Distributed and overlapping neural bases for object individuation and identification

Event Abstract Back to Event Spatial Attention Influences Plasticity Induction in the Motor Cortex Marc Kamke1*, Alexander Ryan2, Martin Sale1, Megan Campbell1, Stephan Riek3, Timothy Carroll3 and Jason Mattingley4 1 The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Australia 2 The University of Queensland, The School of Psychology, Australia 3 The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies, Australia 4 The University of Queensland , Queensland Brain Institute and School of Psychology, Australia It is widely accepted that alterations in the strength of communication between neurons, or 'Hebbian' (synaptic) plasticity, plays a major role in the capacity of the adult brain to adapt. Such plasticity is critical for responding to changes in sensory input, learning new skills and behaviours, and recovering from injury to the nervous system. Numerous physiological influences on synaptic plasticity have now been identified, but little is known about how plasticity is affected by cognitive processes. Here, we investigated the influence of visual spatial attention on plasticity induced by external stimulation of the motor cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and a paired associative stimulation (PAS) procedure were used to alter functional responses in the thumb area of the primary motor cortex. In different experiments PAS was used to induce either an increase or a decrease in cortical excitability, as indexed by the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials. These PAS-induced effects reflect, respectively, long-term potentiation (LTP)-like and long-term depression (LTD)-like synaptic plasticity. During the induction of plasticity, participants focused their attention on one of two visual stimulus streams located adjacent to each hand. When participants attended to visual stimuli located near the left thumb, which was targeted by the plasticity procedure, LTP-like increases in excitability were enhanced relative to when they attended instead to stimuli located near the right thumb. In contrast, LTD-like decreases in excitability were reduced when attention was directed toward the visual stimuli located near the left, relative to the right, thumb. These findings suggest that voluntary attention can exert an important influence on the functional organisation of the human cortex by both enhancing LTP-like plasticity and suppressing LTD-like effects. Keywords: Attention, Motor Cortex, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, plasticity, spatial attention, Paired associative stimulation Conference: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 27 Jul - 31 Jul, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Attention Citation: Kamke M, Ryan A, Sale M, Campbell M, Riek S, Carroll T and Mattingley J (2015). Spatial Attention Influences Plasticity Induction in the Motor Cortex. Conference Abstract: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.217.00258 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 19 Feb 2015; Published Online: 24 Apr 2015. * Correspondence: Dr. Marc Kamke, The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia, m.kamke@uq.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Marc Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin Sale Megan Campbell Stephan Riek Timothy Carroll Jason Mattingley Google Marc Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin Sale Megan Campbell Stephan Riek Timothy Carroll Jason Mattingley Google Scholar Marc Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin Sale Megan Campbell Stephan Riek Timothy Carroll Jason Mattingley PubMed Marc Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin Sale Megan Campbell Stephan Riek Timothy Carroll Jason Mattingley Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event The development of visual short-term memory in infancy Lisa M. Oakes1* 1 University of California, Department of Psychology, United States Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is critical for planning eye-movements and integrating information over brief occlusions (such as eye-blinks); therefore infants’ perception of and learning about the visual world depends on VSTM. We assess infants’ VSTM using change detection procedures involving the following sequence: an array of items is briefly presented (e.g., 500 ms), a brief delay occurs (300 ms), and then a comparison array is seen (e.g., red object + green object + blue object; delay; red object + yellow object + blue object). Detecting this change requires rapidly encoding the first array, maintaining it over the brief retention period, and then comparing it to the new array. These procedures have revealed significant development in VSTM. At 4 months, infants detect changes when arrays contain a single object. Between 6 and 8 months, infants become able to detect changes in the identities of multiple individual objects, in the locations of multiple individual objects, and in the bindings of object identities to locations. Because these abilities have been related to parietal cortex functioning in adults, we hypothesize that the changes in VSTSM between 6 and 8 months reflect parietal development. Conference: Conference on Neurocognitive Development, Berkeley, CA, United States, 12 Jul - 14 Jul, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Learning and memory Citation: Oakes LM (2009). The development of visual short-term memory in infancy. Conference Abstract: Conference on Neurocognitive Development. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.10.018 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 06 Jul 2009; Published Online: 06 Jul 2009. * Correspondence: Lisa M Oakes, University of California, Department of Psychology, Davis, United States, lmoakes@ucdavis.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Lisa M Oakes Google Lisa M Oakes Google Scholar Lisa M Oakes PubMed Lisa M Oakes Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Chapter 4 - The Contribution of Human Superior Intraparietal Sulcus to Visual Short-Term Memory and Perception

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A Real-World Size Organization of Object Responses in Occipitotemporal Cortex

Event Abstract Back to Event The neural dynamics of temporal attention: Evidence from EEG and fMRI Chase S. Sherwell1* and Ross Cunnington1, 2 1 Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia 2 School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Australia Behaviour is not only affected by where and what we attend to, but also when we pay attention. Directing attention to specific points in time can speed motor responses and enhance sensory processing of predicted events. Temporal orienting has been shown to activate a left lateralised fronto-parietal network and elicit a slow-rising negativity recorded over the motor cortex associated with motor orienting and preparation. We aimed to dissociate temporal orienting from motor preparation by utilising a paradigm without speeded motor responses, examining neural processes with both EEG and fMRI in separate studies. Participants performed a difficult grating orientation discrimination task where stimulus onset followed either a short or long delay. Predictability was manipulated by providing cues that reliably informed participants of the time of stimulus onset or provided no temporal information. Orientation of grating stimuli was identified more accurately when onset was cued than when uncued. EEG results found neural responses to temporally predictable stimuli were enhanced and preceded by a slow-rising negativity over motor areas, peaking at the time of stimulus onset. The amplitude of this contingent negative variation (CNV) was significantly greater when stimulus onset was accurately predicted by an informative cue. Functional MRI results replicated the activation of the left fronto-parietal network typically seen in temporal orienting tasks. Further, the ability to orient attention to an expected stimulus onset selectively activated basal ganglia and supplementary motor areas (SMA) in the absence of motor preparation. We suggest activation of secondary motor areas during effective temporal orienting and the slow increase in neural activity observed in the CNV, similar to that seen during motor planning, demonstrates a crucial role of the SMA and basal ganglia in attentional timing independent of motor preparation. Keywords: Temporal orienting, timing, selective attention, Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), Supplementary motor area (SMA), Basal Ganglia, frontoparietal, motor preparation, EEG, fMRI Conference: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 29 Nov - 2 Dec, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Attention Citation: Sherwell CS and Cunnington R (2012). The neural dynamics of temporal attention: Evidence from EEG and fMRI. Conference Abstract: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2012.208.00082 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Oct 2012; Published Online: 07 Nov 2012. * Correspondence: Mr. Chase S Sherwell, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, c.sherwell@uq.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Chase S Sherwell Ross Cunnington Google Chase S Sherwell Ross Cunnington Google Scholar Chase S Sherwell Ross Cunnington PubMed Chase S Sherwell Ross Cunnington Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Visual spatial attention influences plasticity in the human motor cortex Marc R. Kamke1*, Alexander Ryan2, Martin V. Sale1, Stephan Riek3, Timothy J. Carroll3 and Jason B. Mattingley1, 2 1 The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Australia 2 The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, Australia 3 The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies, Australia It is well established that changes in the structural and functional organisation of the brain, or plasticity, play a fundamental role in adaptation, learning and memory. It is also well known that mechanisms of spatial attention can dramatically alter ongoing brain activity, but the influence of attention on plasticity is poorly understood. In this study we investigated the capacity for visual spatial attention to modify plasticity induced by external stimulation of the human motor cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and a paired associative stimulation procedure, which induces long-term potentiation-like plasticity, were used to alter functional responses in the thumb area of the primary motor cortex. During the induction of plasticity, participants focused their attention on one of two visual stimulus streams located adjacent to each hand. Single-pulse TMS and motor evoked potentials were used to assess changes in neural excitability induced by the plasticity procedure. When participants attended to visual stimuli located near the left thumb, which was targeted by the plasticity intervention, the amplitude of motor evoked potentials was significantly enhanced relative to when they attended instead to stimuli located near the right thumb. The findings suggest that voluntary attention can potentiate functional plasticity in the human cortex, and thus have important implications for neurorehabilitation. Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Project Grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (#APP1028210), and by a bequest made to the University of Queensland by The Estate of Dr Salvatore Vitale. Keywords: Paired associative stimulation, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, plasticity, spatial attention, Motor Cortex Conference: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 29 Nov - 2 Dec, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Attention Citation: Kamke MR, Ryan A, Sale MV, Riek S, Carroll TJ and Mattingley JB (2012). Visual spatial attention influences plasticity in the human motor cortex. Conference Abstract: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2012.208.00153 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 10 Oct 2012; Published Online: 17 Nov 2012. * Correspondence: Dr. Marc R Kamke, The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia, m.kamke@uq.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Marc R Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin V Sale Stephan Riek Timothy J Carroll Jason B Mattingley Google Marc R Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin V Sale Stephan Riek Timothy J Carroll Jason B Mattingley Google Scholar Marc R Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin V Sale Stephan Riek Timothy J Carroll Jason B Mattingley PubMed Marc R Kamke Alexander Ryan Martin V Sale Stephan Riek Timothy J Carroll Jason B Mattingley Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Can’t take my eyes off you: Goal-irrelevant kinematics of observed actions prime subcomponents of motor output under perceptual load Samuel Sparks1* and Ada Kritikos1 1 The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, Australia We investigated motor priming, how observing a human model's action alters the observer's subsequent motor output. Specifically, we asked whether priming of goal-irrelevant kinematics depends on attention. To establish a paradigm, pilot experiments replicated recent research showing priming of goal-unrelated kinematics in reach-to-grasp action, and used life-sized films of action rather than live models. In a go/no-go task, female participants viewed a filmed female model reach toward a target and either grasp it (go trials) or overshoot a grasp behind it (no-go trials). Crucially, across go trials the model reached for the same target with either a direct trajectory or an exaggerated, higher-lifting trajectory. Despite instructions to reach directly to a target on all go trials, participants' reach trajectories lifted higher after observing exaggerated reaches compared with observing straight reaches. This result confirmed that goal-irrelevant kinematics prime the motor system and validated the use of films to elicit this effect. The main experiment tested whether goal-unrelated priming persisted in a perceptual load condition, which was designed to drain attentional resources away from processing the model’s action. Participants detected rapid colour changes of a shape during action observation. Perceptual load during action observation did not reduce trajectory priming compared with the no load control condition (i.e., same stimuli but no concurrent detection task), but did interfere with timing parameters in participants' reaches regardless of the observed trajectory. These results contrast with previous studies that reported no motor priming when attention was drawn away from actions during observation. Figure 1 Keywords: Motor Priming, Attention, perceptual load, kinematics, action observation, action execution, reach to grasp Conference: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 29 Nov - 2 Dec, 2012. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Attention Citation: Sparks S and Kritikos A (2012). Can’t take my eyes off you: Goal-irrelevant kinematics of observed actions prime subcomponents of motor output under perceptual load. Conference Abstract: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2012.208.00085 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 25 Oct 2012; Published Online: 07 Nov 2012. * Correspondence: Mr. Samuel Sparks, The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia, samuel.sparks@uqconnect.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Samuel Sparks Ada Kritikos Google Samuel Sparks Ada Kritikos Google Scholar Samuel Sparks Ada Kritikos PubMed Samuel Sparks Ada Kritikos Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Visual working memory in people with stuttering: ERP study Maria Pyasik1*, Stanislav Kozlovskiy1, Alexander Vartanov1 and Janna Glozman1 1 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Psychology, Russia Recent studies show, that working memory functioning is impaired in people with stuttering (Bajaj, 2007; Kaganovich et al. 2010). However, there is still no certain neurophysiological explanation of this fact. Participants in the study were 10 people with stuttering and 10 people without any speech impairments (8 men and 2 women in each subject group, mean age - 25,3±4,8 years old). We performed computer neuropsychological testing of visual working memory capacity. Subjects’ goal was to remember three simultaneously presented for 1000 ms visual stimuli and then find them in the same sequence among 16-20 similar stimuli after a 1200 ms delay. The test consisted of two series, which differed in stimuli type - complex geometric figures and words; the stimuli were based on A.R. Luria’s neuropsychological assessment materials. During the computer test event-related potentials were registered for the stimuli presentation. We compared the percentage of correct answers in the test between subject groups; event-related potentials were averaged for each part of the test and also compared between subject groups (the significance of the differences in ERP amplitudes was evaluated with Student’s t-test). According to the results of the test, visual working memory capacity in stuttering is significantly lower in comparison to the control subjects for memorizing complex geometric figures, while memorizing words did not reveal any significant differences. ERP amplitudes differ significantly between subject groups on the 400-600 ms interval post-stimulus for the ‘geometric figures’ part of the test; for the second part of the test there were no significant differences in ERP amplitudes. Furthermore, the coordinates of electrical activity dipole sources for 400-600 ms interval were calculated with BrainLoc 6.0 program (dipole coefficient > 0.95). For both parts of the test and both subject groups activation of orbitofrontal cortex and occipital lobe was revealed. However, the activation of orbitofrontal cortex in control subjects was stronger during more difficult part of the test than during the easier one, whereas in stuttering this activation was weaker (smaller amount of dipoles were revealed) regardless of the task difficulty. It can be speculated, that the resources of the central executive of working memory are limited in stuttering, which does not affect the performance in simple tasks but causes trouble during the difficult ones. Acknowledgements This study was supported by Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (RHSF) project # 13-06-00570. Keywords: visual working memory, Stuttering, orbitofrontal cortex, Event-related potentials, source localization Conference: ACNS-2013 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Society Conference, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia, 28 Nov - 1 Dec, 2013. Presentation Type: Oral Topic: Memory Citation: Pyasik M, Kozlovskiy S, Vartanov A and Glozman J (2013). Visual working memory in people with stuttering: ERP study. Conference Abstract: ACNS-2013 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Society Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2013.212.00174 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 15 Oct 2013; Published Online: 25 Nov 2013. * Correspondence: Ms. Maria Pyasik, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Psychology, Moscow, Russia, maria.pyasik@unito.it Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Maria Pyasik Stanislav Kozlovskiy Alexander Vartanov Janna Glozman Google Maria Pyasik Stanislav Kozlovskiy Alexander Vartanov Janna Glozman Google Scholar Maria Pyasik Stanislav Kozlovskiy Alexander Vartanov Janna Glozman PubMed Maria Pyasik Stanislav Kozlovskiy Alexander Vartanov Janna Glozman Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Feature-based attention at work: Neuronal oscillations signify top-down control during continous visual tracking and memory retention Gernot G. Supp1*, J. F. Hipp1 and A.K Engel1 1 Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany One obvious need in everyday life of humans is to select visual information in a context-dependent, goal-directed manner. Attentional processes are of critical relevance to control the perception and memorization of visual features such as shape or motion. To investigate whether feature-specific attention is associated with changes of oscillatory neural activity, we performed a MEG-study using a continuous shape- and motion-tracking paradigm. Participants (n=25) fixated centrally while they were presented with a smoothly shaped blob that permanently changed its shape and position. The color of the fixation point cued the subject to continuously attend and memorize one of two visual features (either shape or motion). This feature-specific tracking interval was followed by a period of continued visual stimulation during which the subject had to memorize the respective object feature just tracked previously (retention interval). At the end of each trial the subjects indicated in a two-alternative forced choice regime, which shape or which motion had been perceived just before the color change of the fixation point. The transitions between intervals were designed to ensure a sustained attentional engagement of the subjects (flat hazard rate; mean condition duration: 4s). In total, our set-up yielded five experimental conditions that were solely defined by cued instructions, while physical stimulation was identical across all conditions: tracking of shape / motion, retention of shape / motion and one baseline condition (visual stimulation without a task). Magnetic brain signals were recorded using a 275-channel whole-head MEG system. The 2-(tasks)-by-2-(feature-types) design enabled us to analyze oscillatory brain responses on the basis of pairwise contrasts and conjunction analysis by means of spectral analysis and source localization (linear beamforming). We found that the visual stimulation profoundly increased gamma power (> 50 Hz) bilaterally in early visual brain regions along the entire time course of the trials (i.e. persistent gamma activity in the range of seconds). Importantly, the engagement in a given task directed to a particular feature was found to selectively increase gamma oscillations in specific brain areas. Whereas tracking of shape led to a bilateral gamma power increase in extrastriate occipital brain regions, motion tracking was associated with an increase of gamma power in left parietal (anterior IPS) and bilateral frontal (FEF) cortical areas. Retention of shape information yielded a weaker but similar gamma activation pattern as compared to tracking of the same feature. Similarly, retention of motion led to a left parietal and bilateral frontal gamma increase, comparable to the activation pattern during motion tracking. However, gamma activity during retention of motion was characterized by a significantly lower gamma power in extrastriate occipital cortices as compared to tracking. These results suggest that deployment of feature-based attention is reflected by a gamma power increase in distinct networks that involve, in a specific and context-dependent manner, extrastriate, parietal and frontal brain areas. Conference: 10th International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience, Bodrum, Turkey, 1 Sep - 5 Sep, 2008. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Brain Electrical Oscillations in Cognition Citation: Supp GG, Hipp JF and Engel A (2008). Feature-based attention at work: Neuronal oscillations signify top-down control during continous visual tracking and memory retention. Conference Abstract: 10th International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.01.148 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 05 Dec 2008; Published Online: 05 Dec 2008. * Correspondence: Gernot G Supp, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Geneva, Germany, g.supp@uke.de Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Gernot G Supp J. F Hipp A.K Engel Google Gernot G Supp J. F Hipp A.K Engel Google Scholar Gernot G Supp J. F Hipp A.K Engel PubMed Gernot G Supp J. F Hipp A.K Engel Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Introduction. Infants’ visual working memory (VWM) has a 3-item limit (Feigenson & Carey, 2003), but infants can "chunk" items using perceptually available properties, such as common features or spatial proximity, thereby overcoming that limit (Feigenson & Halberda, 2004; 2008). When such chunking cues are not available, adults can extract statistical regularities between visual arrays presented over time, and use these regularities to more efficiently group items in VWM (Brady, et al, 2009). Here we asked whether 13-month-old infants could also use statistical regularities between objects to increase VWM. Participants & Method. During 10 Familiarization trials, infants (N=21) saw 4 objects (red disk, blue cross, green pentagon, yellow squiggle) placed sequentially on a stage 2 at a time. In the No-Regularity condition, the objects were paired randomly on each Familiarization trial. In the Regularity condition, object identity was yoked such that, across Familiarization trials, the identity of one shape perfectly predicted the identity of the other. Next, infants saw 6 Test Trials in which all 4 objects were sequentially hidden behind an occluder, which was then removed to reveal either all 4 objects (Expected Outcome) or only 3 (Unexpected Outcome), on alternating trials. Results. As predicted by previous findings, infants in the No Regularity condition failed to look longer at the Unexpected Outcome when four objects were hidden and just three were revealed, F(1,10)=0.005, p=n.s.). This finding replicates earlier work demonstrating an upper limit on infants’ VWM. In contrast, infants in the Regularity condition increased their looking to the Unexpected Outcome, F(1,28)=6.37, p=0.024 (see Figure 1). This suggests that seeing statistical regularities between individual objects allowed infants to group or chunk the objects in VWM, and hence to remember more total information about the scene. Conclusions. Infants can chunk items in VWM based on the statistical regularities present as events unfold. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2013

Event Abstract Back to Event Whole brain recordings reveal physiologically separable endogenous oscillations in Drosophila melanogaster Angelique C. Paulk1* and Bruno Van Swinderen1 1 Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Australia By virtue of their connectivity and underlying physiological properties, neural networks exhibit endogenous oscillations. Bands of endogenous oscillatory activity have been associated with attention, sensory processing, sleep, and place memory in mammals. In addition, specific brain areas produce area-specific oscillations in select frequency bands, such as the prevalence of the theta rhythm in the hippocampus or the gamma rhythm in the cortex. To explore the functional relationship between endogenous oscillations, their underlying neural circuitry, and behavior, we developed a multichannel recording preparation to use in the fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Figure 1). We recorded local field potentials (LFP) and the neural population activity (through multiunit activity) from primary visual processing centers along with central, higher order, brain regions simultaneously. We found that fly brain activity exhibited statistically separable frequency domains of endogenous activity, both in terms of LFP and spiking multiunit activity, which varied across the brain regions. When we mapped the recording sites to specific brain regions, we found central brain regions exhibited more slow-wave oscillations while the primary visual processing centers had significantly higher 15-80 Hz oscillations. To determine a functional role of these frequency bands, and their potential role in visual processing, we used flickering light stimuli and found that the brain regions had a frequency-dependent response to the flickering light. Finally, by transiently activating specific neural circuits, we found that the amplitudes of the oscillations in these frequency bands could be independently altered by increasing the activity of either excitatory or inhibitory circuits. This effect was independent of fly movements, indicating that the oscillatory activity we observe correlates with the underlying neural activity. Figure 1. Multichannel recording from a Drosophila brain can be mapped to specific brain regions. B. Recordings from different brain regions reveal endogenous oscillations which can be subdivided into frequency bands (C). Figure 1 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank members of the van Swinderen laboratory for feedback. Funding was provided by the Queensland Brain Institute and the Australian Research Council. Keywords: central complex, local field potential, multiunit activity, optic lobe, Vision Conference: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology, College Park. Maryland USA, United States, 5 Aug - 10 Aug, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster (but consider for Participant Symposium) Topic: Novel Tools and Methods Citation: Paulk AC and Van Swinderen B (2012). Whole brain recordings reveal physiologically separable endogenous oscillations in Drosophila melanogaster. Conference Abstract: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnbeh.2012.27.00225 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 30 Apr 2012; Published Online: 07 Jul 2012. * Correspondence: Dr. Angelique C Paulk, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia, acpaulk13@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Angelique C Paulk Bruno Van Swinderen Google Angelique C Paulk Bruno Van Swinderen Google Scholar Angelique C Paulk Bruno Van Swinderen PubMed Angelique C Paulk Bruno Van Swinderen Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Hemispheric Specialization for Processing Arithmetic in Adults Veronica Connaughton1*, Vicole Bothma2, Azhani Amiruddin2, Karen Clunies-Ross2, Noel French3 and Allison Fox4 1 Univeristy of Western Australia, School of Psychology, Australia 2 University of Western Australia, Australia 3 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Australia 4 University of Western Australia, School of Psychology, Australia A variety of current models of the cerebral circuits that underpin arithmetic calculation exist although research into cerebral lateralization of mathematical operations is in its initial stages. This study measured middle cerebral artery blood flow lateralization using Functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) ultrasonography during the performance of arithmetic tasks to test the triple-code model of numerical functioning. It was hypothesised that blood flow would be greater to the hemisphere responsible for language during multiplication tasks which depend on the retrieval of stored semantic knowledge, whereas bilateral activation would be more likely when adults performed subtraction. Thirteen adults, aged between 18 and 37 years, participated in a one-day cognitive and neuroimaging research program hosted at the Neurocognitive Development Unit. Laterality Indices were obtained whilst they performed an expressive language task and both multiplication and subtraction tasks. Blood flow during the expressive language and numerical calculation tasks showed statistically significant leftward lateralizations and the lateralization indices obtained during the mathematics tasks did not differ significantly from that obtained during the expressive language task (Cohen's d for repeated measures d = 0.160 and d = 0.290 for the multiplication and subtraction tasks, respectively). In partial support of the triple-code model, blood flow while performing multiplication operations was largest over the hemisphere corresponding to language generation. However, contrary to our expectations, blood flow was also significantly lateralised to the left hemisphere while participants performed subtraction. One plausible explanation for these results is that simple subtraction operations similarly draw on the semantic store. It is also possible that the response requirement for both tasks was a confounding factor and future research will attempt to control for this potential confound. Keywords: Arithmetic, subtraction, multiplication, fTCD, middle cerebral artery (MCA), Triple-Code Model Conference: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 27 Jul - 31 Jul, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Cognition and Executive Processes Citation: Connaughton V, Bothma V, Amiruddin A, Clunies-Ross K, French N and Fox A (2015). Hemispheric Specialization for Processing Arithmetic in Adults. Conference Abstract: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.217.00128 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 19 Feb 2015; Published Online: 24 Apr 2015. * Correspondence: Ms. Veronica Connaughton, Univeristy of Western Australia, School of Psychology, Perth, Australia, 21104481@STUDENT.UWA.EDU.AU Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Veronica Connaughton Vicole Bothma Azhani Amiruddin Karen Clunies-Ross Noel French Allison Fox Google Veronica Connaughton Vicole Bothma Azhani Amiruddin Karen Clunies-Ross Noel French Allison Fox Google Scholar Veronica Connaughton Vicole Bothma Azhani Amiruddin Karen Clunies-Ross Noel French Allison Fox PubMed Veronica Connaughton Vicole Bothma Azhani Amiruddin Karen Clunies-Ross Noel French Allison Fox Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

How do verbal descriptions affect visual memory over the short and long term? Here we show for the first time that verbal labeling can boost visual memories, but the source of this benefit depends on whether representations are maintained over the short term in visual working memory or over the long term in visual long-term memory. Across three experiments, we contrasted color memory of randomly colored objects when participants labeled (a) the color, (b) the object, or (c) the color-object binding, to memory under an articulatory suppression condition inhibiting labeling. Memory was tested at two time points: after three objects (visual working memory) and at the end of the experiment (visual long-term memory). In Experiment 1, color labeling improved, whereas object labeling impaired, visual working memory in comparison to suppression. Visual long-term memory remained unchanged across conditions. Experiment 2 tested whether this was attributable to poor overall long-term learning by repeating the colored objects over three successive working memory trials. This increased performance over the short and long term, yet labeling did not change learning rate over repetitions or delayed memory performance, showing no long-term memory benefit. In Experiment 3, a labeling benefit was observed when the color-object binding was labeled both over the short and long term. Mixture modeling indicated that color-labeling benefits in visual working memory resulted from an increase of detailed visual memory, whereas long-term memory benefits accrued from categorical representations. Our findings point to dissociations on the role of language in visual working memory and visual long-term memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

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