Diversifying geoscience: Earth Science Week 2019

Geoscientists have important roles in the management of the world's water at local, regional, national, and global scales. Geophysical information is critical to ensure that people have enough water for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and other needs. Given the current challenges of water management, it has never been more critical to promote awareness of water's place in earth system science. To encourage everyone to understand, conserve, and protect water, Earth Science Week 2021 will be held 10–16 October.

Cross-disciplinary education: The use of interactive case studies to teach geophysical exploration

Landslide is one of the most serious natural geological disasters. Its production condition is complicated, and it is influenced by various natural geological factors. For its evaluation of stability and selection of treatment scheme, the geophysical exploration method is often used to get the related geological information. In recent years, more and more engineering practices indicate that the single geophysical exploration method has the limitations such as inaccurate and intuitive information. The comprehensive geophysical prospecting method is widely used for its characteristics of comprehensive, rapid and rich information, and it is of great significance to selection of treatment scheme for the landslide. Based on Gaijiayin Mountain landslide on Lanzhou-Chongqing and combined with the landslide survey data, using the high-density resistivity method and the integrated geophysical exploration of the Rayleigh surface wave method the parameters such as velocity and resistivity are obtained, and the scope of the landslide slip surface, depth and sliding are further determined. The deformation, failure, development process and the relevant laws are understood so as to provide powerful evidence for the scheme determination of landslide governance. ©, 2015, Yantu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. All right reserved.

Further to the implicit environmental risk, abandoned municipal and industrial waste landfills frequently represent a serious problem, particularly as adequate information relating to their depth and lateral extension is either very limited or completely lacking. Moreover, knowledge of waste consistency, presence and quality of saturating fluids, metals and so on, should not be neglected when designing reclamation procedures. With the purpose of overcoming -at least partially- the abovementioned lack of information, the potential role of geophysical techniques including gravity, electrical and seismic methods, and their convenience of use, is proposed and examples provided. The first example relates to a combined application of gravity and shallow reflection geophysical methods in a mine tailings basin; in this case, the geophysical results obtained allowed the geometry and depth to the bottom of the landfill, the presence of fractures affecting the bottom and the density of disposed materials to be estimated; the second example related to application of seismic refraction tomography by means of which the structure of an old municipal waste landfill was derived; in the third example an old disposal site hosting demolition rubble was explored using the electrical resistivity tomography technique. On the whole, the convenience of applying geophysical exploration techniques for the pre-reclamation assessment of old waste landfills has been demonstrated.

The major environmental and engineering applications of the self-potential method have been investigations of subsurface water movement. Specific uses have included mapping of seepage flow associated with dams, dikes, reservoir floors, and other containment structures; studies of general groundwater movement; and delineation of flow patterns in the vicinity of landslides, wells, faults, drainage structures, shafts, tunnels, and sinkholes. The method also has been used to a lesser extent for subsurface thermal investigations such as mapping of steam flood fronts and coal mine fires, and preliminary studies indicate that it could be used to help delineate chemical concentration gradients associated with subsurface contaminants. Self-potential anomaly amplitudes generated by such environmental and engineering sources tend to be lower than those seen in mineral and geothermal exploration, and spurious anomalies associated with the presence of man-made structures at most field sites often create very high noise levels. Therefore extreme care in the acquisition and reduction of field data, and recognition of characteristic fields associated with artificial and natural noise sources, are critical to the success of environmental self-potential investigations. Interpretation of self-potential data often is qualitative, using visual correlation between observed profile or contour patterns and known or suspected seepage flow paths or other sources. The use of available geometric source models, including charged points, lines, spheres, cylinders, and sheets, can provide useful first estimates of source depth and configuration. Computer programs based on analytical modeling techniques can be used to calculate self-potentials generated by subsurface gradients of pressure, temperature, or chemical concentration. If in-situ physical property parameters such as cross-coupling coefficients and hydraulic, thermal, and electrical conductivity are known or can be reasonably estimated, these techniques can provide useful information about the nature, location, and strength of self-potential sources.

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002An algorithm for the three‐dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric dataAuthors: Colin G. FarquharsonDouglas W. OldenburgEldad HaberRoman ShekhtmanColin G. FarquharsonUBC‐Geophysical Inversion Facility, U. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Douglas W. OldenburgUBC‐Geophysical Inversion Facility, U. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Eldad HaberEMI‐Schlumberger, Richmond, CA, and Roman ShekhtmanUBC‐GIFhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1817336 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1817336FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byHybrid mesh for magnetotelluric forward modeling based on the finite element method11 January 2023 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1Fast 3D simulation of magnetotelluric data in anisotropic media using a rational Krylov methodJunjun Zhou, Ningbo Bai, Xiangyun Hu, Tiaojie Xiao, and Zhidan Long17 October 2023 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 88, No. 6Processing of passive EM fields acquired during active-source airborne EM surveys4 February 2021 | Exploration Geophysics, Vol. 52, No. 6An efficient parallel algorithm for 3D magnetotelluric modeling with edge-based finite element6 July 2020 | Computational Geosciences, Vol. 25, No. 1A reduced order approach for probabilistic inversions of 3-D magnetotelluric data I: general formulation1 September 2020 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 223, No. 33D inversion of magnetotelluric data by using a hybrid forward-modeling approach and mesh decouplingDeniz Varılsüha11 September 2020 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 85, No. 5Subsurface Characterization of the Pennsylvanian Clare Basin, Western Ireland, by Means of Joint Interpretation of Electromagnetic Geophysical Data and Well‐Log Data9 July 2019 | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 124, No. 7Modeling sferic signals extracted from active-source AEM dataDaniel Sattel and Eric Battig27 August 2018Removal of galvanic distortion effects in 3D magnetotelluric data by an equivalent source techniqueWenwu Tang, Yaoguo Li, Douglas W. Oldenburg, and Jianxin Liu8 February 2018 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 83, No. 2The advantages of complementing MT profiles in 3-D environments with geomagnetic transfer function and interstation horizontal magnetic transfer function data: results from a synthetic case study23 September 2016 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 207, No. 3Integration of controlled-source and radio magnetotellurics, electric resistivity tomography, and reflection seismics to delineate 3D structures of a quick-clay landslide site in southwest of SwedenChunling Shan, Mehrdad Bastani, Alireza Malehmir, Lena Persson, and Emil Lundberg12 January 2016 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 81, No. 13-D inversion of magnetotelluric data using unstructured tetrahedral elements: applicability to data affected by topography29 May 2015 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 202, No. 23D marine magnetotelluric modeling and inversion with the finite-difference time-domain methodSébastien de la Kethulle de Ryhove and Rune Mittet8 October 2014 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 79, No. 6Magnetotelluric static shift correction using an equivalent source techniqueWenwu Tang, Yaoguo Li, Douglas W. Oldenburg, and Jianxin Liu5 August 2014The inability of magnetotelluric off-diagonal impedance tensor elements to sense oblique conductors in three-dimensional inversion17 December 2013 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 196, No. 3Magnetotelluric 3-D inversion—a review of two successful workshops on forward and inversion code testing and comparison14 March 2013 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 193, No. 3Methods and algorithms for reconstructing three-dimensional distributions of electric conductivity and polarization in the medium by finite-element 3D modeling using the data of electromagnetic sounding8 May 2013 | Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, Vol. 49, No. 3The modeling of ZTEM data with 2D and 3D algorithmsDaniel Sattel and Ken Witherly25 October 2012Large-scale inversion of ZTEM dataElliot Holtham and Douglas W. Oldenburg9 July 2012 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 77, No. 4Electrical resistivity structure at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and tectonic implications7 December 2011 | Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, No. B12Application of the 3D magnetotelluric inversion code in a geologically complex area9 June 2010 | Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 58, No. 6Three‐dimensional inversion of MT and ZTEM dataElliot Holtham and Douglas W. Oldenburg21 October 2010Constructing piecewise-constant models in multidimensional minimum-structure inversionsColin G. Farquharson26 December 2007 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 73, No. 1Three‐dimensional forward modelling and inversion of Z‐TEM dataElliot Holtham and Douglas W. Oldenburg15 December 2008Constructing piecewise‐constant models in multi‐dimensional minimum‐structure inversionsColin G. Farquharson6 October 2006Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Modelling and Inversion from Theory to ApplicationSurveys in Geophysics, Vol. 26, No. 6Three‐dimensional inversion of MT data from the Turquoise Ridge mine, NevadaColin G. Farquharson, Douglas W. Oldenburg, and Peter Kowalczyk3 January 2005 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002 ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645 Copyright: 2002 Pages: 2478 publication data© 2002 Copyright © 2002 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 03 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Colin G. Farquharson, Douglas W. Oldenburg, Eldad Haber, and Roman Shekhtman, (2002), "An algorithm for the three‐dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric data," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 649-652. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1817336 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...

Fifty years of case histories naturally reflect different and ever-changing technology, but the underlying theme remains unchanged: to show that careful surface measurements can reveal physical properties of the subsurface. Finding a salt dome with a torsion balance in the 1920s and defining reservoir properties with shear waves in the 1980s involve different techniques, but in both the physical properties of the rocks are interpreted from geophysical measurements to solve geologic problems.Most early case histories attempted to establish the validity of geophysical tools; an example would be attempting to show the usefulness of refraction fan shooting by comparing its results with drill hole information. Later tools would in turn be compared with established tools. Reflection seismic interpretations were compared with torsion balance and refraction fan shooting results.As the science of geophysics became more accepted, case histories focused on more detailed aspects of technology and on discovery of subtle traps. Early papers dwelt at length on the application of geophysics to large features and on comparison of results with drill information. Later case histories continued to use geologic information to test geophysical interpretation, but they emphasized the subtle and hidden aspects rather than the obvious. The most recent case histories seldom deal with large structures. Instead they demonstrate the source wavelet required to resolve a stratigraphic trap or the effect that changing the reservoir fluid has on the reflection character so that hydrocarbons can be identified, or inferred, directly from the seismic data. Geophysical exploration has evolved and case histories reflect that evolution.

Opportunities to teach or perform postdoctoral research in the earth and atmospheric sciences under the Senior Scholar Fulbright awards program for 1984–1985 (Eos, March 1, 1983, p. 81) are available in 14 countries, according to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars.The countries and the specialization opportunities are Algeria, any specialization; Australia, mineral processing research; India, any specialization in geology or geophysics; Israel, environmental studies; Korea, any specialization; Lebanon, geophysics, geotectonics, and structural geology; Morocco, research methods in science education; Pakistan, geology, marine biology, and mineralogy; Poland, mining technology; Sudan, geology and remote sensing; Thailand, planning and environmental change; USSR, any specialization; Yugoslavia, any research specialization; and Zimbabwe, exploration geophysics and solid earth geophysics.

The use of the cathodoluminescence (CL) technique is now routine in a large number of laboratories in the earth sciences and related fields. The investigators use a variety of systems for producing the CL and for recording the results, either as photographs or as spectra. Differences exist and the time seemed appropriate to begin to exchange standard samples on a large scale. Any interchange of standards in the past has been only among a small group of investigators.

Changes of surface gravity on Earth are of great interest in geodesy, earth sciences and natural resource exploration. They are indicative of Earth system's mass redistributions and vertical surface motion, and are usually measured with falling corner-cube- and superconducting gravimeters (FCCG and SCG). Here we report on absolute gravity measurements with a mobile quantum gravimeter based on atom interferometry. The measurements were conducted in Germany and Sweden over periods of several days with simultaneous SCG and FCCG comparisons. They show the best-reported performance of mobile atomic gravimeters to date with an accuracy of 39nm/s2, long-term stability of 0.5nm/s2 and short-term noise of 96nm/s2/√Hz. These measurements highlight the unique properties of atomic sensors. The achieved level of performance in a transportable instrument enables new applications in geodesy and related fields, such as continuous absolute gravity monitoring with a single instrument under rough environmental conditions.

Official journal of Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences (JAMS), focusing on mineralogical and petrological sciences and their related fields. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences (JMPS) is the successor journal to both “Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology” and “Mineralogical Journal”. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences (JMPS) is indexed in the ISI database (Thomson Reuters), the Science Citation Index-Expanded, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, and ISI Alerting Services.

The 11th National Physics Seminar (SNF 2022) is an annual meeting hosted by the Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta (UNJ). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the SNF 2022 was conducted online (Virtual Conference) on June 25th, 2022, in Jakarta, Indonesia. The seminar’s scope includes but is not limited to material physics, instrumentation and computational physics, medical physics & biophysics, earth physics and space science, theory, nuclear and particle physics, energy and environmental physics, and physics education. The theme of this year’s seminar is “Innovations and Challenges in Physics for Stronger Recovery.”The seminar was divided into three sessions: the opening ceremony, the keynote speaker session, and the oral presentation. The first session, the Opening, started with the Report of the Chair, the Dean of FMIPA, the Chair of the Physical Society of Indonesia (PSI) Jakarta and Banten Chapter, and the Opening Speech from the Chancellor of Universitas Negeri Jakarta. In the second session, keynote speakers presented their phenomenal research, including discussion. The third is a parallel session with oral presentations from presenters, researchers, and lecturers for 15 minutes per presenter, including discussion. There are 12 virtual rooms designed for parallel sessions with an average occupancy of 14 presenters. A moderator and operator guide each parallel room. I want to thank the Physical Society of Indonesia (PSI) Jakarta and Banten Chapter for their support.As a scientific forum, 194 participants attended this seminar among students, lecturers, researchers, and practitioners who participated as both presenters and participants. We received 134 papers selected through the Morressier system and selected 92 papers to be published in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series with the scope of physics and related fields. Assessment by reviewers includes scope, novelty, originality, scientific impact, accuracy and correctness, and clarity of expression. We want to invite the participants back to participate in the 2023 SNF in the Universitas Negeri Jakarta-Physics Department.List of Editors, Conference Details are available in this pdf.

This article presents a tutorial of the bases for, and problems encountered with, the resistivity and induced polarization methods in geotechnical and environmental applications. It commences with a discussion of aqueous electrolytic conduction in rocks including consideration of the effects of temperature, rock texture, rock type, geological processes, and of the presence of clay minerals. Both electrode and membrane polarization in soils and rocks are described. The elementary theory for the resistivity and induced polarization methods is introduced via formulas for electrodes on homogeneous and layered half-spaces. The notion of apparent resistivity is presented. Vertical electric sounding is described in relation to curve types, inversion, equivalence, anisotropy, and correlation. Profiling with resistivity is briefly treated while combined sounding-profiling is treated in more detail for both the resistivity and induced polarization methods. The parameters used to describe the induced polarization phenomena are introduced. A brief discourse follows on data acquisition and processing, including design considerations for transmitters and receivers, electrodes, and wire logistics. A section on arrays and the factors involved in selecting an array provokes the disclosure that while their application in geotechnical and environmental studies usually is straightforward much remains to be learned about the resistivity and induced polarization methods in general. Specific topics requiring study are comparative studies of various arrays in (a) depth of exploration in sounding and in profiling, (b) resolution of horizontal structures, (c) sensitivity to depth, (d) sensitivity to lateral effects, (e) sensitivity to buried and surface topography, and (f) the effectiveness of focused arrays. References to recent significant publications on one-, two-, and three-dimensional forward and inverse interpretation procedures follow. Problems encountered with these methods are initially treated under the section on arrays and are expanded with specific reference to geologic noise and negative induced polarization effects. The advantages of focused arrays are illustrated. The paper concludes with nine representative examples of applications.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program has actively collected geophysical and sedimentological data in the northern Gulf of Mexico for several decades, including shallow subsurface data in the form of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles (HRSP). Prior to the mid-1990s most HRSP data were collected in analog format as paper rolls of continuous profiles up to 25 meters long. As part of the National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program (NGGDPP) (https://datapreservation.usgs.gov/), and in collaboration with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Marine Minerals Program, scientists at the USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center converted analog paper records to digital format using a large-format continuous scanner. The scanned image files were subsequently processed to fix distortions and crop out blank spaces prior to exporting as industry standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists date exchange (SEG-Y) formatted files. This data release serves as an archive of HRSP profiles annotated with header information, and converted SEG-Y files. The HRSP data were collected using a Huntec boomer seismic system onboard the Research Vessel (R/V) Erda. The geophysical cruises were completed in two segments within Mississippi Sound. On the first leg, geophysical surveys were conducted in June with the data being acquired from waterbodies surrounding Grand, Cat, and Horn Island (Erda 92-2). During the second leg, geophysical surveys were collected in August off the coast of Mississippi and Alabama and between Horn and Petit Bois Island (92-4). Data collection and processing methods are described in USGS Data Series 1047.

The purpose of this research is to use effective method of drilling to improve the recovery process of hydrocarbons in oil and gas sector. Hydrocarbons are present in large amount beneath the earth. By using exploration geo physics, the reservoir of hydrocarbons below the earth can be located with more precision and accuracy. The first step consists of the geological and the seismic survey to obtain the image of the beneath rocks. In the next, step drilling is performed to reach the desired depth. Depending on the types of rocks beneath the earth the drilling performed may be directional, vertical or horizontal. This paper will focus on “how multilateral/horizontal drilling can improve the recovery of low permeable hydrocarbons”. Now a day’s offshore drilling is also performed. Key words: Hydrocarbons, seismic survey, multilateral drilling, offshore drilling.