Drone Technology: Types, Payloads, Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments

ABSTRACT: Recently the FAA relaxed restrictions on the use of drones or Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) for commercial purposes. Markets for commercial drone use are in the technology trigger phase of the Gartner Group's Hyper Cycle, with developments occurring rapidly in real estate, agriculture (farming), the film industry, insurance, and other areas. Examination and inspection applications of drones have been proposed in heavy industry and cell tower inspection. Previous research suggests an incremental structure for implementing technological innovations such as continuous auditing (CA). In this paper these proposals are expanded to include the additional requirements to add drone technologies. This structure is extended here by (1) defining the use of drones in audit environments, with emphasis on the continuous versus occasional use of drone technologies, (2) extending the technical adoption architecture to include the use of drones, and (3) considering the types of drone usages amenable to both internal and external audits. A specific architecture is proposed here to prototype inventory counts in large warehouses or open-air inventories and that satisfies the suggested requirements. Additionally, this proposal adds value to the current research by extending the discussion of technology adoption in the Alles, Kogan, and Vasarhelyi (2008) paper to include the use of drones in many different audit environments by enumerating the usage types of drones in audit settings and by considering the prototype of such a system.

The paper focuses on the need for optical communication in future eras. Spatial reprocess cannot meet the present conditions with increasing traffic demand in Radio Frequency (RF) communication. The frequency spectrum in traditional methods of wireless communication has been saturated. Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) integration will open up many indoor applications in the near future. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Photodetectors (PDs) in VLC support reliable uplink and downlink for Device-to-Device communication indoors. There is emergence of the energy-efficient variant of the VLC due to the shortage of energy budget in the upcoming era. The VLC works well in low illuminance. Energy conservation is supportedby consuming much lower energy through the usage of LEDs in VLC.This can be achieved through the hybrid of single and multicarrier modulation. The work is about to discuss dimming techniques that support VLC in low illuminance and multicarrier modulation, which supports high data rate transmission.

With the rapid miniaturization in sensor technology, ruddervator, arduino, and multi-rotor system, drone technology catches much attention of the researchers. It can be controlled remotely by a seated operator sitting to a powerful intelligence computer system (PICS) or an airborne control and command platform (AC2P). The two types of drones (reconnaissance and attacking) can communicate with each other and with the PICS or AC2P through wireless network channels referred to as Flying Ad Hoc Network or Unmanned Aerial Vehicular Network (FANET or UAVN). When the line of sight is broken, communication is mainly carried out through satellite using GPS (Global Positioning System) signals. Both GPS and UAVN/FANET use open network channels for data broadcasting, exposed to several threats, and its security is challenging for the researchers. Monitoring data transmission traffic, espionage, troop movement, border surveillance, searching and warfare battlefield phenomenon, etc., can auspiciously be achieved by developing a robust authentication scheme for IoD deployment military drone. Therefore, this research illustrates the designing of two separate protocols based on aggregate signature, identity, pairing cryptography, and Computational Diffie-Hellman Problem (CDHP) to guarantee data integrity, authorization, and confidentiality among drones and AC2P/PICS. The outdated data transmission flaw has also been tackled, which is frequently noted in prior protocols. The security of these protocols will formally be verified using a random oracle model (ROM), a real-or-random (ROR) model, and informally using pragmatic illustration and mathematical lemmas. Nonetheless, the performance analysis section will be executed using the algorithmic big-O notation. The results show that these protocols are verifiably protected in the Random Oracle Model (ROM) and Real-Or-Random (ROR) model using the CDHP.

Fluid-wall interactions within solid rocket motors can result in parietal vortex shedding giving rise to hydrodynamic instabilities, or unsteady waves, that translate into pressure oscillations. The oscillations can result in vibrations observed by the rocket, rocket subsystems, or payload, which can lead to changes in flight characteristics, design failure, or other undesirable effects. For many years particles have been embedded in solid rocket propellants with the understanding that their presence increases specific impulse and suppresses fluctuations in the flowfield. This study utilizes a two dimensional framework to understand and quantify the aforementioned two-phase flowfield inside a motor case with a cylindrical grain perforation. This is accomplished through the use of linearized Navier-Stokes equations with the Stokes drag equation and application of the biglobal ansatz. Obtaining the biglobal equations for analysis requires quantification of the mean flowfield within the solid rocket motor. To that end, the extended Taylor-Culick form will be utilized to represent the gaseous phase of the mean flowfield while the self-similar form will be employed for the particle phase. Advancing the mean flowfield by quantifying the particle mass concentration with a semi-analytical solution the finalized mean flowfield is combined with the biglobal equations resulting in a system of eight partial differential equations. This system is solved using an eigensolver within the framework yielding the entire spectrum of eigenvalues, frequency and growth rate components, at once. This work will detail the parametric analysis performed to demonstrate the stabilizing and destabilizing effects of particles within solid rocket combustion.

Research results in environmental and socio-economic sciences are often under-used by stakeholders involved in the management of natural resources. To minimise this gap, the FP6 EU interdisciplinary project AquaTerra (AT) developed an end-users' integration methodology in order to ensure that the data, knowledge and tools related to the soil-water-sediment system that were generated by the project were delivered in a meaningful way for end-users, thus improving their uptake. The methodology and examples of its application are presented in this paper. From the 408 project deliverables, 96 key findings were identified, 53 related to data and knowledge, and 43 describing advanced tools. River Basin Management (RBM) stakeholders workshops identified 8 main RBM issues and 25 specific stakeholders' questions related to RBM which were classified into seven groups of cross-cutting issues, namely scale, climate change, non-climatic change, the need for systemic approaches, communication and participation, international and inter-basin coordination and collaboration, and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. The integration methodology enabled an assessment of how AT key findings meet stakeholders' demands, and for each main RBM issue and for each specific question, described the added-value of the AT project in terms of knowledge and tools generated, key parameters to consider, and recommendations that can be made to stakeholders and the wider scientific community. Added value and limitations of the integration methodology and its outcomes are discussed and recommendations are provided to further improve integration methodology and bridge the gaps between scientific research data and their potential uptake by end-users.

The usefulness of wireless mesh networks (WMNs) highly depends on the effective usage of frequency spectrum, scalability and energy efficiency of the underlying technologies [1]. While maximizing network throughput for given frequency spectrum, and scalability have been extensively studied in multi-hop environments, energy efficiency has not received due attention. In this paper, we propose an enhanced pseudo random access (EPRA) scheme based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 distributed mesh framework to improve energy efficiency. Our proposal addresses issues that we identify with the existing election based transmission timing (EBTT) mechanism of IEEE 802.16-2004. Our extensive simulation results show a very significant improvement in the reception energy efficiency by up to 85%. Moreover, notable improvements are also obtained in the transmission energy efficiency. While we focus mainly on the aspect of energy efficiency, the proposed enhancement also helps to improve the spatial reuse of the frequency spectrum.

Against the background of future international regulations for marine diesel exhaust gas, the paper describes in brief the purpose of the intended IMO-Code on the emission of nitrogen oxides. In this connection, the joint research project CLEAN and the tasks of Germanischer Lloyd (GL) will be presented as dealing with the measurement technology used to analyse the gaseous components of marine diesel exhaust gas and to sample exhaust particles. Equipment and procedures are presented shortly whilst discussing the necessary knowledge to assess the exhaust emission behaviour of a diesel engine. Emphasis will be laid on the description, measurement and the analysis of the paniculate matter in the diesel engine exhaust gas. The method as well as the equipment used for sample collection and analysis of the composition of the particles will be described more closely. General requirements for onboard measurement equipment are stated. 1. from Ships The increasing demands for environmental protection in shipping as well as in other fields are being answered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) with further development of the rules. At present, an Air Pollution Annex to MARPOL is being compiled. Its purpose is inter alia to regulate the emission limits for the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur (SO:). A 'step by step' solution for implementation of the limit values for the nitrogen oxides is intended. This means that the permissible limit values defined in the Annex will be reduced further in phases according to technical progress and environmental needs at later stages. Diverse strategies for implementing low-emission ship propulsion plants are also in the centre of the deliberations: progressive port duties as an economic incentive for low-emission propulsion units, for example. It may be expected that future developments will be characterized by more stringent limit values, by an extension with respect to the size and number of regions with Transactions on the Built Environment vol 24, © 1997 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509

Tissue hypoxia plays a key role in the development and progression of many kidney diseases. Blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) is the most promising imaging technique to monitor renal tissue oxygenation in humans. BOLD-MRI measures renal tissue deoxyhaemoglobin levels voxel by voxel. Increases in its outcome measure R2* (transverse relaxation rate expressed as per second) correspond to higher deoxyhaemoglobin concentrations and suggest lower oxygenation, whereas decreases in R2* indicate higher oxygenation. BOLD-MRI has been validated against micropuncture techniques in animals. Its reproducibility has been demonstrated in humans, provided that physiological and technical conditions are standardized. BOLD-MRI has shown that patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidneys with severe renal artery stenosis have lower tissue oxygenation than controls. Additionally, CKD patients with the lowest cortical oxygenation have the worst renal outcome. Finally, BOLD-MRI has been used to assess the influence of drugs on renal tissue oxygenation, and may offer the possibility to identify drugs with nephroprotective or nephrotoxic effects at an early stage. Unfortunately, different methods are used to prepare patients, acquire MRI data and analyse the BOLD images. International efforts such as the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) action ‘Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers for Chronic Kidney Disease’ (PARENCHIMA) are aiming to harmonize this process, to facilitate the introduction of this technique in clinical practice in the near future. This article represents an extensive overview of the studies performed in this field, summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, provides recommendations about patient preparation, image acquisition and analysis, and suggests clinical applications and future developments.

This chapter emphasizes on the approach to include information from different type of sensors into the visible domain real time tracking. Since any individual sensor is not able to retrieve the complete information, so it is better to use information from distinct category of sensors. The chapter firstly enlightens the significance of introducing the cross-domain treatment into video based tracking. Following this, some previous work in the literature related to this idea is briefed. The chapter introduces the categorization of the cross-domain activity usage for real time object tracking and then each category is separately discussed in detail. The advantages as well as the limitations of each type of supplemented cross domain activity will be discussed. Finally, the recommendation and concluding remarks from the authors in lieu of future development of this cutting-edge field will be presented.

In today's world, communication is essential for various aspects of life. From military operations and medical systems to community networks, communication plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth functioning of these applications. With the advancement of technology, communication has become more efficient and has significantly reduced the barriers of distance, bringing people and nations closer together. One of the key components of modern communication systems is microstrip devices. These devices are used in a wide range of applications, including filters, diplexers, and triplexers. Filters are used to selectively allow certain frequencies to pass through while blocking others, making them essential for signal processing and interference reduction in communication systems. Diplexers and triplexers are used to combine or separate multiple signals, allowing for more efficient use of the available frequency spectrum. This article aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art microstrip devices used in communication systems. It will review previous studies and advancements in the field, providing insights into the latest developments and technologies. By understanding the current state of research and development in microstrip devices, engineers and researchers can gain valuable knowledge to improve the performance and efficiency of communication systems. Furthermore, the article will explore the potential applications of microstrip devices in various communication systems, such as satellite communications, wireless networks, and radar systems. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of these devices will be crucial for optimizing their performance in different scenarios. Overall, this article will serve as a comprehensive resource for anyone interested in the role of microstrip devices in communication systems. Delving into the scope of filters, diplexers, and triplexers, will provide valuable insights into the advancements and potential future developments in this important area of technology.

The continuous casting process is now firmly established in the world steel industry. This paper reviews the history of its development, the characteristics of plants using it, the quality of the steel produced, and finally its future development. In conventional ingot making, steel products are made by refining, ingotmaking, soaking, slabbing or blooming, reheating, and rolling, as shown in Figure lao The continuous casting process, on the other hand, casts molten steel directly into semifinished shapes, as illustrated in Figure lb, bypassing the steps of soaking and slabbing or blooming. Continuous casting thus reduces equipment, labor, energy, and time requirements, and, consequently, enhances product yield and contributes to resource conservation.

The Bulgarian National Operational Marine Observing System (NOMOS) is a system of systems designed to allow the real-time assessment of weather and marine conditions in the coastal, shelf and open sea areas of the western part of Black Sea. NOMOS consists of several subsystems: POMOS, Galata, Shkorpilovtci, BulSeaL and BulARGO. POMOS is an observing system located in the ports (14 measuring sites, 45 instruments, 14 weather and seastate parameters), designed to provide weather and sea state operational information for the areas of major Bulgarian ports (Varna, Burgas and Balchik), intended to secure safety shipping in ports, canals and bays. Galata is a platform which provides open sea Real-time meteorological and oceanographic information from 24 sensors, measuring 31 major oceanographic and meteorological parameters. Shkorpilovtci is a coastal oceanographic station compiling: weather station, sea level gauge, UV radiation sensor and Recording Doppler Current Profiler with wave sensor. BulSeaL is a network of sea level stations including four historical sites, measuring sea level from more than 80 years. BulARGO is a set of Argo floats deployed in the frame if the project supported by Bulgarian National Science Fund, Ministry of education, youth and science. The purpose of the BulARGO project is to develop a new national marine research infrastructure for in situ observation in Black Sea based on autonomous profiling floats as a Bulgarian component of the Euro Argo network. These subsystems collect real time data using various instruments and sensors placed at different strategic locations. All instruments are connected to communication system via intranet which provides direct access to the sensors. The measured data are transmitted to the central collecting system, where the information is processed and stored in database. Access to database is through internet/intranet with the help of browsers. Actual data is controlled by Data Management System an can be displayed on the computer screens using report server supporting thereby needs of different group of users. Next future development will be to install new system which includes five open sea moorings equipped with meteorological and oceanographic sensors as well as with seismometers as a main component of a marine hazards early warning system. The main goal of NOMOS is to support sustainable development of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and EEZ, and the main task is to provide operational information for the needs of: national security, civil protection, Search and Rescue, government and local authorities, port authorities, shipping, marine industry, fishery and aquaculture, tourist industry, environmental protection, coast protection, oil spills combat and other interested. NOMOS real time data is one of the most important sources of multi-parameter operational information in the Black Sea which will serve for monitoring, verification and improvement of model results and forecasts as well as for collecting long time series of data needed for climatic research, marine physics, chemistry and biology. Free real time data access and developed user friendly WEB and WAP interfaces made the system useful not only for science, marine industry and governmental agencies but also for general public, especially for yachtsmen and windsurfers.

This chapter considers the highly problematic issue of defiance by a court. Notably, the chapter focuses on defiance by national courts in the context of European integration—a phenomenon which has occurred with some frequency. Still more specifically, this chapter turns to the German Constitutional Court’s approach to European integration. Though the 1949 German Constitution (the Grundgesetz) appears to be more open for European and international cooperation than most other constitutions on the continent, it too seems to be edging toward defiance. As a first step it is thus necessary to take a closer look at the broader picture of the German constitutional landscape, in particular at the German Constitutional Court and its decisions on European integration. Based on that broader account of cases, the chapter then assesses the degree and motivations of defiance and to reflect on possible future developments.

Debris flow seismic monitoring and warning

Guidelines in the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (the CIMO guide) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO, published 2014, updated 2017, section 2.1.3.3, Response times of thermometers) recommend that the 63% response time τ for an air temperature sensor be 20 s, although – as airflow speed influences response time – the minimum airflow speed at which this applies should also be specified in the document. A 63% response time τ63 = 20 s implies that 95% of a step change be registered within 3τ63 or 60 s, the WMO recommended averaging interval for air temperature: rapid air temperature changes on this time‐scale are not uncommon, often associated with convective squalls, frontal systems or sea breeze circulations. An alternative way of expressing the effect of the time constant is that in air whose temperature is changing at 0.1 K·min−1 the thermometer would lag by approximately 0.03 K.To assess whether this response time specification was realistic, we have undertaken an experimental and theoretical study of the time constants of meteorological thermometers. Laboratory wind tunnel tests were undertaken to quantify 63% and 95% response times of 25 commercial 100 Ω platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) of various sizes (length and sheath diameter) from five manufacturers. The test results revealed a fourfold difference in response times between different sensors: none of the PRTs tested met the CIMO response time guideline at a ventilation speed of 1 m·s−1 assumed typical of passively ventilated thermometer shields such as Stevenson‐type thermometer screens. A theoretical model of the sensors was devised which matched the experimental behaviour with regard to the most important contributing factors, namely ventilation rate and sensor diameter. Finally, suggestions and recommendations for operational air temperature sensor adoption and future sensor development are included.