DMAM: distributed mobility and authentication mechanism in next generation networks

In this paper, we provide the specification of a cloud-initiated Point-of-Interest (PoI) application, and illustrate its requirements for a convergence between IPv6 mobility management and Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) geographic services. We propose to extend a flat IPv6 mobility management architecture with a new functional block, namely LIMME (Location & Infrastructure Mobility Management Entity), composed of three key functions: a Location Manager (LM) acting as location anchor point for cloud-based services, a Geographic Mobility Management (GMM) function acting as location proxy for the LM and handling IPv6 mobility, and an Infrastructure Node selector, which selects a route based on geographical data and local infrastructure node conditions. As a proof-of-concept, we implemented these extensions on the iTETRIS ITS simulation platform and illustrated their benefits in enhanced IPv6 mobility management and traffic offloading.

Some observations on using meta-heuristics for efficient location management in mobile computing networks

The commercial proliferation of cellular voice and data service has placed a new challenge for mobile communication systems. Next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to have an all-IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies (Akyildiz et al., 2004). Under the circumstance, the Internet Protocol (IP) is selected as the common interconnection protocol to integrate disparate wireless systems, so that mobile users can roam among multiple wireless networks, regardless of the underlying different radio access technologies (Akyildiz et al., 2005; Makaya & Pierre, 2008; Mohanty & Xie, 2007). However, with the advent of new value-added services (video-conference, multimedia streaming, etc.) and novel concepts introduced into Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture of the 4th Generation (4G) networks, provisioning efficient mobilitymanagement with quality of service guarantees and seamless handoff feature become even more important for next-generation wireless network design. Generally, mobility management allows mobile communication systems to locate roaming terminals for voice/data delivery as well as maintaining network connectivity when the terminal moves into a new service area (Akyildiz et al., 1999). Typically, such process contains two aspects: location management and handoff management (Quintero et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2010). Location management enables telecommunication systems to find out the network attachment points of roaming nodes for call/data delivery. It usually contains two components: location update and call delivery (or data delivery). The former requires mobile nodes to provide the system with their location information, while the latter indicates that the system is queried for the location information of specific mobile nodes, and then services are delivered to them while they are away from their home network (Zhang et al., 2010). Handoff management aims to maintain network connectivity when mobile nodes change their network attachment points or access points. Obviously, handoff protocols need to preservemobile users’ network connectivity as they move from one network to another, while simultaneously reducing disruption to the ongoing call/data sessions. Therefore, reducing handoff delay and maximizing session continuity are always the primary goals of handoff management (Dimopoulou et al., 2005). Generally, handoff seamlessness means lower packet Performance Analysis of Seamless Handover in Mobile IPv6-based Cellular Networks 13

The features of two important application scenarios, supporting mobile switches with fixed end users and mobile switches with mobile users, are dramatically different from those of the traditional wired network structure. To exploit mobile switches, the location and configuration management of mobile switches is essential to handle the mobility and topology change of the wireless/mobile ATM network. In this paper we address the location management and configuration problems of mobile switches in an ATM network. We investigate several aspects of the location management problem including architecture to support switch mobility, mobile switch tracking, and mobile switch locating. We propose an approach that is based on the Private Network-Network Interface (PNNI) protocol. We extend the PNNI protocol to enable it to handle mobile switches. Moreover, we develop analytical models to determine the tracking and locating costs for mobile switches under the proposed scheme. The models illustrate the relation between total cost (tracking cost + locating cost) and peer group size. The models can be used to derive the optimal configuration for an ATM network with mobile switches.

This paper proposes algorithms for handoff, location, and connection management in a wireless asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) local-area network (LAN). Fast handoffs while maintaining cell sequence and quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees are achieved by distributing switching functionality to base stations, and using a networking scheme based on provisioned virtual trees. A new distributed location management scheme using a minimal registration procedure and broadcasts on wired links is proposed for this LAN. The detailed signaling procedures that support the algorithms for mobility and connection management are described. Finally, an implementation of these procedures and an analysis of the measured data is presented. Measurements of service times obtained from this implementation indicate that over 100 calls/s. can be handled by each node in 50-node network with a high-percentage of mobiles (75%) relative to fixed endpoints. This is comparable to current wired ATM switch call handling throughputs, in spite of the fact that these nodes perform additional handoff and location management functions. The data also indicates handoff latency times of 1.3 ms. This validates our proposal for maintaining cell sequence while performing handoffs.

Virtual Home Region Multi-Hash Location Management Service (VIMLOC) for Large-Scale Wireless Mesh Networks

The tremendous progress in the internet of things incorporating multitudes of wireless interfaces have ended up with dense deployment of multi-networks that are associated with the internet of things and supported by wireless communications that are heterogeneous. Effective management of the multi-networks with a proper flow scheduling and a mobility management in order to provide a seamless conveyance are a tedious and a challenging task. The incompatibility of the software defined networks to manage with the densely deployed multi networks has increased the necessity for developing a more suitable flow scheduler and mobility manager for the multi networks of internet of things. So this paper presents the Improved- flow scheduling and the mobility management protocol (IFSMM) to guarantee the network performance that provides a seamless accessing of internet of things. The IFSMM is simulated using the NS-2 to confirm the performance achievement through the proper management of the transmission on the grounds of throughput, latency and the jitter.

Location management refers to the problem of updating and searching the current locations of mobile nodes in a wireless network. To make it efficient, the sum of update/lookup costs of a location database must be minimized. Previous work relying on fixed location databases is unable to fully exploit the knowledge of user mobility patients in the system so as to achieve this minimization. We present a novel location management architecture that can adapt dynamically to user pattern changes. The key idea is to use a hierarchy of agents that act as mobile location databases that rapidly replicate to other base-stations in response to a change in user patterns. We provide an analytical cost model for location management and through simulations demonstrate our algorithm's ability to handle location updates and call finding.

Wireless technology is gaining importance with enhancement in internet technology. Mobility is the key feature of wireless technology which allows users to continue ongoing sessions seamlessly. To achieve seamless communication between mobile nodes various mobility management protocols have been standardized for IPv6 by IETF. MIPv6 is the basic protocol based on host based mobility management which requires mobile nodes involvement in handover signaling. To improve MIPv6, new extensions as FMIPv6 and HMIPv6 FHMIPv6 were proposed. FMIPv6 works in predictive as well as Reactive mode. During signaling Packet loss may be occur. It is a key parameter which is variable with respect to different protocols. During handover packet loss is due to discontinuity in connection. In this paper we are focusing on total packet loss in host based mobility management protocols: MIPv6, FMIPv6 (Predictive and Reactive), HMIPv6, FHMIPv6 We are proposing and analyzing formulae for packet loss in these protocols. Also we will make numerical analysis and comparison for these host based mobility management protocols.

Location management schemes are essentially based on users' mobility and incoming call rate characteristics. The network mobility process has to face strong antagonism between its two basic procedures: location update (or registration) and paging. The location update procedure allows the system to keep location knowledge more or less accurately in order to find the user in case of an incoming call, for example. Location registration also is used to bring the user's service profile near its location and allows the network to rapidly provide the user with services. The paging process achieved by the system consists of sending paging messages in all cells where the mobile terminal could be located. A detailed description of the means and techniques for user location management in present cellular networks is addressed.A network must retain information about the locations of endpoints in the network in order to route traffic to the correct destinations. Location tracking (also referred to as mobility tracking or mobility management) is the set of mechanisms by which location information is updated in response to endpoint mobility. In location tracking, it is important to differentiate between the identifier of an endpoint (i.e., what the endpoint is called) and its address (i.e., where the endpoint is located). Mechanisms for location tracking provide a time-varying mapping between the identifier and the address of each endpoint. Most location tracking mechanisms may be perceived as updating and querying a distributed database (the location database) of endpoint identifier-to-address mappings. In this context, location tracking has two components: (1) determining when and how a change in a location database entry should be initiated; and (2) organizing and maintaining the location database. In cellular networks, endpoint mobility within a cell is transparent to the network, and hence location tracking is only required when an endpoint moves from one cell to another. Location tracking typically consists of two operations: (1) updating (or registration), the process by which a mobile endpoint initiates a change in the location database according to its new location; and (2) finding (or paging), the process by which the network initiates a query for an endpoint's location (which also may result in an update to the location database). Most location tracking techniques use a combination of updating and finding in an effort to select the best trade-off between update overhead and delay incurred in finding. Specifically, updates are not usually sent every time an endpoint enters a new cell, but rather are sent according to a predefined strategy so that the finding operation can be restricted to a specific area. There is also a trade-off, analyzed formally between the update and paging costs.Location management methods are most adapted and widely used in current cellular networks, e.g., GSM, IS-54. IS-95, etc. The location management methods are broadly classified into two groups. The first group includes all methods based on algorithms and network architecture, mainly on the processing capabilities of the system. The second group contains the methods based on learning processes, which require the collection of statistics on subscribers' mobility behavior, for instance.

The growth in the number of users in mobile communications networks and the rise in the traffic generated by each user, are responsible for the increasing importance of mobility management. Within mobility management, Location Management makes sure that the roaming of the user within the coverage area is enabled. New strategies are being proposed to minimize the signaling costs involved in Location Management. In this paper we focus on user profile based algorithms and present new methods to calculate useful parameters for the estimation of the Location Management costs. In particular, we apply new algorithms to obtain the ?O?nparameters (useful in the calculation of the location update costs for different Location Management strategies), and we summarize our results in terms of practical guidelines for the networks designers in order to minimize signaling costs.

Intra-technology handover algorithms already exist for each cellular wireless technology. Although these algorithms will continue to evolve with their respective technologies no revolutionary change is justified. No handover algorithm yet exists for the support inter-network handovers. In this paper, a mobility manager function is defined and its support of a hierarchy of handover algorithms is proposed. The mobility manager makes use of existing intra-technology handover algorithms where these are sufficient and a new, higher order, inter-network, inter-technology, handover algorithm is introduced.

Mobility management in heterogeneous networks is an important area since the mobile network may be moving between multiple types of access networks which involve several service providers such as 802.11b WLAN, 802.16 WiMAX and UMTS Networks. In crowded environments, the bottleneck is often between the access link and the mobile network. Being able to prioritize the traffic and allocate a minimum bandwidth guarantee for each user is crucial in this environment. This study presents a novel dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism for network mobility in heterogeneous networks integrated with IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol. Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol has three important nodes Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs), Mobile Router (MR) and Home Agent (HA). The dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism which consists of traffic marking, prioritizing and scheduling are implemented at the mobile network node domain. While the admission control module is implemented at a mobile router domain. Several experiments are conducted to evaluate the mechanism. The results have shown the importance of less packet loss and delay and higher packet forwarding rate.

Recently, a new family of protocols has been introduced for large scale ad hoc networks that make use of the approximate location of nodes in the network for geographic routing. Location management plays an important role in such protocols, and in this paper, we propose a deterministic hierachical scheme for managing the location information of nodes, and analyze the cost of such a scheme via probabilistic means and simulations. We find that the cost of hierarchical location management has an asymptotic overhead cost of O(ν N log 2 N) for location registration, which is asymptotically lower than the location management overhead in protocols described in literature, and thus scales well with the increase in the number of nodes in the network.

Recently, the femtocell has been proposed to offload the traffic from the macrocell. In femto/macrocell networks, a location management should be supported to keep track of the current location of a mobile node (MN). Since the conventional mobility management scheme of femto/macrocell networks does not consider mobility pattern of the MN, unnecessary location updates occur. Specifically, when the MN moves along the contour of the femtocell coverage, the MN frequently executes location update which causes high location update cost. To address this problem, we propose a mobility-aware location management (MALM) scheme that the MN does not execute location update in femtocells where the MN stops by while conducting location update at the specific locations expected that the MN stays for a long time. Then, to optimize MALM, a Markov decision process (MDP) problem is formulated and the optimal policy is determined. Evaluation results demonstrate that MALM with the optimal policy can reduce the number of location updates and provide sufficient offloading effect.