DNS propagation delay: An effective and robust solution using authoritative response from non-authoritative server

Due to the tremendous growth in the evolution of telecommunication system and wireless networks, recent developments in telecommunication system and wireless communication technologies and mobile networks has posed various challenges to the researchers in the field of performance modelling. These challenges require effective performance evaluation tools, techniques and methodologies to design new protocols and robust solutions before a global and wide-scale integrated broadband infrastructure of convergent multi-service networks can be established towards the next generation of telecommunication system with efficient support of multimedia applications. As a result, performance modelling and evaluation has gained increasing importance. This special issue solicits papers on advances in the analytical and simulation based modelling and evaluation of new challenges in the telecommunication systems. Papers in this special issue were selected from the IEEE International Workshop on Performance Modelling and Evaluation in Computer and Telecommunication Networks (PMECT2008) in conjunction with the 17th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2008), held in August 4–7, 2008 at Virgin Islands, USA. These papers were selected by the scientific

The paper is devoted to the synthesis of complex, multilevel hierarchical systems of high survivability, in particular, telecommunication (computer) networks. The computer network is constantly exposed to the destructive effects of the environment in which it operates. Therefore, there is an urgent problem of increasing survivable telecommunication (computer) networks for counteract of such influences, and maintaining the efficiency of such systems. Destructive effects on the network are usually random, but the assessment of such random events, based on classical probability theory, encounters serious difficulties because such events are not systematic and are not massive, which are necessary to assess the frequency of events that determine their classical probabilities. The paper proposes a model for the synthesis of a survivable hierarchical telecommunication (computer) networks. This model is formulated as the problem of nonlinear Boolean programming. The model uses subjective probabilities of efficiency of connection of various devices of a network in the conditions of destructive influences. The network is formed according to the criterion of maximum survivability (subjective probability of network operation under destructive influences). The proposed approach is studied on hierarchical telecommunication (computer) networks. However, the generality of the approach to the construction of survivable hierarchical systems, gives hope for the implementation of the developed approach to the synthesis of survivable multilevel hierarchical systems in other areas, including organizational management, political and economic systems.

SummaryWith the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the intelligent distribution network can effectively improve the overall power supply quality of the distribution system. The designed distributed power has been able to achieve an optimal operation of grid connection, while the high‐speed operation of distribution equipment can achieve effective interaction with users. At present, intelligent distribution network is widely studied and applied in power industry because of its advantages of high efficiency energy and environmental protection. Because of its unique characteristics, such as low cost and fast speed, wireless sensor network is cleverly applied in intelligent distribution network. However, wireless sensor network has some defects in energy utilization due to its large range and too many nodes. This paper presents a cross‐layer cooperative control model, which can control the real time and reliability of network power data communication through stack protocol layer. This method can learn the weight value adaptively by training the influence relationship between the parameters of each protocol layer and achieve real‐time and reliable data communication by adjusting the policy and parameters of each layer in real time. This method takes the parameters of each wireless sensor node as the unit to establish the influence relationship between each other so as to realize the connection between each node of wireless sensor network and then to control the wireless sensor network as a whole to ensure the real‐time reliability of data communication in intelligent distribution network. In this paper, a lot of simulation experiments have been done, and the results show that the proposed cross‐layer cooperative control model can control the whole wireless sensor network to achieve efficient data transmission capacity of intelligent distribution wireless sensor network.

Seamless IP-diversity based NEtwork MObility (SINEMO) was proposed to address a number of drawbacks of the Network Mobility (NEMO) protocol for mobility management of a number of hosts moving together in a Local Area Network. Increasing number of mobile hosts results in higher level of signalling cost on the mobility agents in a mobility protocol. Previous works on cost analysis of mobility protocols have considered the cost on some of the mobility agents, but did not consider all possible costs for mobility management, resulting in incomplete cost estimation. In this paper, we have developed analytical models to estimate costs of mobility management as functions of network size, mobility rate, traffic rate and data volume for all the entities of SINEMO. Numerical results, comparing the cost between mobility entities of SINEMO and NEMO, reveal that SINEMO has higher efficiency and lower cost than NEMO. Our comprehensive cost model can be used as a framework for estimating total cost of key mobility management entities of different handover protocols, and can aid in decision making to choose the most efficient protocol for future all-IP mobile and wireless networks.

The world of wireless telecommunications is rapidly changing. The capabilities of wireless networks are improving at a steady pace. This paper presents two possible protocols for implementing mobility for wireless users in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. The vision of the authors is of one "wireless ATM telecommunications network" that is capable of supporting a variety of today's applications with room to grow for advanced applications of the future. We first visit database architectures that can support mobility in a wireless ATM network. We then discuss one of two signaling architecture alternatives, the "overlay signaling," for overlay support of mobile users in the ATM-based wireless telecommunications network. "Overlay signaling" aims at minimizing the modification needed to the existing ATM protocols. We then describe a native "migratory signaling" approach that further integrates wireless and wireline users into one global wireless ATM network at the expense of requiring some modifications to the existing ATM protocols. A performance analysis of the proposed signaling architecture alternatives is also presented. We conclude by pointing out some challenges in merging ATM with wireless telecommunications.

The wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have become one of the popular technologies of the wireless network utilization. WMN provides reliable and scalable wireless network because of its features such as dynamic self-organizing, self-configuring, Self-managing and self-healing. Routing protocols play an essential role in finding and establishing an active route from a source to a destination in WMNs. This article focuses on the performance evaluation and comparison of some routing protocols commonly used in WMNs for VoIP application: AODV, DSR, OLSR and TORA has been investigated over client Wireless Mesh Networks based on OPNET simulation in a different network sizes and mobility. This article presents a background of some designs and solutions based on an elaborated simulation investigation. The performance comparisons are carried out with regard to the node variation in network sizing and mobility. Based on the empirical outputs, the authors suggested that to utilize a specific routing protocol in certain situations.

The article analyzes the existing legal mechanisms for managing critical information infrastructure in Ukraine. The instruments for their improvement are proposing in this article. An important component of critical infrastructure is its information component – a critical information infrastructure. The sphere of protection of critical information infrastructure in Ukraine is at the initial stage of formation. The current legislation defines only certain objects of socio-economic sphere, in which extraordinary events can lead to socially dangerous consequences. In view of the fact, that the term “critical information infrastructure” does not having a consistent interpretation in different countries, we propose our opinion. “Critical information infrastructure is a system of information management of critical facilities and information and communication networks that provide defense capabilities and security of public and private institutions, whose operation may flow to the national security of Ukraine” (KII). In the KII we can identified information and network components. Information environment of KII is a system for information management of critical objects, including computing and information resources that form automated control systems (ACS). The network component of KII consists of a set of telecommunication devices, communication lines and network equipment, systems of open protocols for the exchange of information between elecommunication devices, global system of digital addresses and digital identifiers, software. The Internet network can be considered as a technological add-on over a telecommunication network that provides the provision of data transmission and processing services (e-mail, teleconferencing, file transfer, access to computing and information systems in local area networks). The main threat to the safety of ACS of critical information infrastructure objects is targeted actions on information systems, information and telecommunication networks by software and hardware. KII legal security include two main components – national and international. The national component may be forming by a set of principles, legal institutions and norms, which are enshrined in the national legislation regulating public relations in Ukraine in the area of counteracting the security threats of the ACS of critical objects. In order to protect the most important objects of KII, it is necessary to identify these objects. The current legislation defines such categories of objects, for which special conditions for ensuring their protection and functioning are established. Some of them, in whole or in part, may be classifying as objects of critical infrastructure. The specificity of providing information security was reflecting in such Ukraine laws like “On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine”, “On the Concept of the National Program of Informatization”, “On the National Program of Informatization”. As well as the Concept of Development of the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine, the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, the Strategy of Cybersecurity Of Ukraine. The National Security Strategy identifies actual threats to national security and sets priorities for information security, cyber security and security of information resources and critical infrastructure. At the same time, the implementation of the state policy in the field of security of KII requires the further development of legal principles and norms governing the relevant social relations, that is, the national component of the legal security of KII. Ukraine should ensure the establishment of a nationwide system for assessing risks and threats to critical infrastructure, and after the legislative definition of the main terms, the implementation of the Identification of Critical Information Infrastructure objects. Identification of objects of critical information infrastructure can be accomplishing by introducing the certification of objects of critical information infrastructure. Such passports must contain general data about the facility, data on the main sources of danger, data on hazardous natural conditions, technological processes and response to threats. The international component of the legal security of KII provides for the regulation of a set of principles and norms defined by international treaties and recognized by the state, regulating issues of international cooperation in this area. Ukraine has signed the Convention on Cybercrime together with the member states of the Council of Europe and other States. It is aiming at stopping actions against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer systems, networks and computer data, as well as abusing such systems, networks and data by installing the criminal responsibility for such behavior, the provision of powers sufficient to combat criminal offenses, and the conclusion of agreements on rapid and reliable international cooperation. In addition, the plan of measures for 2017 on implementation of the Cybersecurity Strategy of Ukraine provides for the implementation of Directive 2008/114/EC on the protection of critical infrastructure, in particular on cybersecurity and cyber defense of critical infrastructure objects. Development of the system of international information security, the following main groups of international relations that requirenormative legal regulation within the framework of the legal security of KII: definition of the boundaries of the national KII in the global information and communication infrastructure and fixing signs of computer incidents in the control system of critical objects information infrastructure. The absence of generally recognized borders of state sovereignty of States in this space is a significant obstacle to the application of international law to the actions of other states. In particular, this impedes the establishment of limits of responsibility of states for violating the security of the KII and organizing international cooperation in the field of countering computer crime. The urgency of the legislative consolidation of signs of computer incidents in the automated control system of critical information infrastructure objects suggests the widespread use of the concept of “incident” in international law. An incident in cyberspace usually associated with a violation of the functioning of the components of cyberspace – an electronic collection environment and automated processing of information that determines the processes of the implementation of these operations, as well as information systems and automated control systems. The essence of the general definition of the “international incident” in the field of KII will be determining, firstly, by the nature of international relations between states that are violating by the “incident”. This event may be the result of unforeseen actions of the state, including actions that harm the interests of public bodies of one or more states, or, conversely, be one of many intentional but minor provocations carried out by agents of one state against another state. Given that international relations in the field of incidents in the field of KII are not regulating by international treaties, the main and, in fact, the only source of international law in this case serves as an international custom, however, its application to the sphere of KII is accompanying by considerable difficulties. For Ukraine, it is possible to introduce the positive experience of other states in the security of the KII. In particular, the problem of security of information technologies has been enshrined in the international standard ISO / IEC 15408 “General criteria for assessing the safety of information technology”.

Wireless networks are becoming a combination of more and more diverse and complicated networks. Handoff is a process to maintain data session continuity where mobile node changes from one base station coverage area to another base station area. Mobile maintains its existing connections via vertical handoff. In wireless environment single node mobility is known as host mobility and group of nodes moving together as single network is known as Network Mobility (NEMO). NEMO is extension of MIPv6, invented for reducing number of individual handoffs. To influence smooth mobility between these heterogeneous wireless access networks, expeditious and dependable vertical handoff (VHO) schemes are required. While taking VHO decision several parameters has to consider like received signal strength (RSS), addressable bandwidth, power intake, monetary cost, security, user predilection and etc. In this paper various handoff decision techniques based on different parameters for host mobility, and vertical handoff technique for Network mobility (NEMO) are discussed. Finally gave research issues and future research directions to NEMO.

Vehicular ad-hoc network is a part of mobile ad-hoc networks where data communication happens among the vehicles over a wireless network. It came into limelight for the sole purpose of making the driving experience a little more secure and providing a trustable network to facilitate proper management of traffic. But it is subject to various security risks due to its dynamic topology and randomly moving nodes. The message transfer between the vehicles is of utmost importance, so robust solutions must be addressed into concern for removal of the security and privacy issues of the vehicles. In this paper, elliptic curve digital signature algorithm has been proposed for checking the authenticity of the message and strengthening the privacy of the vehicle against the malicious Sybil attack.

To provide ubiquitous services and the same real-time services as those available on the wired networks for mobile users, this paper proposes an efficient and intelligent QoS-aware mobility scheme, coined dynamic point forwarding scheme under mobility scenario in future all-IP wireless networks. Considering dynamic channel characteristics and user mobility in wireless networks, the proposed scheme takes advantage of both the point forwarding scheme in mobility management and dynamic RSVP (DRSVP) in QoS guarantee. Moreover, in order to overcome deficiencies in conventional point forwarding scheme, we develop a new decision criterion for performing forwarding chain update, which achieves a better trade-off between network resource consumed by routing path and signaling load for forwarding chain updates. Based on the performance analyses, our proposed scheme can substantially reduce more resource reservation than the conventional pointer forwarding scheme, thus it can achieve efficient resource utilization and guarantee QoS requirements of multimedia applications in the future wireless all-IP networks.

The real potential of broadband wireless networks lies with mobility. A hot debate is centered on building metropolitan area networks using WiMAX technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. Good mobility management schemes enable it to become the disruptive solution that fulfills the promises of ubiquitous computing with broadband access everywhere that was left unsatisftable with the Wi-Fi and 3G cellular solutions. The wide area coverage and co-existence of multiple wireless access technologies pose a challenge to mobility in the metropolitan network. Complications arise from the hierarchical structure of the network and the seamless handoff requirement to maintain steady streaming media coverage without interruption. It also stems from the lack of cellular type infrastructure to support fast moving users. We study the issues associated with providing mobility in a wireless metropolitan network. We propose a mobility management scheme based on the integration of hierarchical micro-mobility, fast handoff and vertical handoff It is demonstrated that this scheme can perform well under traffic loads. The network is subjected to an application that provides public health informatics services to the metropolitan area. These experimental results can provide suggestion on how to construct the next generation wireless networks.

A Brief Study on Data Communication and Computer Networks

Results of models parameters optimization for the nonstationary traffic in telecommunication and computer networks are given. For optimum modeling of the traffic dynamics metrics of Euclid’s and Gilbert’s spaces are used. The technique and algorithm of models optimization are developed. Theoretical positions are illustrated by numerical examples and diagrams with use ofMathCAD

When the number of packets increases beyond the network capacity leads to congestion in the computer network. Congestion effects the QOS parameters severely by decreasing throughput and increasing packet loss and delay, thus degrading the overall network performance. Active queue management algorithm is router based mechanism for early detection of congestion in the computer network. The basic idea of AQM is to sense and detect congestion in advance and to inform the sender to reduce its sending rate there by reducing the number of packets sent in the network to control the congestion in the CN. AQM algorithm is congestion control algorithm which increases throughput, link utilization and decreases the delay and packet loss. RED (Random Early Detection) provides the mechanism for congestion avoidance. The technique has several drawbacks and one among them is inability to deal with busty traffic. The major drawback of Blue algorithm is that it detect the congestion by analyzing and observing the queue length, queue length may little information about the severity of the congestion and detection of number of competing connections. The proposed algorithm called AdvancedBlue which is the modification of Blue AQM algorithm uses idle link, packet loss to detect congestion decouples the congestion measure with performance measure and stabilizes the performance measure against the target independently of number of users. AdvancedBlue AQM is simulated in wireless network using NS2 simulator. Wireless network is quite different from the wired network. The nodes have no wired links to other nodes and base station. So any barrier that is between the sender and the receiver could influence the transmission power and bring packet loss. The proposed AQM showed a better performance in wired network and was more complicated in wireless network. The proposed algorithm when compared with existing DropTail algorithm in wireless network showed better performance with respect to throughput and delay but had more packet loss. Keywords: AQM, AdvancedBlue, Blue, CN, DropTail, NS2, QOS, RED Cite this Article: Uma R. Pujeri. Advanced AQM Blue Algorithm in Wireless Network. International Journal of Wireless Network Security. 2020; 6(1): 16–24p.

A Framework to Facilitate Network Operators to Provide Better Quality of Service in Mobile Networks