Domain analysis and reverse engineering

In this study we empirically investigate the adaptation of Test-Driven Development (TDD) practice into software Reverse Engineering (RE) process. We call this adaptation as Test-Driven Reverse Engineering (TDRE) process. We propose a two-layer prioritization process, which firstly prioritizes the already-implemented functionalities using the Cumulative Voting (CV) method and three prioritization criteria (importance, complexity and dependency), and secondly prioritizes test-cases for each prioritized functionality, using the same criteria. We conducted a case study in academia with students to empirically evaluate the usability and effectiveness of the prioritization process and the TDD adaptation into RE process. The results have shown that students with a good performance in testing had also good performance in designing UML class-diagrams. Moreover, the implementation of hierarchical test-cases for the already prioritized functionalities, improves code comprehension and redesigning in the RE process in terms of better total grades obtained.

The reverse engineering process in development is widely used to carry out the reverse engineering process for the design of certain products, in this study the reverse engineering process on the palm oil lorry wheel is to improve the design as well as a combination of materials to increase the life of the lorry wheel product in the palm oil processing. The process of scanning the surface of the lorry wheel using camera and the reverse engineering process is carried out by measuring the precision of the lorry wheel by measuring using a precision measuring instrument, data obtained by measurement and reconstruction model. data obtained by measurement and reconstruction model using CAD software and CAE software used to analyze the CAD and CAE software are used to analyze the design results after the reverse engineering process. reverse engineering process. So, it is necessary to develop a reverse engineering system design that will be useful in terms of efficiency and service life of the lorry wheel, in the design of this lorry wheel uses CAD and CAM software to model the lorry wheels with simulation and analysis systems. The next process is to modify and remanufacture the lorry wheel model using machine tools so that the prototype of the manufacturing process can be tested. so that the prototype of the manufacturing process can be tested on the lorry to see the durability of the reverse engineering product. to see the durability of the reverse engineering product. The results of this research showed that the reverse engineering data can be interpolated for further CAE process

Abstract. One solution to increase domestic industry competitiveness and performance is mastering reverse engineering (RE) technology. Through mastery of this technology, the use of domestic components will increase. However, this is still an obstacle due to a weak understanding of RE technology and the availability of RE facilities. This article will examine the RE process of a casting product and optimize the product manufacturing process through simulation with casting software for the High-Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) process with a case study of a top body converter product. This research begins with product identification, development, and optimization. The next step is to determine the design and injection parameters to be simulated in the Inspire casting software and then design the HPDC mold. Through RE technology, this research has produced an optimal top body converter product with a weight 36% lighter than the initial weight, and an HPDC mold design for the optimal product has been produced.

Microorganisms are employed on a large scale in a variety of industrial production processes, such as production of food and ingredients, beverages, pharmaceutical compo- nents and fine- and bulk chemicals. Improving the behaviour of these microorganisms is of crucial importance in the design of efficient production processes. In this thesis we focus use directed evolution, which is a method to improve the phe- notype of a microorganism without knowing what to change in the DNA to obtain the desired effect. Improved strains are obtained through the natural evolution processes of variation and selection by enforcing a strong selective pressure in the laboratory. The mutations that occur during such short evolution can be determined by sequencing the DNA of the improved strains and comparing it to the starting strain. Finally, relating the relevant mutations to the enforced phenotype is called reverse engineering. We describe the reverse engineering of mutations in ADY2 enabling lactate transport across the cell wall and mutations in ACE2, which in combination with aneuploidy, could be related to the origin of multi-cellular growth in yeast. Next-generation sequencing was employed to reconstruct genomes and infer mutations. This technology has made tremendous progress since its introduction in 2008 and has become affordable for individual laboratories. Sequencing poses many challenges to the field of bioinformatics, since genomes are long and repetitive (e.g. yeasts have millions of base pairs and humans billions), but current sequencing technology can only read up to 100 to 1000 base pairs in sequence. The computational methods developed in this thesis enable the use of sequencing technology in industrial microbiology research. A starting strain in this field is the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D. To determine its genome sequence we devel- oped an algorithm that uses a Tabu-search that exploits previously sequenced genomes and heterogeneous sequencing data types. Additionally, two methods were developed to infer mutations between genomes in absence of a high-quality closely related reference genome. First, we describe an algorithm that estimates the number of times a DNA subsequence exists in the full genome using a Poisson mixture model. We used this method to infer copy number differences between aneuploid lager brewing yeasts. Second, we describe an algorithm that uses graph decomposition to find variation in metagenomes, which are a combination of many bacterial genomes within one sample and play an important role in industrial fermentation, such as in production of cheese and yoghurt.

The vehicle industry is quickly becoming more connected and growing. This growth is due to advancements in cyber physical systems (CPSs) that enhance the safety and automation in vehicle. The modern automobile consists of more than 70 electronic control units (ECUs) that communicate and interact with each other over automotive bus systems. Passenger comforts, infotainment features, and connectivity continue to progress through the growth and integration of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies. Common networks include the Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), and FlexRay. However, the benefits of increased connectivity and features comes with the penalty of increased vulnerabilities. Security is lacking in preventing attacks on safety-critical control systems. I will explore the state of the art methods and approaches researchers have taken to identify threats and how to address them with intrusion detection. I discuss the development of a hybrid based intrusion detection approach that combines anomaly and signature based detection methods. Machine learning is a hot topic in security as it is a method of learning and classifying system behavior and can detect intrusions that alter normal behavior. In this paper, we discuss utilizing machine learning algorithms to assist in classifying CAN messages. I present work that focuses on the reverse engineering and classification of CAN messages. The problem is that even though CAN is standardized, the implementation may vary for different manufacturers and vehicle models. These implementations are kept secret, therefore CAN messages for every vehicle needs to be analyzed and reverse engineered in order to get information. Due to the lack of publicly available CAN specifications, attackers and researchers need to reverse engineer messages to pinpoint which messages will have the desired impact. The reverse engineering process is needed by researchers and hackers for all manufacturers and their respective vehicles to understand what the vehicle is doing and what each CAN message means. The knowledge of the specifications of CAN messages can improve the effectiveness of security mechanisms applied to CAN.

Reverse Engineering (RE) can be interpreted as procedures and processes in dismantling an object to find out the materials, working methods, or technology used so that the object can function properly. Design activities using the reverse engineering concept make it easier for students to understand product specifications, product advantages and disadvantages, product production processes and production cost estimates before designing new products. The laboratory is one place that can be used to carry out the reverse engineering process. The bulkhead reactor is an alternative to the stirred tank reactor with the aim that the resulting product is maximized both in terms of quantity and morphology or shape of the material. The benefit of disassembling this product is as a first step in understanding the concept of reverse engineering in the task of designing machines or tools. From the results of the study, it was found that the formation of struvite occurred at pH 9 using an air flow rate of 1 l/minute.

A Sustainable Reverse Engineering Process

The paper considers the peculiarities of creating digital copies of objects using reverse engineering technology. The main process used in reverse engineering is the processing of digital copies of objects, which is called photogrammetry. The reverse engineering process consists of the following stages. First, a 3D scan of the product and scan data processing is performed. The received digital data (polygonal mesh) is converted into a CAD file, which can be used to change the shape and topology of the model in accordance with the project. Based on this, an analysis of the two main technologies on which photogrammetry is based was performed: 1) laser triangulation method (laser scanners are used), 2) structured light method (optical scanners are used). The main disadvantages of using laser triangulation when scanning machine parts and methods of reducing their negative impact on the final result are given. The process of determining the position of a point when scanning parts by the laser triangulation method is considered in detail. Equations for normalizing the position of the point and equations that remove the distortion of the point due to the aberration of the camera lens are given. An equation for determining the width of a laser beam is presented, on the basis of which its main geometric characteristics are determined. A general diagram of the influence of the main factors on the quality of the process of scanning parts by the method of laser triangulation is constructed. One of the varieties of scanning objects using structured light is the range imaging (SfM) technique. The SfM technique is a process of estimating a three-dimensional structure from a sequence of two-dimensional images that can be associated with local traffic signals. The position of the camera in space is used to find the x,y,z coordinates of each pixel. An overview of the main software for creating and editing a structured polygonal mesh based on scan data is carried out. As a study of the process of reverse engineering technology, a connecting rod of a car engine was scanned by the SfM method and its digital model was created.

A domain-specific visual language, function block language (FBL), is used in Metso Automation for writing automation control programs. The same engineering environment is used for both forward and reverse engineering activities, providing convenient support for the maintenance and evolution of FBL programs. Various data and program analysis methods are applied to study the FBL programs stored in project library archives. Metadata stored about the program allows various kinds of queries and enables focusing the analysis to certain kinds of programs. The application of the provided analysis methods further aids the maintenance and reuse activities. Software and data reverse engineering techniques are traditionally used to support program and data comprehension, respectively. In this paper we show how corresponding techniques can be used to analyze visual programs. The visual language under study in this paper is FBL. FBL and the analysis techniques proposed have been used in real-world projects at Metso Automation.

Dynamic analysis extracts information that describes the structure of the runtime behavior of a software system. This information, typically represented in the form of execution traces, is useful in many software modernization activities, such as reverse engineering and program analysis. The Architecture-Driven Modernization initiative has defined standards to support the modernization process in the context of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE). However, to date, there is no standard for representing runtime information that allows the specification of dynamic information independent of any programming language. In light of this, we present TRACEM, a metamodel for representing trace information under a standard representation that would allow traces to become a new domain in software engineering. The purpose of defining TRACEM is to complement an MDE framework for software modernization that aims to integrate static and dynamic analysis techniques during the reverse engineering process. This article contains a description of TRACEM and a case study that illustrates how dynamic information combined with static information allows for improving the whole reverse engineering process.

PurposeWeb applications are subject to continuous changes and rapid evolution triggered by increasing competition, especially in commercial domains such as electronic commerce. Unfortunately, usually they are implemented without producing any useful documentation for subsequent maintenance and evolution. Thereof, the maintenance of such systems becomes a challenging problem as the complexity of the web application grows. Reverse engineering has been heralded as one of the most promising technologies to support effective web application maintenance. This paper aims to present a reverse engineering approach that helps understanding existing undocumented web applications to be maintained or evolved.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed approach provides reverse engineering rules to generate a conceptual schema from a given domain ontology by using a set of transformation rules. The reverse engineering process consists of four phases: extracting useful information; identifying a set of ontological constructs representing the concepts of interest; enriching the identified set by additional constructs; and finally deriving a conceptual schema.FindingsThe advantage of using ontology for conceptual data modeling is the reusability of domain knowledge. As a result, the conceptual data model will be made faster, easier and with fewer errors than creating it in usual way. Designers can use the extracted conceptual schema to gain a better understanding of web applications and to assist in their maintenance.Originality/valueThe strong point of this approach is that it relies on a very rich semantic reference that is domain ontology. However, it is not possible to make a straightforward transformation of all elements from a domain ontology into a conceptual data model because ontology is semantically richer than data conceptual models.

The security of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) has been attracting increased attention over the past years, following the discovery of real threats targeting industrial environments. Despite this attention, automation of the reverse engineering process of ICS binaries for programmable logic controllers remains an open problem, mainly due to the use of proprietary compilers by ICS vendors. Such automation could be a double-edged sword; on the one hand it could accelerate digital forensic investigations and incident response actions, while on the other hand it could enable dynamic generation of malicious ICS payloads. In this work, we propose a structured methodology that automates the reverse engineering process for ICS binaries taking into account their unique domain-specific characteristics. We apply this methodology to develop the modular Industrial Control Systems Reverse Engineering Framework (ICSREF), and instantiate ICSREF modules for reversing binaries compiled with CODESYS, a widely used software stack and compiler for PLCs. To evaluate our framework we create a database of samples by collecting real PLC binaries from public code repositories, as well as developing binaries in-house. Our results demonstrate that ICSREF can successfully handle diverse PLC binaries from varied industry sectors, irrespective of the programming language used. Furthermore, we deploy ICSREF on a commercial smartphone which orchestrates and launches a completely automated process-aware attack against a chemical process testbed. This example of dynamic payload generation showcases how ICSREF can enable sophisticated attacks without any prior knowledge.

Maintenance and evolution of complex software systems (such as large telecom embedded devices) involve activities such as reverse engineering (RE) and software visualization. Although several RE tools exist, we found their architecture hard to adapt to the domain specific requirements posed by our current practice in Nokia. We present an open architecture which allows easy prototyping of RE data exploration and visualization scenarios for a large range of domain models. We pay special attention to the visual and interactive requirements of the reverse engineering process. The article describes the basic architecture of our toolkit, compares it to the existing RE environments and present several visualizations taken from real cases.

Technical analysis of intellectual property (IP) is conducted for the purpose of legal protection and product development. A brief review of the process of IP analysis and associated terminology is...

Comprehending and modeling the behavior of user interfaces exposed by Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) are important activities in software maintenance, testing, and evolution. This paper presents an ‘agile’ process for the reverse engineering of Rich Internet Application User Interfaces: the process is based on dynamic analysis of the application, is iterative and exploits heuristic clustering criteria for reducing the data gathered by dynamic analysis. Moreover, it is based on the continuous validation feedback of the process executor, and allows the incremental reconstruction of a Finite State Machine for modeling the behavior of RIA GUIs. This approach is supported by CReRIA, an integrated reverse engineering environment that provides automatic facilities for executing the process and incrementally recovering the FSM model. A preliminary experiment involving the analysis of three real Web applications showed the feasibility of the approach, and highlighted interesting advantages of using the agility in reverse engineering processes.