Divided Local Binary Pattern (DLBP) Features Description Method For Facial Expression Recognition

We propose a novel approach using Complete Local Binary Pattern feature generation method for facial expression recognition with the help of Multi-Class Support Vector Machine. Complete Local Binary Pattern method is an extended version of Local Binary Pattern method with a little difference. LBP feature considers only signs of local differences, whereas CLBP feature considers both signs and magnitude of local differences as well as original center gray level value. CLBP and LBP have same computational complexity while CLBP performs better facial expression recognition over LBP using SVM training and multiclass classification with binary SVM classifiers. The experimental result demonstrate the average efficiency of recognition of propose method (35 images) with CLBP is 86.4%, while with LBP and CCV is 84.1255% and 75.83% in the JAFFE database.

This paper presents an analysis of hand-crafted and learned feature extraction methods for real-time facial expression recognition (FER). Our analysis focuses on methods capable of running on mobile devices, including traditional algorithms such as Gabor transform, HOG, LBP, as well as two compact CNN models, named Mobilenet V1 and V2. Additionally, we test the performance of MOTIF, a highly efficient texture feature extractor algorithm. Furthermore, we analyze the contribution of the mouth and front-eyes regions for recognizing the seven basic facial expressions. Experimental results are evaluated on two publicly available datasets. KDEF database which was captured under controlled conditions and RAF database which represents more naturalistic expressions captured in-the-wild. Under the same experimental conditions, MOTIF presents the fastest performance by sacrificing accuracy, while Mobilenet V2 presents the highest results with considerable speed and model size.

Facial expression methods play a vital role in human-computer interaction and other fields, but there are factors such as occlusion, illumination, and pose changes in wild facial recognition, as well as category imbalances between different datasets, that result in large variations in recognition rates and low accuracy rates for different categories of facial expression datasets. This study introduces RCL-Net, a method of recognizing wild facial expressions that is based on an attention mechanism and LBP feature fusion. The structure consists of two main branches, namely the ResNet-CBAM residual attention branch and the local binary feature (LBP) extraction branch (RCL-Net). First, by merging the residual network and hybrid attention mechanism, the residual attention network is presented to emphasize the local detail feature information of facial expressions; the significant characteristics of facial expressions are retrieved from both channel and spatial dimensions to build the residual attention classification model. Second, we present a locally improved residual network attention model. LBP features are introduced into the facial expression feature extraction stage in order to extract texture information on expression photographs in order to emphasize facial feature information and enhance the recognition accuracy of the model. Lastly, experimental validation is performed using the FER2013, FERPLUS, CK+, and RAF-DB datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has superior generalization capability and robustness in the laboratory-controlled environment and field environment compared to the most recent experimental methods.

In this paper, two novel methods for facial expression recognition in facial image sequences are presented. The user has to manually place some of Candide grid nodes to face landmarks depicted at the first frame of the image sequence under examination. The grid-tracking and deformation system used, based on deformable models, tracks the grid in consecutive video frames over time, as the facial expression evolves, until the frame that corresponds to the greatest facial expression intensity. The geometrical displacement of certain selected Candide nodes, defined as the difference of the node coordinates between the first and the greatest facial expression intensity frame, is used as an input to a novel multiclass Support Vector Machine (SVM) system of classifiers that are used to recognize either the six basic facial expressions or a set of chosen Facial Action Units (FAUs). The results on the Cohn-Kanade database show a recognition accuracy of 99.7% for facial expression recognition using the proposed multiclass SVMs and 95.1% for facial expression recognition based on FAU detection.

In order to solve the problems of low average gradient and long recognition time in traditional facial expression recognition method, a multi-scale detail enhancement method for facial dynamic expression recognition of sprint athletes is proposed. A principal component analysis method was used to establish the facial expression feature subspace of sprinters, to project and reduce the dimension of the facial dynamic expression feature vector of sprinters, and to obtain the low frequency information and high frequency information of the facial image of sprinters by bilateral filtering. The multi-scale details of expression are enhanced by using side suppression network model and improving image S curve. The feature vector of facial dynamic expression is input into support vector machine to recognise the facial dynamic expression of sprinter. Experimental results show that the average value of annoying gradient is about 98 and the shortest time s. is about 1.9.

Facial expressions recognition plays important role in human communication. It has become one of the most challenging tasks in the pattern recognition field. It has many applications such as: human computer interaction, video surveillance, forensic applications, criminal investigations, and in many other fields. In this paper we propose a method for facial expression recognition (FER). This method provides new insights into two issues in FER: feature extraction and robustness. For feature extraction we are using sparse representation approach after applying multiple Gabor filter and then using support vector machine (SVM) as classifier. We conduct extensive experiments on standard facial expressions database to verify the performance of proposed method. And we compare the result with other approach.

In this paper, we propose a novel method for facial expression recognition. The facial expression is extracted from human faces by an expression classifier that is learned from boosting Haar feature based look-up-table type weak classifiers. The expression recognition system consists of three modules, face detection, facial feature landmark extraction and facial expression recognition. The implemented system can automatically recognize seven expressions in real time that include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness and surprise. Experimental results are reported to show its potential applications in human computer interaction.

With the work and study pressure on people increasing and the importance of mental health problems on the rise, facial expression analysis plays an important role in mental health auxiliary diagnosis and treatment (MHADT). This study proposes a facial expression localization and recognition model that integrates Main Directional Mean Optical Flow (MDMO) with the Transformer architecture. It addresses the problems of insufficient generalization ability and limited temporal modeling ability of traditional methods in facial expression recognition. The study is based on the authoritative Audio/Visual Emotion Challenge 2019 Depression Detection Sub-challenge (AVEC2019 DDS) dataset in the mental health field, which contains 163 training samples, 56 validation samples, and 56 test samples. With Explicit Shape Regression, Local Binary Patterns, Mnemonic Descent Method, Convolutional Neural Network, and benchmark models as comparison objects, it systematically evaluates the model's performance in error, accuracy, and processing speed. The results show that the model achieves the best performance in both facial expression localization and recognition tasks. The validation set errors are 7.26 and 6.85, the localization accuracy reaches 89.6%, and the recognition accuracy reaches 88.9%, which is significantly better than other methods. At the same time, its image processing time is 55 milliseconds (ms) and 44ms, balancing high precision and real-time performance. The study indicates that the fusion of MDMO and Transformer can effectively capture the spatial and temporal features of facial expressions. Thus, this fusion method provides an efficient, stable, and scalable technical solution for emotion recognition in MHADT. This improves both the FER and localization accuracy and effect. Besides, it provides a novel reference in both approaches and application level for the intelligent development of mental health evaluation.

ABSTRACTHuman beings show multiple responses to various emotional states, like anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness, and fear. Among various emotions, facial expressions are widely informative as they exhibit a person's intentions and character. Facial expression recognition is used in many applications, such as marketing, research, customer service, neuroscience, and psychology. Traditional unimodal methods for facial expression recognition are ineffective due to the scarcity of data. In this paper, the Residual Fused Neuro‐Fuzzy Network (RF‐NFN) is used for the recognition of facial expressions and detection of emotion type using video and Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Here, the video frame is allowed for pre‐processing done by Non‐Local Means (NLM) filtering. Then, pre‐processed video frames and input EEG signals are fed toward feature extraction, which is then followed by feature selection. Finally, facial expressions are recognized and the type of emotion is detected by RF‐NFN, which is designed by incorporation of Hybrid Cascade Neuro‐Fuzzy Network (Hybrid Cascade NFN) and Deep Residual Network (DRN). Moreover, the performance of the RF‐NFN model is validated by three performance measures that exhibited a maximum accuracy of 90.88%, precision of 91.77%, and recall of 94.57%.

Facial expression is a very useful channel for intelligent human computer communication. In this paper we propose a hybrid method to recognize facial expression. Our main contributions in this study are: first, face region is detected by combing Adaboost, Skin color model and motion history image; second, feature points representing different facial expressions are separated using optical flow; third, a support vector machine classifier is used to classify these feature point's info (location, distance, angle); last, tests to explore the whole facial expression recognition process are conducted and the results are satisfactory.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common degenerative disease of the nervous system in the elderly. The early diagnosis of PD is very important for potential patients to receive prompt treatment and avoid the aggravation of the disease. Recent studies have found that PD patients always suffer from emotional expression disorder, thus forming the characteristics of "masked faces". Based on this, we thus propose an auto PD diagnosis method based on mixed emotional facial expressions in the paper. Specifically, the proposed method is cast into four steps: Firstly, we synthesize virtual face images containing six basic expressions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) via generative adversarial learning, in order to approximate the premorbid expressions of PD patients; Secondly, we design an effective screening scheme to assess the quality of the above synthesized facial expression images and then shortlist the high-quality ones; Thirdly, we train a deep feature extractor accompanied with a facial expression classifier based on the mixture of the original facial expression images of the PD patients, the high-quality synthesized facial expression images of PD patients, and the normal facial expression images from other public face datasets; Finally, with the well-trained deep feature extractor, we thus adopt it to extract the latent expression features for six facial expression images of a potential PD patient to conduct PD/non-PD prediction. To show real-world impacts, we also collected a new facial expression dataset of PD patients in collaboration with a hospital. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method for PD diagnosis and facial expression recognition.

A Facial Expression Recognition (FER) method based on Conv3D-ConvLSTM-SEnet in an online education environment is proposed to address the issue of low accuracy in current classroom expression recognition (FER) methods. Firstly, ConvLSTM is used to integrate the local feature extraction ability of CNN and the temporal modeling ability of LSTM, and based on this, the rich spatial features of the image are characterized. Then, by introducing Depth Separated Convolution (DSC) to change the number of output channels and separate each channel, the Feature Maps (F-M) are sequentially concatenated to obtain a multi-channel output F-M. Finally, based on ConvLSTM and SEnet modules, a Conv3D ConvLSTM-based FER model was proposed by redistributing the extracted abstract features and basic texture features, achieving high accuracy classroom FER. The proposed classroom FER method and the other five methods were compared and analyzed through simulation experiments using the CK[Formula: see text], FER2013 and JAFFE datasets, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed method achieves the highest accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, with improvements of at least 1.85%, 2.41%, 1.18% and 2.05%, respectively, compared to the other five methods on the FER2013 dataset. The proposed method can perform FER on students in online classroom teaching, detect their emotions in real-time, and help teachers make better course teaching adjustments based on this.

In facial expression recognition applications, the images are corrupted with random noise, and this affects the classification accuracy. This article proposes a maximum and Minimum Response-based Gabor (MMRG) that can encode the facial texture more discriminatively and eliminate random noise. Two code images are produced from the available Gabor images. Then, after dividing the code images into grids, feature vectors are formed using histograms. A technique based on the bat algorithm is proposed for the optimization of the Gabor filter banks as Bat Algorithm-based Gabor Optimization (BAGO). The MMRG increases the efficiency of Gabor filter-based features by precisely distinguishing the texture frequencies. It also helps in reducing the dimensions of feature vector which is a major problem in Gabor filter-based feature extraction. Radial Basis Function-Extreme Learning Machine (RBF-ELM) classifier is used for a faster and accurate multi-classification. The proposed approach has been evaluated with six datasets namely, Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE), Cohn Kanade (CK+), Multi-media Understanding Group (MUG), Static Facial Expressions in the Wild (SFEW), Oulu-Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Automation (Oulu-CASIA) and Man–Machine Interaction (MMI) datasets to meet a classification accuracy of 97.2, 97.4, 95.4, 35.4, 87.4 and 82.3% for seven class emotion detection, which is high when compared to other state-of –the-art methods.

This paper proposes a method of facial expression recognition based on Zernike moments and the minimum classification error (MCE) based hidden Markov model (HMM). In the feature extraction of face, the method of Zernike moments feature extraction based on local feature regions is adopted. First, eyes and mouths are segmented from the facial expression image and Zernike moments feature vectors of eyes and mouth are extracted. In the classification of expression, using MCE criteria is adopted to improve the performance of HMM. The results show that the performance of expression recognition system can be improved to some extent by using Zernike moments and MCE criterion.

This paper presents a novel and effective method for facial expression recognition including happiness, disgust, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and neutral state. The proposed method utilizes a regularized discriminant analysis-based boosting algorithm (RDAB) with effective Gabor features to recognize the facial expressions. Entropy criterion is applied to select the effective Gabor feature which is a subset of informative and nonredundant Gabor features. The proposed RDAB algorithm uses RDA as a learner in the boosting algorithm. The RDA combines strengths of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). It solves the small sample size and ill-posed problems suffered from QDA and LDA through a regularization technique. Additionally, this study uses the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to estimate optimal parameters in RDA. Experiment results demonstrate that our approach can accurately and robustly recognize facial expressions.