Distributed Control of Large Scale Interconnected Systems with Boundary Conditions-Shift Operator vs. Interconnection Graph

This article deals with the problem of optimal static output feedback control of linear periodic systems in continuous time, for which a continuous-time approach, which allows to deal with both stable and unstable open loop systems, is presented. The proposed approach is tested on the problem of designing attitude control laws for a Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite on the basis of feedback from a triaxial magnetometer and a set of high-precision gyros. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed strategy and to evaluate its performance.

This work considers the design of optimal static output feedback controllers with priori structural constraints for linear systems. The structural constraints impose individual elements of the feedback matrix to satisfy certain equality or inequality constraints. The barrier method is used to address an auxiliary minimization problem to attain an approximate solution to the original nonconvex constrained optimization problem. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied to derive necessary conditions for the optimal solution. An easy-to-implement algorithm based on the gradient descent method is developed to solve the auxiliary minimization problem, and the convergence of the algorithm is proven. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is validated using two numerical examples.

Robust output feedback-based neuro-fuzzy controller for seismically excited tall buildings with ATMD accounting for variations in the type of supporting soil

The paper considers a mixed initial-boundary value problem for a parabolic equation with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. The classical approach to search for analytical solution of such problems in the first phase involves variable substitution, leading to a problem with homogeneous boundary conditions. Reference materials [1] give, as a rule, the simplest types of variable substitutions where new and old unknown functions differ by a term, linear in the spatial variable. The form of this additive term depends on the type of the boundary conditions, but is in no way related to the equation under consideration. Moreover, in the case of the second boundary-value problem, it is necessary to use a quadratic additive, since a linear substitution for this type of conditions may be unavailable. The courseware [2] - [4], usually, ends only with the first boundary-value problem generally formulated. The paper considers a substitution that takes into account, in principle, the form of a linear differential operator. Namely, as an additive term, it is proposed to use the parametrically time-dependent solution of the boundary value problem for an ordinary differential equation obtained from the original partial differential equation by the method of separation of the Fourier variables. The existence of the proposed substitution for boundary conditions of any type is proved by the example of a non-stationary heat-transfer equation with the heat exchange available with the surrounding medium. In this case, the additive term is a linear combination of hyperbolic functions. It is shown that, in addition to the insensitivity to the type of boundary conditions, the advantages of a new substitution in comparison with the traditional linear (or quadratic) one include a much simpler structure of the solution obtained. Just the described approach allows us to obtain a solution with a clearly distinguished stationary component, in case a stationarity occurs, for values of the time variable that exceeds relaxation time. This effect extends not only to parabolic equations, but is also observed in equations describing oscillatory processes with damping. It is also shown that in the simplest particular case of an equation with constant coefficients without heat exchange with the surrounding medium, the proposed substitution becomes appropriately linear and coincides with the classical one. The use of the proposed approach allows students majoring in engineering to expand a range of educational and research tasks while learning a course in partial differential equations.

Label-free learning of elliptic partial differential equation solvers with generalizability across boundary value problems

This paper presents a cost-effective design based on sensor reduction for backing-up control of a vehicle with triple trailers. To realize a cost-effective design, we newly derive two linear-matrix-inequality (LMI) conditions for a discrete Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system. One is an optimal dynamic output feedback design that guarantees desired control performance. The other is an avoidance of jackknife phenomenon for the use of the optimal dynamic output feedback controller. Our results demonstrate that the proposed LMI-based design effectively achieves the backing-up control of the vehicle with triple trailers while avoiding the jackknife phenomenon. More importantly, we demonstrate that the designed optimal control can achieve the backing-up control without, at least, two potentiometers that were employed to measure the relative angles (of a vehicle with triple trailers) in our previous experiments. Since the relative angles directly relate to the jackknife phenomenon, the successful control results without two potentiometers are very interesting and important from the cost-effective design point of view.

This paper presents the general relative orbit dynamics equations and GPS orbit observational equations that have been developed for on-board control of spacecraft flying in formation. The approach to the implementation of the autonomous control for orbit acquisition maintenance of spacecraft formation using GPS code pseudo-ranges are presented. The orbit control of the Earth-Orbiter 1 (EO-1)/Landsat 7 system has been designed, using the discrete-time linear optimal output feedback control. For the actuator of the on/off type reaction jets, the implementation problem of the pulse-amplitude modulation is also studied. Simulation results of autonomous orbit control and maintenance, for 3D initial orbit error, using optimal output feedback control are shown. These simulation results certified the feasibility of the implementation of the autonomous maintenance control for EO-1/Landsat 7 formation flying by means of the discrete-time linear optimal output feedback control.

The main aim of this paper was to find the correct method of calculating equations of heat and mass transfer for the adsorption process and to calculate it numerically in reasonable time and with proper accuracy. An adsorption heat pump with a silica gel adsorbent and water adsorbate is discussed. We developed a mathematical model of temperature and uptake changes in the adsorber/desorber comprising the set of heat and mass balance partial differential equations (PDEs), together with the initial and boundary conditions and solved it by the numerical method of lines (NMOL). Spatial discretization was performed with equally spaced axial nodes and the PDEs were reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We focused on the comparison of results obtained when the set of heat and mass balance ODEs for an adsorber was solved using: (1) the Runge–Kutta fixed step size fourth-order method (RKfixed), (2) the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg 4.5th-order method with a variable step size (RK45), and (3) the Gear Backward Differentiation Formulae numerical (Gear BDF) methods. In our experience, all three types of ODE numerical methods (RKfixed, RK45, and Gear BDF) can be applied in simple models to model an adsorber with attention on their limitations. The Gear BDF method usually requires much fewer steps than the RK45 method for almost the same calculating time. RK methods require many more steps to obtain results, and the calculating time depends on accuracy or defined time step. Moreover, one should pay attention to the number of nodes or possible oscillations.

One of the fundamental problems in simulating the motion of sharp interfaces between immiscible fluids is a description of the transition that occurs when the interfaces merge and reconnect. It is well known that classical methods involving sharp interfaces fail to describe this type of phenomena. Following some previous work in this area, we suggest a physically motivated regularization of the Euler equations which allows topological transitions to occur smoothly. In this model, the sharp interface is replaced by a narrow transition layer across which the fluids may mix. The model describes a flow of a binary mixture, and the internal structure of the interface is determined by both diffusion and motion. An advantage of our regularization is that it automatically yields a continuous description of surface tension, which can play an important role in topological transitions. An additional scalar field is introduced to describe the concentration of one of the fluid components and the resulting system of equations couples the Euler (or Navier–Stokes) and the Cahn–Hilliard equations. The model takes into account weak non–locality (dispersion) associated with an internal length scale and localized dissipation due to mixing. The non–locality introduces a dimensional surface energy; dissipation is added to handle the loss of regularity of solutions to the sharp interface equations and to provide a mechanism for topological changes. In particular, we study a non–trivial limit when both components are incompressible, the pressure is kinematic but the velocity field is non–solenoidal (quasi–incompressibility). To demonstrate the effects of quasi–incompressibility, we analyse the linear stage of spinodal decomposition in one dimension. We show that when the densities of the fluids are not perfectly matched, the evolution of the concentration field causes fluid motion even if the fluids are inviscid. In the limit of infinitely thin and well–separated interfacial layers, an appropriately scaled quasi–incompressible Euler–Cahn–Hilliard system converges to the classical sharp interface model. In order to investigate the behaviour of the model outside the range of parameters where the sharp interface approximation is sufficient, we consider a simple example of a change of topology and show that the model permits the transition to occur without an associated singularity.

CHAPTER 11 - PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS

In this chapter and the next the solution of differential equations of types typically encountered in the physical sciences and engineering is extended to situations involving more than one independent variable. A partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation relating an unknown function (the dependent variable) of two or more variables to its partial derivatives with respect to those variables. The most commonly occurring independent variables are those describing position and time, and so we will couch our discussion and examples in notation appropriate to them. As in other chapters we will focus our attention on the equations that arise most often in physical situations. We will restrict our discussion, therefore, to linear PDEs, i.e. those of first degree in the dependent variable. Furthermore, we will discuss primarily second-order equations. The solution of first-order PDEs will necessarily be involved in treating these, and some of the methods discussed can be extended without difficulty to third- and higher-order equations. We shall also see that many ideas developed for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) can be carried over directly into the study of PDEs. In this chapter we will concentrate on general solutions of PDEs in terms of arbitrary functions and the particular solutions that may be derived from them in the presence of boundary conditions. We also discuss the existence and uniqueness of the solutions to PDEs under given boundary conditions. In the next chapter the methods most commonly used in practice for obtaining solutions to PDEs subject to given boundary conditions will be considered.

PDE boundary conditions from minimum reduction of the PDE

The equivalent representation in the delta domain of the digital optimal compensation problem is provided and computed in this article. This problem concerns finding digital optimal full and reduced-order output feedback controllers for linear time-varying and time-invariant systems with white stochastic parameters. It can subsequently be solved in the delta domain using the strengthened optimal projection equations that we recently formulated in this domain as well. If the sampling rate becomes high, stating and solving the problem in the delta domain becomes necessary because the conventional discrete-time problem formulation and solution become ill-conditioned. In this article, by means of several numerical examples and compensator implementations, we demonstrate this phenomenon. To compute and quantify the improved performance when the sampling rate becomes high, a new delta-domain algorithm is developed. This algorithm computes the performance of arbitrary digital compensators for linear systems with white stochastic parameters. The principle application concerns nonconservative robust digital perturbation feedback control of nonlinear systems with high sampling rates.

This paper deals with suboptimal linear quadratic (LQ) output feedback control of linear discrete systems. It is shown that degree of freedoms by instrumental variables employed in this paper lead to much flexibility in obtaining a suboptimal LQ controller. An improved convex optimization method involving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) is suggested to solve the matrix inequalities characterizing a solution of the suboptimal LQ problem. Of the major interest of this paper is an extension to a class of nonconvex LQ problems of large size arising in decentralized feedback, simultaneous control, periodic feedback control, etc. Illustrative examples demonstrate the validity of the proposed convex approximate approach to optimal LQ output feedback control. Also, it is shown that suboptimal LQ solutions obtained by the proposed method can be used as an initial feasible point of existing iterative LMI algorithms to improve the feasibility of the iterative methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper proposes designing an optimal static output feedback controller for a structural-acoustics coupled system as efficient control architecture. Modelling of sound transmission through a plate-cavity-plate system is presented. In this coupled structural acoustic system, an approximate series solution is assumed for the displacements of the plates and the pressure inside the cavity. The solution of the coupled system is obtained using Galarkin’s method. The system to be modeled is consisting of a rectangular cavity with two flexible plates, one at the top of the cavity while the other at the bottom and four other fixed boundaries. Piezoelectric pair patches are considered to be bonded to the top plate, and eachpair is assumed to produce a pure moment actuation. The top plate is exposed to an external pressure excitation due to a planar wave generated by a sound source mounted above the cavity. Displacements at the mid points are calculated for the upper and lower plates. In the control scheme, the controller gains have been optimally tuned using genetic algorithms. The proposed architecture is compared to the linear quadratic Gaussian state feedback controller. The two controllers are compared for the time responses. The proposed controller shows a superior performance with simple implementation requirements.