Distributed Local Linear Parameter Estimation Using Gaussian SPAWN

Wireless network of wearable biomedical sensors by human body shows great potential to enhance the biometrics performance significantly. Meanwhile, it poses prominent characteristics and challenges to physicians and engineers for its particular medical application as compared to other application of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Mobility pattern plays an important role in designing the wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) and will also affect the accuracy of modeling WBSN in health care application. Much of the mobility scenarios generated in current work of wireless body sensor networks has used fairly simple models to generate the mobile topological graph, which bear little resemblance to the actual mobility patterns. This paper is the first attempt to investigate the mobility model in WBSN based on the existing mobility models in wireless data networks and ad hoc networks. We first briefly review the existing mobility models in related research areas such as wireless ad hoc network and cellular networks. Further on, we propose a dedicated and more realistic mobility model named BAMM (Body Area Mobility Model) for wireless body sensor networks by concentrating on the unique characteristics of WBSN and finally study the effects of mobility on the performance of WBSN by simulation experiments.

We present a case study that considers the application of runtime verification technology to a wireless sensor application. The case study is performed using the SURGE TinyOS application for multi-hop routing, which executes on the Avrora TinyOS simulator. We discuss the problems we have encountered in the course of case study. The problems include unclear correctness properties for wireless network applications (indicating ad hoc development process) and inadequate tool support. A wireless sensor network usually comprises of a collection of tiny devices with built-in processors that can gather physical and environment information such as temperature, light, sound, etc., and communicate with one another over radio. Many wireless sensor network applications sit on top of an operating system called TinyOS and are mostly written in nesC, an extension of C that provides a component-based programming paradigm. Most of wireless sensor network applications are developed and tested on a simulator before they are deployed in the environment because testing and debugging directly on physical devices are very difficult, especially when the network consists of many nodes, and may not provide enough information for debugging. A simulator usually produces detailed execution information and can help find errors. However, even with the simulator and nesC, the current state of development tools for wireless sensor network still requires very low-level programming, which makes it hard for the developers to maintain a high-level view of the system operation. During the validation stage, lack of sophisticated debugging tools for sensor networks makes it difficult to make the connection between a high-level functional or performance requirement and a particular aspect of system implementation. This paper investigates a high-level approach to examine execution data from a simulator and analyze it using runtime verification. The technique 1) identifies and formally specifies high-level requirements for the system under development, 2) monitors a distributed wireless sensor network application using data provided by the simulator, and 3) checks for timing and dynamic properties to gain understanding of the relevant behaviors of wireless sensor nodes and to provide a systematic approach in finding bugs and errors. A particular runtime verification used inthis paper is MaC. MaC provides specification languages capable of expressing functional, timing, and probabilistic properties to specify requirements or patterns of errors. Properties can, for example, examine periodic behaviors or identify a faulty node. MaC then monitors and checks a wireless sensor network application against its specification by observing data produced by a simulator. The motivation for applying the monitoring and checking technique to check wireless sensor network applications is threefold: 1) raise the development level for wireless sensor network, 2) provide a mechanism for understanding high-level behaviors of the system in terms of low-level observation, and 3) provide a tool based on the acceptance of the state of the art development tool for sensor networks.

Similar to many technological developments, wireless sensor networks have emerged from military needs and found its way into civil applications. Today wireless sensor networks has become a key technology for different kinds of smart environments and an intense research effort is currently underway to enable the application of wireless sensor networks for a wide range of industrial problems. Wireless networks are of a particular importance when a large number of sensor nodes have to be deployed and/or in hazardouse situations. The research field in this paper is supposed to be on this issue that a lot of these sensors are distributed randomly and just a few of them are aware of their position [e.g. by GPS]. The purpose is to determine the best way that allows all the nodes to find their position. This paper presents an effective geometric algorithm for localization. Result of implementation show that this algorithm can be a better substitution for current methods because of lower expense and simple implementation.

Monitoring and automatic control of building environment is a crucial application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in which maximizing network lifetime is a key challenge. Previous research into the performance of a network in a building environment has been concerned with radio propagation within a single floor. We investigate the link quality distribution to obtain full coverage of signal strength in a four-storey building environment, experimentally. Our results indicate that the transitional region is of particular concern in wireless sensor network since it accommodates high variance unreliable links. The transitional region in a multi-storey building is mainly due to the presence of reinforced concrete slabs at each storey and the fac┬©ade which obstructs the radio signal and introduces an additional absorption term to the path loss.

A Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises several sensor nodes such as magnetic, thermal, and infrared, and the radar is set up in a particular geographical area. The primary aim of sensor network is to transmit reliable, secure data from one node to another node, node to base station and vice versa and from base station to all nodes in a network and to conserve the energy of sensor nodes. On the other hand, there are several restrictions such as large energy consumption, limited storage/memory and processing ability, higher latency, and insufficient resources. The related security issues in wireless sensor network are authenticity, confidentiality, robustness, integrity, and data freshness. The sensor nodes are susceptible to several attacks such as DOS, Sybil, flood, black hole, selective forwarding which results in the leakage of sensitive and valuable information. It is therefore necessary to provide security against these critical attacks in the network. Wireless sensor network were earlier used for military applications with the objective of monitoring friendly and opposing forces, battlefield surveillance, detection of attacks, but today Wireless Networking have a huge number of applications-environmental, healthcare, home, industrial, commercial and are still counting. This paper is an extensive review of the security requirements, attacks that are to be avoided and resolved for achieving a secure network connection. This paper also emphasizes various limitations and defense strategies to prevent threats and attacks. The issues of applications of wireless sensor network for smooth and reliable transmissions are also discussed. The sensor networks are popular for mission-critical-tasks and security is immensely required for such hostile environment employed networks.

With the development of sensor techniques, low-power and inexpensive wireless sensors have been put into application, then the wireless sensor networks have appeared. Wireless sensor networks can be applied to many areas and have become a new research focus. Many applications of wireless sensor networks are based on sensor self-positioning, which depend on knowing the location of sensor nodes. So the location techniques of sensor nodes are being important. In this article, the principles and characteristics of wireless networks are discussed and presented. The taxonomy for wireless sensor networks localization systems is described. The principles and characteristics of some representative range-free localization approaches are also discussed. The article focuses on the investigation of DV-Hop location algorithm after contrast it with other range-free algorithms. DV-Hop localization uses a mechanism that is similar to classical distance vector routing which uses the product of hops and hopsize to represent the distance. We use VC++ to simulate this algorithm and point out matters needed attention. After got the simulation results, we analyze the result at length, and focus at nodes density and other factors which influence location accuracy, and the reason of the effect is discussed in detail.

In recent years, Wireless device networks have achieved associate degree attention on a world level. This comprises small sensors with restricted power and restricted resources. The applicability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields such as medical research and civilian applications is proliferating enormously. Every routing protocol designed for WSNs should be energy-efficient, reliable and prolong the network lifetime. Due to the resources and energy constraints in WSNs, routing can be considered as a matter of contention in networks. This research proposes a beacon-enabled least-time and energy-efficient routing protocol with single-level data-aggregation using an IEEE 802.15.4. Considering the low complexness and low power consumption it is appropriate for low-rate wireless personal area networks as WSNs. On comparison of the proposed protocol with the popular ad hoc and other WSN routing protocols, the results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the routing protocols in the literature in terms of latency, throughput, and average energy consumption.

Error control coding improves reliability and efficiency of wireless communication systems. This research delves into the latest advancements in error control coding schemes for wireless communication systems, with a specific focus on their application within the domain of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) such as Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) systems, LoRa energy-efficient hardware design, random access control systems, and wireless sensor networks. In the context of LPWANs, particularly NB-IoT systems, we investigate the adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in NB-IoT systems, which adapts coding rates and modulation techniques to changing channel circumstances. Comprehensive analysis of the literature review shows that the proposed approaches are more energy efficient and less error-prone than fixed coding and modulation schemes. Using Cell Design Methodology (CDM), Single Error Correction (SEC) codes are optimized for energy efficiency. Power and energy efficiency have improved in standard CMOS and CDM logic systems. This impacts IoT devices, memory storage, and security systems. Next, Forward Error Correction (FEC) is examined for ALOHA-based random-access control systems wherein packet loss rate and spectral efficiency metrics are mathematically calculated. FEC is beneficial, especially when time and frequency synchronization diverge. Monte Carlo simulations studied in the literature shows that FEC improves satellite communication systems. This review establishes benefits of FEC, notably in satellite communications systems. In addition, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) error control techniques and network reliability and performance are examined along with Convolutional, Turbo, Low density parity check codes(LDPC), and Polar error correction coding (ECC) methods. We learn about their benefits, drawbacks, and implementation challenges by assessing their efficacy, efficiency, and applicability in wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications. This study further highlights advancements of energy-efficient error control coding when, integrated into network designs alongwith the trade-offs between efficacy and intricacy to help improve wireless communication networks. Finally, this study summarizes current error control coding approaches for wireless communication systems. We provide insights into improving reliability, energy conservation, and efficacy by examining ACM, CDM, FEC, and error correction coding (ECC) across varied domains including LPWAN and IoT technologies with earnest hope to facilitate researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the field of error control coding in wireless communication.

This paper describes an application of Wireless Sensor Network in monitoring and controlling of energy in residential and commercial buildings. In this project, we design four different electronic Nodes including Sensor Node, Socket Node, Digital Power Meter Interface and Coordinator Node. In the application layer, user friendly software is designed to control and monitor all nodes in the wireless network through GPRS or LAN with using C# programming language. Each user can remotely connect to this network and control each input and output of nodes and in the automatic mode, all nodes can control electrical device without management from the coordinator node side. In this paper we have discussed various aspects of this project. (4 pages)

Wireless sensor networks have enormous applications in today’s world and have much more applications in near future. Wireless sensor networks are less reliable than other traditional networks due to its low power capabilities, limited energy, and other resources. Several applications of wireless sensor networks specifically in the context of hazardous scenarios where the wireless channel is in deprived state and that carry very critical data which need to be delivered to the designated destination with minimal delay and at right time demands a highly reliable network. To achieve better reliability wireless mobile networks could be employed. This paper proposes a novel fidelity model for a hazardous environment where the wireless channel is in deprived condition and early energy exhaustion is a threat by utilizing mobile nodes. The mobility of the node reduces the number of hops and thus increases the likelihood of effective transmissions. The simulations have proven better utilization of energy and the proposed methodology outperforms with other traditional methods in achieving reliability with minimal delay and minimal energy utilization.

Resource Management Approach to an Efficient Wireless Sensor Network

In order to reduce or avoid the coal mine accidents, this paper proposes the application of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system, and discusses the principle and advantages of wireless sensor networks. According to the current situation of low level of intellectualization in coal mine safety monitoring system and the existing problems, this paper proposes the designing proposal and the monitoring mechanism of the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system, discusses the feasibility, the method and the way of the application of the wireless sensor networks in the coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system.

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes that communicate over short distances through wireless links. Such sensor networks are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of critical infrastructures, data acquisition in hazardous environments, industry control systems, vehicular networks, and military operations. Wireless sensor networks introduce new security challenges due to their dynamic topology, severe resource constraints, and absence of a trusted infrastructure. The purpose of this special issue is to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles addressing recent advances of wireless sensor network security. In this special issue, we will explore the topic of security challenges and solutions for the wide application of wireless sensor networks in different areas, such as RFID and smart grid. RFID has been widely used in logistics and internet of things. Smart grid leverages sensor networks to better balance the load of the power grid. Both of them have great impact on the daily life and areweak points of thewhole economy,which attract the attention of terrorists. The feasible attacks and defense solutions are still not clear.The papers in this volume also cover several important foundational security services for wireless sensor networks, such as key management, key distribution, secure cluster formation, secure architecture for multihop communication, intrusion prediction, and secure localization. All these foundational security services are critical bases for application of wireless sensor networks. We hope that the papers in this volume engender further thinking about new security challenges for wireless sensor networks and even further “out-of-the-box” ideas about how to solve new security problems for wireless sensor networks.

Many wireless sensor network applications must resolve the inherent conflict between energy efficient and nodes of coverage in wireless sensor networks to achieve desired quality of service (QoS). The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been the main focus in the past few years, and it is becoming a special issue. We study the problem of controlling the node locations and energy within ad-hoc sensor networks. Network survivability is a very important measure for deciding the efficiency of network protocols. It includes a measure of the network lifetime as well as the quality of service. In fact, these dynamics are very important in evaluating networks. The wireless network applications can be found in battlefield communication, homeland security, pollution sensing and traffic monitoring. As such, there has been an increasing need for defining and developing simulation frameworks for carrying out high-fidelity WSN simulation. In this cause, we present a simulation by including factors such as energy-consumption, Bandwidth, nodes, and coverage and provides an object-oriented definition of target, sensor and sink nodes, sensor and wireless communication nodes, and physical radio such as relating of nodes, mobility model and power model both energy-producing and energy-consuming components, the simulation was developed using C#.

The range of applications for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is continuously growing and is expanding into new branches and markets rapidly. Largely different requirements regarding network structure, powering possibility, latency, data rates, and reliability, lead to the need of suitable systems and protocols. An approved way to implement an energy aware wireless network is the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) strategy. In this work we propose two different TDMA schedules for highly reliable sensor data collection with sample rates of 10 Hz and analyze and compare them regarding reliability and energy consumption. A standard coin cell can power a sensor node for more than 2 month with a sensor data loss smaller than 10−3 percent at 3% PER in the radio channel.