Dynamic Lane Reversal Routing and Scheduling for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: Formulation and Distributed Algorithm

Evaluating the safety impact of connected and autonomous vehicles on motorways

Optimal deployment of an equitable CAV platoonable corridor on road networks with mixed traffic flow

The Internet of Things has already demonstrated clear benefits when applied in many areas. In connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV), IoT data can help the autonomous systems make better decisions for safer and more secure transportation. For example, different IoT data sources can extend CAV's risk awareness, while the incoming data can update these risks in real-time for faster reactions that may mitigate possible damages. However, the current state of the art CAV research has not addressed this matter well enough. This paper proposes a profile-driven approach to manage IoT data in the context of CAV systems through a dynamic risk management framework. Unlike the current inflexible risk assessment strategies, the framework encourages more flexible investigation of risks through different risk profiles, each representing risk knowledge through a set of risk input considerations, assessment methods and optimal reaction strategies. As the risks change frequently with time and location, there will be no single profile that can cover all the risks that CAVs face on the road. The uses of different risk profiles, therefore can help interested parties to better understand the risks and adapt to various situations appropriately. Our framework includes the effective management of IoT data sources to enable the run-time risk assessment. We also describe a case study of using the proposed framework to manage the risks for the POD being developed in the Innovate UK-funded CAPRI project.
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The lack of real-world data on Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) has prompted researchers to rely on simulations to assess their societal impacts. However, few studies address the operational and technological challenges of integrating CAVs into existing transport systems. This paper introduces a new CAV driving model featuring a constant time gap longitudinal control algorithm that accounts for sensor errors and platoon formations of varying sizes. Additionally, it develops a high-level route-based decision-making algorithm for CAV path choice. These algorithms were tested in a calibrated motorway corridor simulation, examining different market penetration rates, platoon sizes, and sensor error scenarios. Traffic conflicts were used as a primary safety performance indicator. The findings indicate that CAV sensors are generally adequate, but optimal platoon sizes vary with market penetration rates. To further explore factors influencing traffic conflicts, a hierarchical Bayesian negative binomial regression model was used. This model revealed that in addition to unobserved heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation, the standard deviation of speeds between lanes and the CAV market penetration rate significantly affect conflict occurrences. These results corroborate the simulation outcomes, enhancing our understanding of CAV deployment impacts on traffic safety.

With the accelerated integration of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) into transportation systems, such vehicles have evolved rapidly. Emerging studies have focused on the considerations influencing travelers’ acceptance of CAVs and the factors contributing to travel choice intention. However, the different reasons for the diffusion of CAVs and the associated trends in relation to this are key questions that still require investigation. Therefore, this study establishes a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework to explore the impact of both external factors and internal subjective factors on travel choice. Based on the influencing factors identified by SEM, this study develops an agent-based model simulation approach to examine the diffusion trends in relation to CAV travelers from an individual perspective. To calibrate the model, a questionnaire survey is designed to obtain data from travelers in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. The survey results show that CAV choice intention is influenced by individual (including innovativeness), travel-related, and social influence factors. The simulation experiments reveal that the diffusion of CAV travelers is a complex process. The lower cost of CAV travel has a positive impact initially and midway through the process of diffusion in relation to CAV users. For example, in situations in which CAVs are more cost-effective, during the simulation time (years) the number of CAV users fluctuates significantly between the 7th and 30th years. There is a notable increase of 10% in CAV users in the 15th year and, eventually, the total number of CAV users stabilizes at 71.8% of all travelers. The findings will assist agencies and CAV operators to implement effective promotion strategies.

One goal for large-scale deployment of connected and autonomous vehicles is to achieve the traffic safety benefit since connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) could reduce the collision risk by enhancing the driver’s situation perception ability. Previous studies have analyzed the safety impact of CAVs involved in traffic, but only few studies examined the safety benefits brought by CAVs when approaching high-collision-risk road segments such as the freeway crash hotspots. This study chooses one freeway crash hotspot in Wuhan, China, as an instance and attempts to estimate the safety benefits for differential penetration rates (PRs) of CAVs using the surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM). First, the freeway crash hotspot is identified with kernel density estimation and simulated by VISSIM. Then, the intelligent driver model (IDM) and Wiedemann 99 (a car-following model) are adopted and calibrated to control the driving behaviors of CAVs and human-driven vehicles (HVs) in this study, respectively. The impact that rather CAVs are constrained with or without managed lanes on traffic safety is also discussed, and the PR of CAVs is set from 10% to 90%. The results of this study show that when the PR of CAVs is lower than 50%, there is no significant improvement on the safety measures such as conflicts, acceleration, and velocity difference, which are extracted from the vehicle trajectory data using SSAM. When the penetration rate is over 70%, the experiment results demonstrate that the traffic flow passing the freeway hotspot is with fewer conflicts, smaller acceleration, and smaller velocity difference in the scenario where CAVs are constrained with managed lane compared with the scenario without managed lane control. The safety benefit that CAVs bring needs to be discussed. The lane management of CAVs will also lead to distinct safety impact.

Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication is becoming indispensable for successful roll-out of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). While increasing the CAVs’ speed improves the average CAV traffic flow, it increases communication handoffs (HOs) thus reducing wireless data rates. Furthermore, unplanned density of active base-stations (BSs) may result in severe interference which negatively impacts CAV data rate. In this letter, we first characterize macroscopic traffic flow by considering log-normal distribution of the spacing between CAVs. We then derive novel closed-form expressions for the exact HO-aware rate outage probability and ergodic capacity in a large-scale network with interference. Then, we formulate a traffic flow maximization problem to optimize the speed of CAVs and deployment density of BSs with HO-aware rate constraints and collision avoidance constraints. Our numerical results validate the closed-form analytical expressions, extract useful insights about the optimal speed and BS density, and highlight the key trade-offs between the HO-aware data rates and CAV traffic flow.

Mixed traffic composed of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and CAVs will exist for an extended period before connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) are fully employed on the road. There is a consensus that dense fog can cause serious traffic accidents and reduce traffic efficiency. In order to enhance the safety, mobility, and efficiency of highway networks in adverse weather conditions, it is necessary to explore the characteristics of mixed traffic. Therefore, we develop a novel cellular automata model for mixed traffic considering the limited visual distance and exploring the influence of visibility levels and CAV market penetration on traffic efficiency. We design acceleration, deceleration, and randomization rules for different car-following scenes. For lane-changing, considering the interaction of CAVs and surrounding vehicles, we introduce game theory (GT) to lane-changing policies for CAVs. This paper presents the following main findings. In reduced visibility conditions, the introduction of CAVs is beneficial to improve mixed traffic efficiency on metrics such as free-flow speed and traffic capacity (e.g., 100% CAVs could increase the traffic capacity up to around 182% in environments of dense fog). In addition, the critical density increases as the proportion of CAVs increases, which is more pronounced in conditions of dense fog according to the simulation results. In addition, we compared the proposed GT-based lane-changing strategy to the traditional STCA lane-changing strategy. The results showed that the average speed is significantly improved under the proposed lane-changing strategy. The model presented in this paper can evaluate the overall performance and provide a reference for future management and control of mixed traffic flow in fog conditions.

Effect of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic flow at a bidirectional road

Optimal Control for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles at Signal-Free Intersections

Joint routing and pricing control in congested mixed autonomy networks

The new era of the Internet of Things is promoting the evolution of self-driving vehicles into connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), which enable modern intelligent transportation systems. CAVs provide connectivity for vehicles by integrating the capabilities of new generation wireless technologies such as dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and cellular networks (e.g., LTE, 5G, and potential future 6G developments). The success of CAVs and their applications is dependent on the performance of their underlying networks, known as vehicular networks, which can be compromised due to the traffic dynamics and limited transmission range of communication devices. This dissertation focuses on the optimization of message coverage and dissemination that improves the overall performance of vehicular networks. The coverage of message, from a performance perspective, can be studied in terms of dissemination distance, the size of inter-vehicle networks, and the delay of message dissemination. We study the message coverage in infrastructure-based vehicular networks by focusing on the problem of optimal utilization of roadside units (RSUs) in urban environments. Specifically, we develop efficient algorithms, which by considering the driving dynamics and delay constraint of applications find the candidate sites for RSUs deployment to achieve the maximum spatiotemporal message coverage and minimum delay of message dissemination. We also present a disseminator selection algorithm for infrastructure-based environments, which aims at improving message forwarding in the presence of RSUs. Effective clustering is crucial to mitigate routing scalability and reliability issues in vehicular networks. Clustering provides a hierarchical network architecture as a result of grouping the vehicles. We propose an adaptive clustering scheme to maximize the stability of clusters. To that end, we define a novel concept, named stability degree of vehicles, by taking into consideration the driving dynamics over a prediction horizon. We then formulate the clustering problem as an optimization problem, which is used within a rolling horizon framework in the cluster formation process. Our scheme also provides insight into the optimally of clustering algorithms. We present a heterogeneous vehicular network architecture, which supports DSRC- and Device-to-Device-based communications for vehicle-to-vehicle to improve routing reliability. We prove that the optimal clustering problem is NP-hard. Therefore, we develop a heuristic algorithm, which by taking into consideration the stability degree of vehicles over the prediction horizon, finds a near-optimal solution. We propose a hybrid routing protocol based on our adaptive clustering scheme to achieve a high packet delivery ratio and low delay. Our hybrid routing protocol is composed of generic

The macroscopic evaluation of road traffic characteristics is vital as they will alter significantly with the emergence of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). The macroscopic second-order traffic flow models are emerging as essential tools to observe the evolutionary dynamics of traffic flow. These models are significantly improved to describe the dynamics of traffic flow in view of Human-Driven Vehicles (HDVs). However, proficient macroscopic second-order traffic flow models are indispensable in comprehending and elucidating the descriptions of traffic flow dynamics, particularly in the view of evolving CAVs. Therefore, we propose a macroscopic second-order traffic model that distinguishes CAVs from HDVs by meticulously considering their distinct driving characteristics. The proposed model incorporates lengthways between the vehicles, and the reaction time of the CAVs, and is evaluated on a 20,000 m ring road. The findings show that with smaller lengthways and reaction times of CAVs, traffic evolves quickly during transitions. An increase in average traffic velocity is observed as the reaction time is significantly small. It has been demonstrated that CAVs can significantly limit variations in velocity resulting in smoother flow operations.

This report chronicles the work undertaken by researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign to identify policies and design guidelines to plan for connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) in mid-sized regions in Illinois. The report starts with the goals of this work followed by a review of existing literature. The review addresses CAV technologies and scenario planning, including academic research articles, policies and guidance documents from federal and state agencies, and recent long-range transportation plans. The review findings are organized into three categories—drivers, levers, and impacts—to facilitate scenario-based planning and included key factors and trends in technology development and adoption (drivers), mechanisms that planners and policymakers may employ to intervene in or prepare for CAV futures (levers), and community-level outcomes of different plausible CAV futures (impacts). Primary research was undertaken first by interviewing practitioners in six mid-sized regions of Illinois to collect inputs about their needs and obstacles to planning for CAVs, as well as to understand their sense of their community’s preparedness for CAVs. The research team then conducted a detailed survey of over 700 residents from the Greater Peoria region to understand their would-be travel behavior and residential location decisions in a CAV future and general attitude toward self-driving cars. These inputs helped identify the key drivers, levers, and impacts to be employed in creating scenarios, a list of selected policies and design, and a framework to select appropriate responses based on the needs and desires of a community. The detailed scenarios are as follows: (1) continuation of the status quo, (2) private multimodal future, and (3) shared multimodal future. The policies and design guidelines are identified for each scenario and are categorized into six sets of action items: general, data and digitization, mobility and traffic, street design, infrastructure, and planning. Specific details of each action item are organized in a format that allows the user to consider each item carefully and to assess its feasibility in a specific region or city. The appendices include background documents related to primary research and, importantly, a handbook for practitioners.

The Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) is an emerging mobility technology that may hold a paradigm-changing potential for the future of transport policy and planning. Despite a wealth of likely benefits that have made their eventual launch inescapable, CAVs may also be a source of unprecedented disruption for tomorrow's travel eco-systems because of their vulnerability to cyber-threats, hacking and misinformation. CAVs manipulated by users, traffic controllers or third parties may act in deceitful ways. This scene-setting work introduces the deceitful CAV, a vehicle that operates in a deceitful manner towards routing and control functionality for ‘selfish’ or malicious purposes and contextualises its diverse expressions and dimensions. It specifically offers a systematic taxonomy of eight distinctive deceitful behaviours namely: suppression/camouflage, overloading, mistake, substitution, target conditioning, repackaging capability signatures, amplification and reinforcing impression. These as exemplified by their most common attack forms (i.e., starvation, denial-of-service, session hijacking, man-in-the-middle, poisoning, masquerading, flooding and spoofing) are then benchmarked against five key dimensions referring to time frame (short to long duration), engagement (localised to systemic), urban traffic controller infrastructure (single to multiple components), scale (low to high), and impact (low to high). We then suggest mitigation strategies to protect CAV technology against these dangers. These span from purely technological measures referring to the machine-centric triad of vehicles, communication, and control system including adversarial training, heuristic decision algorithms and weighted voting mechanisms to human factor measures that focus on education, training, awareness enhancement, licensing and legislation initiatives that will enable users and controllers to prevent, control or report deceitful activities.