Dynamic frequency reuse based on guard regions in two‐layer heterogeneous networks

Hyper-Dense Heterogeneous (HDH) deployments, which are made of different kinds of Base Stations (BSs), constitute a promising solution to meet the high data rates envisioned for 5G cellular systems. However, the presence of such a large number of BSs, each of which is expected to deliver a large amount of data to the end-users, is pushing the bottleneck of cellular networks from the Radio Access Network (RAN) to the backhaul, which is becoming as critical as the radio infrastructure. Hence, new network topologies and network architectures are under debate, whose objective is to overcome the backhaul cost and capacity crunch. In order to adequately design these emerging network topologies, appropriate abstraction models need to be introduced for system-level analysis. In this context, stochastic geometry has recently emerged as a promising tool for system-level performance evaluation of cellular systems. In this paper, we adopt a Poisson Tree model for analyzing a hierarchical backhaul and the RAN of a HDH network, where the nodes of the tree are traffic concentrators, BSs and users. The proposed model captures the impact of the finite user density (load) on the network performance and the distribution of the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR), which is determined by the positions of users and BSs, as well as by the channel conditions and the other-cell interference.

We present a novel hybrid localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks in the absence of knowledge regarding the transmit power and path-loss exponent. Transmit power and the path-loss exponent are critical parameters for target localization algorithms in wireless sensor networks, which help extract target position information from the received signal strength. In the absence of information on transmit power and path-loss exponent, it is critical to estimate them for reliable deployment of conventional target localization algorithms. In this paper, we propose a simultaneous estimation of transmit power and path-loss exponent based on Kalman filter. The unknown transmit power and path-loss exponent are estimated using a Kalman filter with the tentatively estimated target position based solely on angle information. Subsequently, the target position is refined using a hybrid method incorporating received signal strength measurements based on the estimated transmit power and path-loss exponent. Our proposed algorithm accurately estimates transmit power and path-loss exponent and yields almost the same target position accuracy as the simulation results confirm, as the hybrid target localization algorithms with known transmit power and path-loss exponent. Simulation results confirm the proposed algorithm achieves 99.7% accuracy of the target localization performance with known transmit power and path-loss exponent, even in the presence of severe received signal strength measurement noise.

In dense and heterogeneous networks, the decoupled uplink#x002F;downlink (UL#x002F;DL) access (DUDA) design has drawn great attentions for improving system performance. Energy efficiency (EE) becomes a major concern for densely deployed heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets). In this paper, we theoretically analyze the energy efficient sleep strategy for DUDA HetNets. Through using stochastic geometry theory, we first examine the applicability of conventional sleep strategy to DUDA networks and design a new DUDA sleep strategy. We then formulate the energy consumption minimization problem and EE optimization problem, and derive the optimal BS sleep probability. Numerical results reveal that conventional sleep strategy may provide inaccurate guidance for sleep design in DUDA networks, which may lead to excessive sleeps and decrease system EE. Meanwhile our DUDA sleep strategy can effectively reduce network energy consumption. We also find that the dense deployment of small cells may generally increase network EE, but this improvement saturates as the BS density further increases.

Wireless networks can be self sustaining by harvesting energy from ambient sources such as kinetic activities or electromagnetic radiation. In this paper, the spatial throughput of a mobile ad hoc network powered by energy harvesting is analyzed using a stochastic-geometry model where transmitters are Poisson distributed and powered by randomly arriving energy and each transmitter transmits with fixed power to an intended receiver under an outage constraint. We assume that harvested energy is stored in batteries with large capacity. The probability that a transmitter transmits, called transmission probability, is proved using the random-walk theory to be equal to one if the energy-arrival rate is larger than transmission power or otherwise equal to their ratio. This result and the stochastic-geometry theory are applied to maximize the network throughput by optimizing transmission power for a given energy-arrival rate. The maximum network throughput is shown to be proportional to the optimal transmission probability that is equal to one if the transmitter density is below a given function of the energy-arrival rate; otherwise the probability is smaller than one as derived. Moreover, the maximum network throughput is also obtained for the extreme cases of high energy-arrival rates or sparse/dense transmitters.

Due to lack of resources such as transmission power and bandwidth in satellite systems, resource allocation problem is a very important challenge. Nowadays, new heterogeneous network includes one or more satellites besides terrestrial infrastructure, so that it is considered that each satellite has multi-beam to increase capacity. This type of structure is suitable for a new generation of communications, which leads to a specific benefit of using the available resource in wireless communication systems. The multi-beam technology is one of the multiple access methods for new satellite systems that are similar to very high throughput satellites systems. Therefore, in this paper, our proposed algorithm is mainly the jointly power and bandwidth allocation of satellite systems to each beam and it is simulated considering the limitation of the total transmission power and bandwidth constraints for any beams. Furthermore, a bandwidth sharing algorithm is provided to dedicate extra bandwidth among beams. Finally, the total capacity of our proposed system model, which is heterogeneous network is obtained based on some parameters such as frequency reuse, modulation rate and total number of users for each beam. This comparison shows that the proposed algorithm allows maintaining the optimal capacity allocation to use a new satellite network.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is envisioned to enhance the functionality of future cellular networks. Dynamic frequency reuse in D2D enhanced networks can increase the frequency reuse factor beyond one and has achieved much attention in the last years. To leverage frequency reuse, a proper reuse link selection must be performed. We investigate a core problem of reuse link selection, namely how to find the maximum number of reuse links in a network. Efficient, optimal solutions for this problem have not been found for over a decade in arbitrary wireless network scenarios. We investigate different decision metrics for reuse link selection under dynamic power control and propose a metric that outperforms the known state of the art solutions.

In this paper, first, path loss models are developed for infrared optical wireless transmission inside an aircraft cabin. Second, a cellular network in the aircraft is considered and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) maps are determined via simulation. For this purpose, a Monte Carlo ray-tracing (MCRT) simulation is performed in a geometric computer-aided design (CAD) cabin model with defined position, azimuth (AZ), elevation (EL) and field of view (FOV) properties of transmitters and receivers. Mathematical models are developed for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path losses along particular paths, including estimation of the path loss exponent and the shadowing component. The shadowing is modeled according to a log-normal distribution with zero mean and standard deviation sigma. The validity of this model is confirmed in the paper. It is shown that irradiance distribution under LOS conditions experiences an attenuation with a path loss exponent of 1.92 and a shadowing standard deviation of 0.81 dB. In NLOS conditions, however, the path loss exponent varies, depending on the nature of the NLOS cases considered. The presented NLOS scenarios yield path loss exponent values of 2.26 and 1.28, and shadowing standard deviation values of 1.27 dB and 0.7 dB, respectively. Finally, the cabin is divided into cells and SIR maps are presented for different frequency reuse factors. It is shown that at the edges of the circular cells with diameter of 2.8 m, a SIR of -5.5 dB is achieved in a horizontal cross section of the cabin for frequency reuse of 1, and -2 dB and 3 dB for frequency reuse factors of 2 and 3, respectively. This means that in an aircraft cabin, for reuse factors less than three, viable communication at the cell edges is not feasible without additional interference avoidance or interference mitigation techniques.

Stochastic geometry analysis of coverage probability in energy efficient dense heterogeneous network with sleep control mechanism

The severe interference in full-duplex (FD) cellular network largely degrade the system performance, especially for cell edge users. In this paper, hybrid full/half duplex cellular network which is composed of a mixture of FD and half duplex (HD) base-stations (BSs) is focused. In order to relieve the received inter-cell interference, frequency reuse (FR) is applied. The adopted FR schemes include traditional full FR and two kinds of fractional FR (FFR) named Strict FFR (StFFR) and Soft FFR (SoFFR). Stochastic geometry is adopted to evaluate the system performance. Tractable results of the ergodic rate and coverage probability for different FR schemes are obtained. Through the numerical results, we can observe that full FR and StFFR schemes can improve the user coverage probability at the expense of system spectrum efficiency (SE). SoFFR can improve both the coverage probability and the system SE. The numerical results also show that if the residual Self-interference is not very strong, operating all the BSs in FD mode can achieve the best performance, otherwise, it is better to operate all the BSs in HD mode.

The aims of this paper are to analyze the performance of a one-dimensional ALOHA ad hoc network and to investigate the impact of the access probability of the ALOHA protocol on the network performance. As a performance metric we consider the average number of nodes that successfully receive a packet from an arbitrary node. To mathematically model the random locations of nodes and the interference in the ad hoc network, we use stochastic geometry theory. With the help of stochastic geometry theory, we model the ad hoc network, derive an analytic form of the performance metric, and finally obtain the optimal access probability that maximizes the performance metric. Numerical examples are provided to validate our analysis and to investigate the performance behavior.

Heterogeneous network (HetNet) has been studied as a promising technology to boost the system throughput. A new upper boundary of coverage probability (CP) is derived, which is the one of cooperative communication between two base stations (BSs) for downlink HetNet. For the tractability, only the cooperation between two base stations in the same tier of HetNet is considered and a model is set up, in which each randomly chosen user located in the cooperation zones can communicate with at most one couple of BSs, due to the threshold of Signal-to-Interference-Ratio (SIR). Stochastic geometry theory is used to establish the model of HetNet. Simulation results show that the upper boundary of CP for cooperative communication between two BSs in the same tier is decreasing when the SIR threshold for macrocell tier is increasing. The increasing density of low power BSs can increase the performance of cooperative communication in the same tier, as well as reducing the cooperative SIR threshold for low power BSs tier.

In this paper, we present an estimation scheme for the transmit power(TP) and path loss exponent(PLE) for hybrid target localization in wireless sensor networks. In the absence of knowledge on the TP and PLE, hybrid target localization schemes that utilize both received signal strength (RSS) and angle of arrival(AOA) measurements have significantly reduced performances. To estimate the TP and PLE in the presence of a severe measurement noise, moving-averaged RSS measurements are applied to a least-squares algorithm utilizing a tentatively estimated target position using an AOA-only algorithm.

Interference management is important in wireless cellular networks such as long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-A, where orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), dense frequency reuse and heterogeneous cell sizes and capabilities provide great performance at the cost of increased network complexity. The layered structures of emerging cellular networks and their dynamic environments limit greatly the efficacy of traditional static interference management methods. Furthermore, conventional interference coordination techniques assume that perfect channel knowledge is available and that the signalling overhead can be neglected. In this paper, we analyse a heterogeneous LTE OFDMA downlink network composed by macro-, pico- and femtocells. We propose a low-complexity, distributed and cooperative interference mitigation method which is aware of network load and propagation conditions. The proposed method is fully scalable and addresses the interference received by the macro and pico layer and the interference received by femtocells separately. The new solution makes use of the iterative Hungarian algorithm, which effectively reduces interference and enhances the quality of service of starved users when compared to other state-of-the-art solutions. The proposed method outperforms static solutions by providing comparable results for the cell edge users (the proposed solution delivers 86% of the gain of a static frequency reuse 3) while presenting no loss at the cell centre, compared to an 18% loss of the frequency reuse 3 in a homogeneous scenario. In a heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployment, it generates a gain of 45% for the combined macro and pico edge users at a very small cost for the cell centre lower than 4% when compared with standard resource allocation. It optimizes greatly picocell performance, with improvements of more than 50% at a small cost for femtocell users (15%). In order to apply the proposed method to a practical network, the impact of the necessary quantization of channel state information on the interference management solution is studied and results show that signalling overhead can be contained while performance is improved by increasing resolution on the portions of the bandwidth more likely to be assigned to the users.

This paper presents a framework for coverage and capacity optimization (CCO) in HCNs from stochastic geometry theory. Unlike conventional approaches, we propose a concept of effective capacity as t...

In this paper, a new mathematical approach for the analysis and optimization of cellular-enabled low-energy mobile devices with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer capabilities is introduced. The proposed methodology relies on modeling the locations of the base stations as points of a spatial Poisson point process, and it leverages stochastic geometry for system-level analysis. The tradeoffs emerging from simultaneous wireless information and power transfer transmission are characterized through the concept of “feasibility regions” and are quantified through the joint cumulative distribution function of harvested power and rate. To gain insight on the achievable performance, in addition, an upper bound is proposed, and its accuracy is discussed. The system model encompasses a realistic channel model that accounts for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) links, different cell association criteria, practical receivers based on time switching and power splitting schemes, and directional beamforming. The analysis shows that optimal values for the time switching and power splitting ratios exist and that directional beamforming and network densification are capable of enhancing system performance. More specifically, high directional antennas lead cellular networks to operate in the noise-limited regime, which is proved to provide optimal performance, and because of the existence of LOS and NLOS links, an optimal deployment density for the base stations is proven to exist for typical system setups.