Dual cryptography authentication protocol and its security analysis for radio frequency identification systems

The channel characteristics of modulating retro-reflector (MRR) free-space optical (FSO) link are studied by using wave-optics (WO) simulation method. The optical wave launched from the transceiver is reflected back in the same direction to the transceiver by the use of cube-corner reflector (CCR). This propagation process is divided into three parts: forward propagation through atmospheric turbulence, reflection of CCR, and backward propagation through the turbulence. For WO simulation under turbulence conditions, the split-step beam propagation method is implemented, and the influence of atmospheric turbulence along the propagation path is described by a set of random thin phase screens. The reflection effect of CCR is taken into account by using ray-tracing approach to calculate the intensity and phase of the optical field output from CCR. Integrating the reflection effect into WO simulations, we study the statistics of the intensity fluctuations in the forward, backward and double-pass links, and the correlation of fluctuations in the forward and backward links. The histograms of the normalized intensity for three links could be approximated by Gamma-Gamma (GG) distributions except for relatively large receiver apertures. There exists a relatively large correlation between the forward and backward links.

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology successfully integrates radio transmitter and receiver, small size memory space and control circuitry to remotely store and retrieve data via wireless RF transceiver. As low-cost RFID tag can be massively manufactured by semiconductor industry, new applications associated with RFID technology have emerged rapidly such as inventory tracking, book storage and management, and airport baggage handling. Generally an RFID system is composed of many RFID tags (or tagged objects), at least one RFID reader, and one backend application system with database. An RFID tag gains its operation energy from query signals that are radio waves transmitted by RFID reader. Once a tag responds the query with its stored information to RFID reader, usually a unique identity number or string, the RFID system can recognize the tag carrier and perform required business logic operation. As RFID technique is widely used in supply chain management, the corresponding RFID application systems are expected to process and manage large amount of tagged objects at a predefined period of time regularly. Therefore, for large-scaled RFID applications, tag reading throughput is very critical since it will affect the total data processing time. To measure tag reading throughput of a RFID system, two performance criteria are usually adopted: tag reading delay and reader energy consumption [5]. As RFID reader and tag always communicate over a shared wireless channel, it is very easy to have signal collisions during a normal tag identification process when multiple tags exist in reader’s interrogation area. Signal collision results in query or data retransmission and eventually increases communication overhead and time delay of tag identification. Hence, an efficient tag collision arbitration mechanism is very important and critical for RFID systems to achieve effective performance. Existing RFID tag identification schemes can be classified into aloha-based solutions [3, 10, 12-13, 16, 21, 23-24] and tree-based solutions [1, 2, 4, 6-9, 14-15, 17-20, 22]. In aloha-based schemes, a reader estimates the number of tags in its interrogation area and broadcasts the total number of timeslots to each tag. Then each RFID tag randomly selects its own timeslot to transmit its ID without knowing which timeslots have been selected by other tags. By distributing tag responses to distinct timeslots instead of getting all tag responses at the same time, aloha-based schemes effectively reduce the probability of signal collision. However, aloha-based schemes have tag starvation problem in which certain tags may not

An EPC Class 1 Gen 2 (C1G2) RFID system is composed of a reader and one or several passive tags. Passive tags obtain the required energy from the radio frequency field emitted by the reader. The forward data link (reader to tag) is embedded in this radio frequency field. The backward data link (tag to reader) is achieved by means of backscattering. The RFID tag consists of several analog circuits and a digital core. The analog circuits perform tasks such as harvesting the energy from the electronic wave, supplying power, generating a clock signal and signal conditioning. The digital core of the tag performs data detection and implements the logical requirements of the standard.

This paper proposes a Manchester return-to-zero on–off keying (M-RZ-OOK) modulation for free-space optical (FSO) communication. M-RZ-OOK modulation is achieved by introducing Manchester coding into the RZ-OOK format. M-RZ-OOK has the features of phase-flipped impulse series in the spectrum. Therefore, normal and inversed channel state information (CSI) can be extracted by applying a local oscillator (LO) with the frequencies of impulses, respectively. These extracted CSIs can be applied to realize adaptive threshold decision (ATD) and adaptive power transmission (APT) in the forward and backward links simultaneously. The proposed M-RZ-OOK modulation was verified in simulations using various turbulence channels. The simulation results demonstrated that ATD and APT were effectively accomplished in the forward and backward links with the estimated normal and inversed CSIs.

Purpose - This paper explores how global value chain (GVC) participation affects the comovement between real industrial value-added and emissions over business cycles. Design/Methodology - We follow de Soyres and Gaillard (2022) and Wang et al. (2022), first measuring the forward and backward links in GVC activities at the country and industry levels. Specifically, we examine both Simple and Complex GVC activities by considering the inclusion of indirect transactions through third countries. Second, we conduct a panel analysis on the covariation between value-added and emissions during economic f luctuations and the relationship with GVC participation rates. Findings - We find that the increase in participation rates in forward-link GVC activities enhances the covariation between economic fluctuations and emissions, whereas the effects of the change in participation rates in backward-link GVC activities are statistically insignificant. In contrast to EU members, this pattern is reversed in countries that depend largely on energy trade from a global perspective, such as the United States, Russia, Korea, and Japan. Originality/value - We contribute by quantitatively presenting the covariation of economic fluctuations and emissions within GVC activities, going beyond existing literature that predominantly explores growth, the environment, and trade. Our contrasting results among country groups indicate that as countries worldwide pursue carbon neutrality, the divergence in positions among countries based on their dependence on energy trade may intensify the likelihood of trade disputes.

This paper describes an RF-link system suitable for intracortical neuroprosthesis. The wireless coupling minimizes the risk of infection and improves the patient health level. Data and power are transmitted by means of an RF low-coupling transformer. Binary FSK modulation is used in the forward link (from outside to implanted prosthesis) and BPSK is used in the backward link (implanted prosthesis to outside). Experimental results are presented, and important concerns regarding the magnetic coupling are addressed.

A multipurpose near- and far-field switched multiband reader antenna for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications is presented. The proposed antenna is simple, planar, and has three modes of operating frequencies: 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. The prototype is realized using nonuniformly distributed turns coil for robust reactive and radiated field performance, leading to a multipurpose near- and far-field antenna in a single unit. Results show performance of the proposed multipurpose antenna in both near-field and far-field region and demonstrate its suitability for various RFID applications.

In this paper, a novel broadband Tag antenna for ultra-high frequency (UHF) near-field and far-field radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications is presented. This antenna is printed on an Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate with an overall size of 68 × 19.7 × 0.787 mm. The simulated bandwidth of the proposed Tag antenna is more than 100 MHz (860-960 MHz), which can cover the entire UHF RFID band. The proposed structure can generate a strong and uniform H-field distribution in the region around the antenna. Measurements show that the antenna operating confirms good performance of Tag identification for near-field and far-field UHF RFID applications.

Oilfield tubulars (typically metallic pipes) and other types of oilfield equipment are typically stored in outdoor areas and may be scattered around the field. Managing these types of inventory is challenging and costly, as it requires significant labor resources. Therefore, inventory inaccuracy is common, and data-driven decisions may not be possible in a timely manner. We propose the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) for tracking oilfield tubulars and similar, outdoor-stored, equipment. Our proposed application utilizes passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID technology that enables capturing unique serial identification numbers that are attached to inventory items from a distance of several meters. Passive UHF RFID tags require no batteries to operate. Typical tag cost is low. Each tag is placed on an inventory item and corresponds to a database entry containing specific information about this item. The tag communicates its serial number using power provided by an RFID reader radio transmission. The RFID reader is securely mounted to the underside of a UAV flown over the field. Captured RFID tags are either stored locally and retrieved once the UAV lands, or are wirelessly transmitted to a constantly updating inventory database. In addition to tag ID, the captured data typically includes time and date stamp, as well as location data. This research project included the design and manufacturing of an enclosure to house a RFID reader system which includes a host computer, embedded reader, antenna, power source, and necessary components for user interface. Specialized mounts were designed and manufactured to attach the enclosure and antenna to the UAV. The project incorporated the development of "middleware", specialized software installed on the host computer to communicate with the reader. The reader handles low-level communication with the antenna. To reduce network traffic, event management and data filtering are efficiently performed. The results of several UAV flights in experimental areas are presented and discussed. Various brands of passive RFID tags for oilfield applications were tested. Particular attention was given to population density of the items, stacking configuration, vertical altitude distance between reader and tags, and time to collect inventory data for a given area of surveillance. As RFID applications are increasing in the oil, gas, solar, and other sectors of the energy production industries, UAVs can effectively be used to get important operational and inventory data. UAV use is particularly appealing in inaccessible and remote locations.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been considered the “next revolution in supply chain management” (Srivastava, 2004, p. 60). Current research and development related to RFID focuses on the manufacturing and retail sectors with the aim of improving supply chain efficiency. After the manufacturing and retail sectors, health care is considered to be the next sector for RFID (Ericson, 2004). RFID technology’s potential to improve asset management in the health sector is considerable, especially with respect to asset management optimization. In fact, health expenses have increased substantially in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in recent years. In Canada, the public health budget amounted to $91.4 billion (CAD) for the year 2005–2006 compared to $79.9 billion in 2003–2004 (CIHI, 2005). Moreover, the health care industry has been the focus of intense public policy attention. In order to curb this upward trend, the public heath sector in Canada is subject to strict budget constraints. Among the different alternatives for reducing expenditures, the improvement of asset management within the different health institutions appears to be worthwhile. RFID technology seems to be a viable alternative to help hospitals effectively manage and locate medical equipment and other assets, track files, capture charges, detect and deter counterfeit products, and maintain and manage materials. In other words, health care organizations would benefit particularly from RFID applications. The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential for RFID technology within one specific supply chain in the health care sector.B ased on a field study conducted in a large nonprofit hospital, this article tests some scenarios for integrating RFID technology in the context of two warehousing activities. We will first introduce the context of the health care sector and the current applications of RFID technology in that sector. The next section presents the methodological approach that was used in the study. The research findings and their implications are then discussed. Finally, some closing remarks are made.

Authentication is an essential issue for any organization. Previously, automated authentication was present using punch cards system, but it had security issues. Now days, organizations prefer to have biometrics based authentication. But using biometrics applications is very costly and time consuming. We can derive a time and cost effective solution for this problem using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Using feature provided by RFID to detect multiple individuals with very short amount of time and provide security with image pattern matching algorithm. To implement this system, we will interface camera with RFID enabled system which will use Low Frequency (LF) RFID tags. On every detection the camera will capture photograph. Then authentication is processed by using image pattern matching algorithm. Such system will be cost and time effective. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is old technology but more widely used in location tracing and tracking applications, due to wider reading ranges, and larger memory capacities, making it a key contributor to the growth of the radio technology industry. Many large corporations are interested in research and development within the field of RFID due to potential growth in various RFID applications. The people management system is an application where masses data needs to be collected and managed in a short duration. But due to authentication issues with this technology makes it less effective. RFID is an automated data collection technology in which radio communication for data transfer across two entities: a reader and a tag. The tag has two sections: one for radio communication and other for data storage. The tags are broadly classified into 3 categories namely active, passive and semi passive. The active tags have an internal power source e.g. a battery, which limits the life time. A passive tag doesn't have a power source and obtain the energy from the magnetic field of the reader. These types of tags are smaller, cheaper and can be used for long time. The scope of the paper is limited to passive tags. The functionality of RFID Passive tags is very simple. When a tag comes in the vicinity of the reader, it detects the radio signals generated by the reader and start to transmit the data stored in the memory. The radio signal generated by the reader offers the power needed to function and the synchronization data for communication between two entities. RFID has emerged as a key technology for automatic data collection. Using this, one can speed up authentication process. Every individual having RFID enabled identity can be detected in very short amount of time. But problem of secured authentication comes into the picture here. One way is proceeding with camera and matching the pattern for individual's photograph.

The letter presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of a configurable radio frequency identification (RFID) tag based on time‐domain reflections. The tag circuit contains a microstrip line (ML) that propagates radio frequency (RF) signals, and a group of capacitors that introduce impedance discontinuities to encode binary codes. The configurability of the tag circuit is allowed by connecting the nearby‐placed capacitors with the ML. Ink‐jet printing technology is employed to implement the layout of the proposed tag on paper substrate. To overcome the limitations of printed metallic tracks, a linearly tapering technique is proposed. With this technique, a four‐bit configurable passive chipless RFID tag is realized. Both time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements and ultrawideband (UWB) characterizations were conducted for the proposed tag, and the results are in good consistence with the simulation ones from the circuit simulator advanced design system (ADS). Owing to its low cost fabrication and environmentally friendly nature, the proposed tag has great potential to be widely employed in low‐end RFID applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2781–2786, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26412

With the development of the information technology, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has become a hot topic in the fields of manufacturing and logistics. Meanwhile, food security becomes a worldwide problem. Food hazards can appear at any stage of global food supply chains, making it essential to define critical control points to capture the data about ingredients, manufacture and dates-certain, and provide it in a transparent manner to supply chain participants and consumers. In this article, I will analyze the current food supply chain situation and promote the literature review of RFID application in the food supply chain. And then the article will explore the questions and future research on RFID application in the food supply chain.

The SCOR-model contains five primary management processes, namely, Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, and Return. The development of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology provides an efficient way to improve the supply chain performance. In this paper, the application of RFID technology in a SCOR-model driven enterprise production system (EPS) is introduced. The framework and architecture of the RFID-based EPS are proposed to integrate the RFID devices into the production system. Afterwards the main processes of the SCOR-model driven EPS are illustrated, problems concerning communication between the RFID devices and the EPS are discussed as well. With the application of RFID, the improvement of SCOR performance metrics is analyzed in the end.

In recent years RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) has been applied in different domains at home and abroad, like logistics, medical treatment, entrance guards, electronic wallets, animal control, etc. On campus, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Economic Affairs have recently impelled RFID to apply in the campus environment, such as campus safety control, site reservation service, conference registration system and so on. On the other hand, in accordance to the global warming issue, the government has positively pushed the government organizations and the campuses to save energy and reduce carbon emissions comprehensively. To this end, the Ministry of Education handled a number of campus energy-saving management coaching group programs to do electricity check and greenhouse gas inventory for colleges and universities throughout the country. With the application of RFID in campuses and the promotion of energy conservation and carbon reduction, it is hoped that this research can help the campuses, besides the application of managing campus space, reach the goal to save electricity with the management of space power use through the RFID’s features of identify personal identity. Taking National Chi Nan University Library's audio-visual room as an example, it is hoped to use the equipment of RFID Network Electricity Control And Authentication System and entrance guard management to improve the inconvenience of space use and entrance guard management by identifying the user ID and controlling the entrance guard and power supply through the network; also let the switch of equipment in audio-visual room can automatically control itself according to actual use of time by the user in order to cut down manpower and power wastage.