the proposed scheme. Next, we give a practical case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed in-network caching scheme in the IoT scenario. It shows that the proposed caching scheme is superior to the traditional sensor-to-client scheme in terms of energy saving. Finally, we conclude this paper, and summarize the future research directions to achieve the in-network caching for implementing the green IoT.

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is receiving attention as an emerging network technology. Due to its attractive features, such as accessing content by its name, in-network caching, etc., ICN is expected to apply essentially to the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT applications typically collect a large amount of data widely distributed in various locations. For such usage, we proposed the architecture of Keyword-Based Content Retrieval (KBCR) in a previous paper, as an extension of ICN. In KBCR, a requester sends one request with some keywords, and can receive related content in one response. In this paper, we describe the implementation and performance evaluation of KBCR, and show the feasibility and efficiency of it. For implementation, we implemented KBCR protocol in our testbed system to confirm its functions and developed a demonstration application to show its effectiveness. For performance evaluation, we compared KBCR and NDN by queueing analysis using measured data on the prototype, and showed that KBCR provides better performance both in a requester load and the network delay/throughput.

In-network caching within the distributed computing is one of the most promising aspects of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) in comparison with traditional centralized server based data retrieval. With ICN, it can ensure that required data is readily available within the intermediate IoT routers, even when the original producer is not reachable. However, in Internet of Things (IoT), where the storage capacity is often severely limited, IoT nodes cannot simply cache any and all the content that will receive to the intermediate caching device(routers). Hence, it is very significant to know which content has to cache and how long the content has to be in the intermediate caching device. Moreover, cache-based routing plays a predominant role in reducing the end-to-end delay with enhanced network throughput by efficiently discovering the shortest-path from the intermediate caching devices in ICN-IoT networks. In this paper, comparison of different cache based routing protocols for ICN-IoT networks is discussed in terms of ICN caching and cache replacement strategies along with the performance metrics suitable for evaluating in an IoT context.

PTF: Popularity-Topology-Freshness-based caching strategy for ICN-IoT networks

Advanced network technologies and ubiquitous connected devices are boosting the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) at an unprecedented pace. However, as most of the connected IoT devices are battery powered, the energy consumption issue has become the bottleneck of the IoT’s development. Caching is a promising approach to reducing the energy consumption of the battery-powered devices since the requested data packets can be retrieved from intermediate nodes in the network, e.g., routers, instead of from the remote battery-powered IoT devices, which allows the IoT devices to spend more time in the sleep mode. To realize in-network caching and overcome the IP-based networks’ inefficiency support for IoT, building IoT over information-centric networking (ICN) is a promising approach advocated by researchers. However, existing works in this area assume the network environments are static, which hinders the development of existing approaches in the real dynamic network environments. In this article, we leverage the deep <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -networks (DQNs) to propose an intelligent caching scheme (named as iCache) that can automatically adjust the caching nodes’ caching parameters to make caching decisions for the dynamic network environments. Extensive evaluations were conducted and the results show that the proposed iCache outperforms the existing approaches in terms of the total energy consumption (e.g., more than 29% reduction compared to the caching transient data (CTD) caching scheme) and the average number of hops (e.g., more than 20% reduction compared to the CTD caching scheme).

&lt;p&gt;In recent years, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has emerged as a promising candidate for a future Internet architecture. While originally designed with the traditional Internet in mind, it has also been identified as a potential replacement for current Internet of Things (IoT) networking solutions. However, applications in the IoT face a number of unique challenges due to the constrained nature of the hardware. One of these challenges is that available memory is often extremely limited. This thesis aims to evaluate the feasibility of using ICN in-network caching on IoT devices in order to achieve efficient content delivery. It evaluates the performance of existing approaches on constrained hardware and explores how the technology can be improved and tailored towards that environment. Existing strategies are found to be lacking in key aspects, particularly the fact that the effects of network topology are often not considered when making caching decisions. It is shown that approaches based on network centrality are promising, but existing implementations are not suited for constrained hardware. Therefore, a lightweight in-network caching strategy called Approximate Betweenness Centrality (ABC) is proposed that takes the specific requirements of IoT into consideration and allows for efficient cache placement regardless of network topology. Then, a modular solution for load balancing through off-path caching is presented to address potential shortcomings of the centrality-based caching approach. It allows the network to make more efficient use of available caching resources without introducing additional overhead. Furthermore, solutions for ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) are discussed. The expanded role of caching strategies under such QoS constraints is explored and their performance is evaluated. This thesis shows that it is possible to design and deploy lightweight, low-overhead solutions on constrained hardware. Using a realistic deployment of physical IoT devices, it is demonstrated that these approaches can reach satisfactory levels of performance.&lt;/p&gt;