Driving Success by Engineering the Service Sector

Purpose – The impact of ethical values on the internal and external environmental components of the organization draws attention to the guiding of these values in behaviors at the institution, group and individual level. Ethical guidance of the behaviors to be performed at these levels in the enterprises reveals the importance of sectoral dynamics, which is an important factor in achieving the desired positive outcomes. For this reason, ethical behavior as a precursor in revealing the desired behaviors may be differentiated by being directly affected by the sector and the sector in which the enterprise is located. The aim of the study is to examine the extent to which ethical values may differ at the sector level. Design/methodology/approach – In the research, data were obtained from enterprises in production and service sectors. Istanbul Chamber of Industry 500 companies were selected from 46 working groups for production sector and the firms were selected in 12 subfields determined in the base of Istanbul Chamber of Commerce for service sector. Large-scale enterprises are selected and mixed method (qualitative and quantitative method is used together) is utilized in this study. Values from official web-sites of companies are investigated and term is determined for unit of analysis. Ethic values examined for both production and service sector were formed as code, category, and theme, respectively. Significant differentiates among companies in the same sector are diagnosed via chi-square test. Findings – Customer-oriented, sustainability and respect for employees employee are most significant values in production sector enterprises; customer oriented, whereas compliance with ethical rules and care about work are the most stated values in service sector. Differences in ethical values for service and production sectors are statistically significant. Discussion – It is revealed that the common value code and theme are transparency and customer orientation, respectively for both production and service sector. The changing profiles of customers from past to present and customers’ continuous demanding attitudes toward product or service cause the customer to be core ethic value in the center of organizational processes depending on business activities. Organizational culture plays an important role to distinguish right from wrong for employees as a guide enabling to constitute ethic codes and develop desired attitudes. Organizational ecology approach can be utilized to determine the sector-specified ethic values as a whole in a holistic-inductive perspective.

The central government issued Laws No 32 and 33 2004 to carry out regional autonomy as best as possible. With regional autonomy, regions are required to develop the potential of their respective regions as capital for regional development. So the regions are expected to have and improve their abilities in managing the economic potential in their regions without waiting for assistance from the center. This study aims to see the regional economic potential that has a leading sector in increasing growth in Ponorogo Regency. This study uses GRDP data on the basis of 2010 constant prices 2015-2019, Ponorogo Regency and East Java Province. The analysis tools used are Static Location Quotient (SLQ) Analysis, Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ), Classical Shift Share Analysis and Estaban-Marquilas (SS-EM) Shift Share Analysis. From the combined calculation of SLQ DLQ, which is the basic sector in the superior category is the Construction sector, Real Estate Sector, Education Service Sector, Other Service Sectors. Sectors that have a competitive advantage but are also specialized are the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries sectors; Information and Communication sector; Financial Services and Insurance sector; Real Estate sector; Government Administration, Defense and Compulsory Social Security sector; education services sector; the Health Services and Social Activities sector; other service sectors.

This study estimates an econometric model that incorporates the linkages among agriculture, manufacturing, service and trade sectors using a vector error correction model for Poland and Romania. Three cointegrating vectors for Poland and one for Romania confirm that the different sectors in the Poland and Romania moved together over the sample period, and for this reason, their growth rates are interdependent. The long-run relationship of industrial, service and trade sectors to agricultural sector were established, and the results show that the industrial sector in Poland contributes positively to the agricultural sector while the growing service sector shows mixed results. The results of Romania indicate that the industrial sector is detrimental to agriculture however, the service sector contributes positively. The short-run results show that the service sector is the most significant sector in the Polish economy and it contributes positively to all other sectors. However, growth in the industrial sector affects the other two sectors negatively. A similar effect is observed in the Romanian economy; however, the results are not significant. As expected, the role of agriculture in the short-run is not significant to the other sectors, but it made a positive impact on the industrial sector in Romania.

The Link Between Homeless Women's Mental Health and Service System Use

How to Comport Ourselves in an Era of Shrinking Resources

Services in Regional Trade Agreements: Implications for India

Service Sector Growth in China and India: A Comparison Yanrui Wu Since the early 1990s, the world has witnessed the spectacular growth of the economies of China and India (averaging 10.2 and 6.2 per cent annually from 1992 to 2005, respectively).1 Associated with this growth has been the dramatic development of the service sectors in the two Asian giants.2 However, a comparison of China's and India's economic structures demonstrates that the role of the service sector (or, the tertiary sector as it is known in China) is very different (see Figure 1). In India, the service sector has become the dominant contributor to the Indian economy, accounting for 54.2 per cent of GDP in 2004.3 The success in this sector is regarded as "India's services revolution".4 In China, however, the service sector has lagged well behind the manufacturing sector (or the secondary sector, according to Chinese terminology), though its role in the economy improved slightly in the last 15 years. From 1990 to 2004, the service sector as a proportion of China's GDP increased modestly from 34.3 per cent in 1990 to 40.7 per cent in 2004. Why have the two countries taken very different trajectories in developing their service economies? What are the implications for future development in the two Asian giants? Which factors affect demand for services in China and India? These are some of the questions which are investigated in this paper. To date there have hardly been any comparative studies of services in China and India. However, several studies have focused on the service sector in the individual countries. For example, Gupta and Mohan both examine productivity in the Indian service sector in comparison with other [End Page 137] Click for larger view Figure 1 GDP Shares by Sector in China and India, 1978–2004 [End Page 138] Asian economies. Chanda discusses service trade in the world, particularly in India, and its implications for the World Trade Organisation (WTO) negotiations in services, while Gordon and Gupta present a detailed study explaining India's service growth in the past decade.5 Examples of studies on China include Li and Hou who produced an edited volume on China's WTO entry and the implications for the service sector, Jiang who edited a book focusing on growth and structural changes in services with some marginal coverage of international comparison, and Li who conducted a comprehensive investigation of China's service sector.6 Thus, it is the goal of this study to extend the existing literature by comparing the growth in and demand for services in China and India. First there is a brief review of developments in the service sector in China and India. This is followed by a discussion of the determinants of the demand for services. Three empirical models are employed to examine the factors affecting demand for services internationally, as well as in China and India. Subsequently, the article discusses the growth outlook for services in the two countries. The final section summarises the findings. Service Sector Development Following the conventional classification, an economy is divided into three sectors, that is, agricultural (or primary), manufacturing (or secondary) and service (or tertiary). The agricultural sector consists of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries. The manufacturing sector is composed of mining, [End Page 139] construction and manufacturing.7 All other economic activities which are not covered by the agricultural or manufacturing sectors are broadly defined as services and hence belong to the service sector. They include services provided for the agricultural sector, activities associated with the supply of water, electricity and gas, transport and communications, wholesale and retail trade, finance and insurance, business and personal services, and community and social services. Services can be broadly distinguished between two types, that is, old and new. The old or traditional services include petty trading, domestic services, catering and hotel services. The new services are generally associated with communications, business and legal...

Good for the environment? Foreign investment opening in service sector and firm's energy efficiency

Purpose – the purpose of this article is to identify factors that influence the spread of outsourcing practice in service sec-tors, classified by WTO and investigate links between factors which lead service sector firms to adopt outsourcing and outsourcing relationship type. Research methodology – the authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature in the service sector and out-sourcing practices researches to achieve a thorough understanding of the issues involved and identifying the problematic aspects and crucial factors groups affecting the outsourcing using in the service sector. The structured interview with general managers in each service sector group was held in order to explore the factors determining the outsourcing in separate service sector companies and revealed what relationship are used to maintain outsourcing arrangements. Collect-ed data were analysed using the statistical method. Findings – the range of factors that contribute to the expansion of outsourcing in the service sector is distinctive and sig-nificantly narrower than those identified in the scientific literature. The significance of factors that lead service sector firms to adopt outsourcing varies according to what kind of activities – core or non-core are outsourced. Outsourcing re-lationships are based on short- and long-term contracts preferred domestic outsourcing. Research limitations – although the main factors affecting the expansion of outsourcing in the service sector were re-vealed, the compatibility of expert opinions was weak. Therefore, more in-depth research could be carried out in each of the service sector groups and its sub-domains. Practical implications – the practical implication should explain how the results of the research could be used in practice. Originality/Value – while most studies of factors motivating outsourcing where based on manufacturing sector or sepa-rate service sector companies’ groups (hotels, hospitals, etc.), this is empirical study focusing at all service sector groups distinguished by WTO.

Relevance: In the context of reforming contemporary Ukrainian education and transitioning to multilevel training of professional staff, the competitiveness of specialists in the labor market, the problem of a competency-based approach becomes particularly relevant. In turn, the professional competence of future qualified workers in the service sector is an integral characteristic that determines the individual's ability to solve typical professional tasks and problems that arise in real-life professional situations by using acquired knowledge and skills, professional and personal experience, values, and inclinations from a specific profession in the service industry. Objective: To analyze approaches to defining the essence and content of the definition "professional competence of future qualified workers in the service sector" in the context of modern educational transformations. Methods: Theoretical: analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific works on the problem of professional competence of future qualified workers in vocational (vocational-technical) education institutions and official documents - to determine the theoretical-methodological foundations of the phenomenon; study and generalization of pedagogical experience to select pedagogical tools - for the development of professional competence of future qualified workers in the service sector; comparison - to determine approaches to solving the researched problem; modeling - to design a model for the development of professional competence of future qualified workers in the service sector during professional training. Results: The essence and content of the definition "professional competence of future qualified workers in the service sector" were examined; various scientific approaches to defining the concept of professional competence and its components were identified and analyzed; various scientific approaches to the classification of structural elements of the professional competence of a future specialist were characterized, which can be used to determine their competitiveness in the market and ensure their success in the service industry. Conclusions: It is recognized that professional competence acts as an indicator of the internal, subjective content of personality, is the result of purposeful internal work, its individual professional characteristic, in the process of which the external is processed and assimilated by the personality, generating a conscious ability to solve a specific professional problem and task in a particular situation, the ability to self-improve in one's work; approaches to defining the essence and content of the definition "professional competence of future qualified workers in the service sector" in the context of modern educational transformations were substantiated (personality-oriented; systemic; activity-based; competency-based, integrated).

The main objective of this work was to examine the contributions of the agricultural, service and industrial sectors to economic growth in Ghana, and to show the distribution and changes in growth rates from year to year and the current performces of the various sectors. Time series data from 1984-2013 on all the variables of interest obtained from various organizations was used for the analysis. The Ordinary Least Squares estimation technique was used for the analysis. The results showed that a 1% increase in the growth of the agricultural sector will cause GDP growth to increase by 0.248%. Also, a 1% increase in the growth of the services sector will lead to 0.472% increase in GDP growth. Finally, 1% increase in the growth of the industrial sector will bring 0.315% increase in GDP growth. All the explanatory variables are statistically significant at the 5% level of significance. It is concluded that the service sector contributed most to the overall growth. It is recommended that for Ghana to achieve higher GDP growth rate, she should activate/strengthen the service as well as the agricultural sector to lead the growth in the Ghanaian economy. Therefore, for Ghana to attain higher GDP growth rates as her key dream, more of her resources should be channeled into the service sector (0.472). Nevertheless the government should make structural changes in agricultural sector as it also forms the core of growth and development of the economy and employs the highest labour force. The agricultural sector should also be modernized for further growth and further, government must provide enough subsidies and incentives to motivate farmers especially for cocoa.

Environmental degradation, its consequences, and formulation of feasible pathways to mitigate have attracted the attention of the experts and policymakers across the globe. Most of the theoretical and empirical models mainly focused on environmental implications of overall economic growth. Nevertheless, the sectoral level disaggregated analysis of economic growth and environmental degradation becomes imperative for effective, efficient, and productive environmental policy framework. The aim of the current study is to analyze the impact of overall economic growth, agriculture sector, industrial sector and service sector, along with other factors viz FDI, renewable energy consumption (REC), economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and international tourism on environmental degradation. This study consists of 4 linear and 4 nonlinear models using Bayesian Linear Regression taking data of selected developed and developing economies during the years 2001 to 2023. The estimates show that, in linear models, overall economic growth, agricultural, service, and industrial sector growth reduce environmental degradation. However, in non-linear models, the squared overall economic growth, agricultural, services, and industrial sector growth increase environmental degradation. It confirms that the impact of overall economic growth, agricultural, services, and industrial sector growth are statistically significant and hold u-shaped relationship with environmental degradation. Whereas, renewable energy consumption, irrespective of a model is linear or non-linear, reduces environmental degradation. However, FDI, international tourism, and economic policy uncertainty increase environmental degradation. To conclude it can be announced that the environmental Kuznets curve is valid in case of overall GDP growth rate and the separate sectors viz, agriculture sector, industrial sector and service sector. The results are robust and prove comprehensive insights for the productive strategies to mitigate environmental degradation caused by either overall economic growth or growth at disaggregated level.

I. INTRODUCTION Even though foreign acquisitions of U.S. assets are predominantly in service sector industries, research on foreign takeovers of U.S. domestic firms has focused on manufacturing firms. As foreign takeovers and new establishments in service sector industries have grown in importance (see Figure 1), research on service sector foreign direct investment (FDI) has fallen behind in part because service FDI and trade in service sector industries are not measured as well as those in the goods producing sector (Jensen 2011). Our paper analyzes the comparative advantage characteristics of foreign takeovers and new establishments in the U.S. service sector providing an insight on service sector FDI in the United States. Economic policies on service sector industries sometimes include large restrictions on foreign investors, particularly in the areas of public utilities, transports, financial services, and wholesale/retail trade. These restrictions have been used in cases such as opposition to an acquisition of a U.S. port by investors in Dubai and refusal to ease restrictions requiring that U.S. airlines must be at least 75% owned by U.S. citizens (Golub 2009). These types of policies may be misguided especially if foreign ownership brings increases in efficiency to those firms and their industries. Moreover, foreign investments in service sector industries may boost the productivity of downstream users and upstream suppliers in manufacturing (Markusen, Rutherford, and Tarr 2005; Arnold, Javorcik, and Mattoo 2011; Javorcik and Li 2013). More research is needed to better understand FDI in U.S. service sector industries and help guide policy. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Previous research by Feliciano and Lipsey (2015), shows that both foreign acquisitions and new foreign establishments in manufacturing tend to be in industries of investing country's revealed comparative advantage (RCA) in exporting. Moreover, new foreign-owned establishments tend to be in industries of U.S. revealed comparative disadvantage. This suggests that foreign investors in the manufacturing sector bring intangible assets or skills that make them more competitive. The relationship between foreign takeovers and investments in new foreign establishments and RCA may be different in the service sector because the motivation for foreign investment in service sector firms is different from foreign investment in the manufacturing firms. Decisions on FDI in manufacturing are based on trade costs, coordination costs, and market size. Services are not storable, and thus the provision of some services requires geographic proximity. This feature makes direct investment in service sector necessary as opposed to cross-border trade. Bhattacharya, Patnaik, and Shah (2012) develop a model for the choice of trade and FDI in the service sector and find that, contrary to FDI in manufacturing, less productive firms may engage in FDI in the service sector. The relationship between foreign acquisitions and new foreign establishments in the service sector and the comparative advantage of the country of ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) may not be positive. We analyze data on foreign takeovers of existing U.S. firms and newly formed foreign-owned firms (greenfields) in service sector industries outside of finance, insurance, and real estate from 1998 to 2008 from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) U.S. Department of Commerce. BE A data are more complete and have more detailed information than the Thomson Financial Securities data, widely used in the study of foreign acquisitions. Unlike the Thomson Financial Securities data, BEA data include smaller not publicly traded firms, contain the value of assets acquired in all transactions, and have information on new foreign establishments. (1) To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate a relationship between foreign takeovers and new foreign firms, and the RCA of the country of UBO in the U. …

This study analysed the presence and influence of educational mismatch in the service and industry sectors in Spain, due to the lack of studies of this phenomenon in the latter sector. We also analyse its effect on wages and its role in creating a gender wage gap in the returns to a set of professional and personal characteristics. The heterogeneity in the improvement of workers’ qualifications between sectors in Spain and the lack of studies of this phenomenon in the industrial sector motivates interest in this comparative research between industry and services, which includes a gender perspective, given the interest of this topic in wage studies. To this end, an extension of the Mincer wage equation was applied to data from the 2018 Wages Structure Survey conducted by the Spanish National Statistics Institute. The results suggest that educational mismatch has a greater impact on women’s wages in the service sector than on those in the industrial sector and on men’s wages in both sectors. We also found wage differences in the returns to a set of professional and personal characteristics that suggest that the gender wage gap is greater in the service sector than in the industrial sector.

Taking into account the critical state of Ukraine caused by the state of war and the occupation of the Russian Federation, the article examines the current state of activity of enterprises in the service sector. The political and economic crisis had a significant impact on the service sector. Organizational changes took place in it, the entire sector was directed to provide everything necessary for the civilian population and the defense forces of Ukraine. It has been established that these political and economic changes caused the modification and transformation of the service sector. The study of the scientific space led to the conclusions that the issues of the development of enterprises in the service sector received quite a lot of attention from scientists, but their activities in the modern crisis state of war were not revealed. Therefore, the methods of strategic analysis are applied in the article, namely: SWOT-analysis and PEST-analysis of macro-environmental factors were carried out. The SWOT analysis showed that commercial risks, which reflect the positive and negative aspects of the activities of enterprises in the service sector, are currently playing a greater role. But the main risks in the conditions of war can be defined as risks of three levels, which significantly affect the situation of enterprises in the service sector. It is important to note that the current economic and political situation contributes to the financial success of the service sector, the growth of its profits and the increase of loading capacities. Precisely, the invasion of the Russian Federation turned the service sector into one of the supporting components of the armed forces of Ukraine and the civilian population. In order to form a strategic direction and choose a marketing strategy for the further development of enterprises in the service sector in the post-war period, it became necessary to conduct an additional study using the SPACE-analysis method. It was this scientific approach that provided the basis for determining the main strategy for exiting enterprises from the post-war crisis. It has been established that service sector enterprises are currently in a state of saturation or reduction in demand for services; the current business exceeds the cash flow needs that can be invested in other innovative services. Therefore, it is recommended that enterprises in the service sector use the specific development strategy presented in the article in modern conditions and in the future for a gradual exit from the post-war crisis.