Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Shipboard Microgrid Systems for Electromagnetic Transient Analysis

Worldwide, the current energy system increasingly shows economic, social and environmental drawbacks and it does not appear to be sustainable. Among the most pressing problems are climate change due to CO2 emissions, the depletion of fossil resources, the security of energy supply, and threats to economic development. These problems can be addressed by moving towards energy systems that increasingly rely on renewable and sustainable energy sources. At the same time, the rapid progress in renewable energy harvesting and information and telecommunication technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for energy generation, distribution and management, and to more strongly involve people in the process of energy generation and management, which is needed to further enhance the sustainable energy systems. Indeed, renewable and sustainable energy sources are likely to be produced and distributed in a decentralised manner, and require energy management systems that differ greatly from the current centralised system. Hence, the integration of renewable sources has major implications for the design and management of energy systems, relying on innovative ICT solutions and stronger user involvement that facilitate supply and demand matching. Effective energy management requires the active participation and support of end users, who should accept the energy management systems, and adapt their energy use to the available demand as to enhance the efficiency and stability of the energy system. Hence, the design of future smart grids should be based on sound behavioural models, which should be integrated in ICT centred solutions that facilitate supply and demand matching. More specifically, we need to understand how truly complex information on energy production, use and storage can be effectively communicated among relevant actors, and what type of information and incentives should be provided to realise effective supply and demand matching. In addition, we need to understand how to take into account cultural specifics in the design of energy management systems, to enhance effective energy management across the world. The active and aware involvement of the end-user can only be achieved if a scalable and reliable ICT infrastructure is in place, which naturally interfaces the energy flows with the decision autonomy of the people. Hence, the design of effective energy management systems should be take into account key behavioural as well as ICT requirements in an integrated way. Our proposal is thus to investigate (1) ICT based solutions for monitoring and controlling the power grid focusing on the distribution networks (medium-low voltage) and buildings (offices and residential complexes) specific to the Qatar context; (2) behavioural models on effective and acceptable incentives to match energy supply and demand; (3) cultural specificities in the design of energy management systems by comparing results from research in Qatar to similar research in other parts of the world, in particular Europe. Together, these will provide important insights in how to promote efficient and stable renewable energy systems that meet Qatar's sustainability goals.

Energy management system (EMS) design has traditionally been a top-down process, in which a single vector provides the algorithms, software, and hardware to meet the utility's functional specifications. Trends in power systems, such as the move by utilities to open systems architectures, and the development of distributed computing systems indicate that this process must be changed to incorporate the new expertise required in EMS design. An open design approach is proposed to accomplish this. The design approach is based on decomposing the EMS design problem according to different levels of abstraction. The authors define the components of this decomposition and discuss their relationships. These components form the conceptual design for a CAD simulation package which is being developed at UC Berkeley to evaluate and compare the performance of alternative designs. >

EMS-API(energy management system- application program interface) standard IEC61970 has realized seamless integration of EMS application software, but IEC61970 standard covers little about microgrid CIM (common information Model). Therefore, CIM in IEC61970 should be extended for the design of microgrid energy management system based on IEC61970 standard.This paper discusses principles and methods of CIM extension, focusing on CIM extension of wind plant and battery energy storage system. it demonstrates a bidirectional energy dispatching model for battery energy storage system and sets up the CIM for photovoltaic power generation system and fuel cell generating system. Based on all this, the CIM for microgrid EMS is forged and then applied to the practical designing of microgrid EMS.

This paper analyses the influence of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) on the electrical system in a Hybrid Micro Grid consisting of two 200 kW diesel generators (DGs), one 200 kW wind turbine generator (WTG) and 200 kW photovoltaic (PV) Plant. The BESS in such a system can have a significant role in covering the power fluctuations in the network. The BESS can cover the power unbalance between the supplied power and the load of the grid by storing the excess energy or supplying the residual demand. An advantage of implementing the BESS is faster provision of power compared to the DGs which can also help improve a system stability. In this paper, the influence of BESS is analyzed by conducting Generation Adequacy analysis and Transient Stability studies using DIgSILENT Power Factory software. Generation Adequacy analysis is carried out using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Typical factors such as Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) and Expected Demand Not Supplied (EDNS) are calculated. Furthermore, the size of BESS required to cover for the intermittent nature of renewables is determined. Dynamic models of DGs, WTG, PV and BESS are developed for the purpose of transient stability studies. Contingencies such as three phase fault, tripping of DG and cloud covering PV field are simulated with and without BESS in order to clearly determine its influence on system stability.

In this paper, stability of current control of battery energy storage system (BESS) connected with a diesel generator for a stand-alone microgrid are analyzed in four cases. The stand-alone microgrid system consists of 50kW BESS, 50kW diesel generator and controllable loads, where BESS is composed of 115kWh battery bank and 50kW DC-AC inverter. The four cases are 1) BESS with a stiff grid 2) BESS with the diesel generator 3) BESS with passive damping + diesel generator 4) BESS with active damping + diesel generator, and their stabilities are analyzed in the frequency domain and discrete time domain. Demonstration site for the stand-alone microgrid is constructed and comparative analysis for the four cases are verified through simulation and experiments, where experimental results show a good agreement with the analysis.

ABSTRACTThis paper gives a detailed study for the design and implementation of an energy management system (EMS) for a hybrid renewable microgrid system using real‐time software. Microgrids, with their ability to integrate renewable energy sources, face challenges in maintaining stability and reliability. The implemented EMS aimed to maximize the renewable energy sources utilization, including PV and wind power, in conjunction with a battery energy storage system. The objectives of this research included the implementation of an EMS that ensures a reliable and stable operation between the microgrid system and the main grid including the control of charge and discharge of the battery using Typhoon Hardware‐in‐the‐Loop (HIL) software. The simulation results and case studies demonstrated the effectiveness and performance of the developed EMS in managing a hybrid renewable microgrid system. The results also demonstrated that the time of charging was maximized by utilizing a higher power. By doing so, the battery was fully charged in a shorter timeframe. The battery state of charge (SOC) was maintained between the fixed values (20% and 100%) as stated by the algorithm.

An energy management system (EMS) is necessary to provide the UAV propulsion system with the energy from multiple power sources. This paper presents a new control strategy of EMS for a small solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The EMS based on the value of DC bus voltage can efficiently manage the power from PV modules and the storage system, which support the UAV operation steadily even under potential rapidly varying atmospheric condition. In this EMS, PV modules can operate at multi-mode by self-adaption control strategy and storage system can be flexibly controlled to coordinate system energy power flow. The results of simulation and experiments are included to verify the effectiveness of the proposed EMS.

In recent years, Quasi-Z-source cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters (qZS-CHBMLIs) have become an interesting solution for integrating renewable energy into the utility grid. The possibility of performing power conversion in a single stage, without an additional DC/DC converter, and a higher voltage gain, are their main advantages over traditional inverters. In addition, individual control of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) can be achieved for each PV plant. Owing to the intermittent nature of PV power plants, battery energy storage systems (BESS) are commonly used to smooth out PV power fluctuations. This paper presents a control system for the active and reactive power delivered to the grid according to the system operator references and an EMS for an ES-qZS-CHBMLI. The BESS is coordinated through an energy management system (EMS) based on the state of charge (SOC) The system is evaluated under two different operation modes. One of them, where the PV power plants operate according to their MPP and the other in which the MPPT faults and thus, the PV power is decreased. A MATLAB-Simulink simulation is used to validate the proposed control system for a grid-connected single-phase configuration based on a qZS-CHBMLI with three cascade qZSI, each connected to a 4.8 kW PV power plant and a BESS.

Electrical modelling of a grid-connected battery energy storage system via EMS and BMS data

Coordinated control and power management of distributed energy resources, such as diesel generators (DGs), photovoltaics (PVs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), is vital for secure, reliable and economical operation of a stand‐alone microgrid system. This paper proposes a coordinated control and power management approach for a hybrid stand‐alone microgrid system containing DGs and PVs and also BESSs, which commonly servers as a power supply solution for remote areas such as islands. The proposed approach takes into account the maximum utilisation of PV power, economical operation condition of diesel generators, status of battery energy storage system and their operation constraints to share the load among them. Efficacy of the proposed approach is validated through a RTDS‐based simulation test and an actual project practice.

Efficient use of electric energy by users is one of the critical ways for increasing energy efficiency, reducing cost of power generation and supply, and environmental concerns. As part of remedial measures to address issues of energy use, many technologies for demand reduction ranging from energy saving devices through a variety of energy management systems have emerged to help users manage and control their consumption. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a home energy and power management system that enables users to monitor, regulate, and manage their demand response dynamically through scheduling and controlling of their appliances using a mobile application. At the crux of the power management system is an embedded microcontroller which is encoded with schemes for monitoring, managing, scheduling and controlling operations. The user interface on the mobile device directly communicates with the power management system via integrated Raspberry Pi server that uses Wi-Fi communication protocol while communication between the Raspberry Pi and the embedded microcontroller is based on Bluetooth communication. A numerical simulation of the proposed design was first developed and a prototype of the design was implemented and tested. The test results show that the system was able to effectively monitor, control and regulate the power usage in the home. The flexibility offered by the system allows the user to self-regulate the amount of power usage, which translates into cost savings with the overall effect of flattening of the demand peaks.

In this paper, a nonlinear decentralized double‐integral sliding mode controller (DI‐SMC) is designed along with an energy management system (EMS) for the DC microgrid (DCMG). This DCMG includes having a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that incorporates a battery energy storage system (BESS) and supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS) while the load demand is met through the power generated from solar photovoltaic (SPV) units. First, dynamical models of each subsystem of DCMGs such as the SPV system, BESS, and SCESS are developed to capture highly nonlinear behaviors of DCMGs under various operating conditions. The proposed nonlinear DI‐SMC is then designed for each power unit in DCMGs to ensure the desired voltage level at the common DC‐bus and appropriate power dispatch of different components to fulfill the load requirement of the DCMG. On the other hand, an energy management system (EMS) is designed to determine the set point for the controller with an aim of ensuring the power balance within DCMGs under various operating conditions where the overall stability is assessed using the Lyapunov theory. Simulation studies along with the processor‐in‐loop validation, including a comparative study with a proportional‐integral (PI) controller, verify the applicability and effectiveness of the EMS‐based DI‐SMC under different operating conditions of the DCMG.

This paper presents the operational control strategy of multi-string photovoltaic (PV) systems in a dc microgrid by using model predictive control (MPC). Due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, battery energy storage system with unify-controlled charger is integrated to the dc microgrid to compensate the fluctuating generated PV power and to regulate the dc-bus voltage. A two-string PV system is considered in this paper to evaluate the performance of the proposed controller. The proposed MPC for the dc microgrid consists: maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of PV arrays and control of a bidirectional dc-dc converter for charging/discharging the battery energy storage system. The controller tracks the maximum power point (MPP) of each PV string under dynamic weather condition and ensures to deliver the required power by the load using the battery system in case of insufficient power generated by the PV systems. The MPC of the battery system stabilizes the bus voltage by considering the state of charge (SoC) of battery and evaluating the direction of power flow from battery system to the dc bus and vice versa. By using the characteristics of MPC with ability to add design constraints, the proposed system ensures power distribution among PV arrays and evaluates the battery SoC for changing the mode of operation to achieve a reliable energy source for the local loads. The practical feasibility of the proposed controller is studied for several case studies and verified experimentally by implementing the controller using dSPACE 1007 platform.

This paper presents the energy management and control system design of an integrated flywheel energy storage system (FESS) for residential users. The proposed FESS is able to draw/deliver 8 kWh at 8 kW, and relies on a large-airgap surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine, the inner rotor of which integrates a carbon-fiber flywheel, leading to a compact and efficient FESS. The proposed energy management system is based on four different operating modes, which are defined and can be selected in accordance with FESS speed and/or user’s preference, while FESS control system is devoted to power/current tracking at both machine- and grid-side converters. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions, as well as the overall energy performance of the proposed FESS, are verified by real-time simulations, which regard different operating conditions and/or realistic scenarios.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly utilized across civilian and defense sectors due to their versatility, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. However, their operational endurance remains constrained by limited onboard energy storage. Recent research has focused on electric propulsion systems integrated with hybrid energy sources, particularly the combination of solar cells and advanced battery technologies to overcome this limitation. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in electric propulsion architecture, solar-based power integration, and hybrid energy management strategies for UAVs. Key components, including motors, electronic speed controllers (ESCs), propellers, and energy storage systems, are examined alongside emerging technologies such as wireless charging and flexible photovoltaic (PV) materials. Power management techniques, including maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and intelligent energy control algorithms, are also discussed in the context of long-endurance missions. Challenges related to energy density, weight constraints, environmental adaptability, and component integration are highlighted, with insights into potential solutions and future directions. The findings of this review aim to guide the development of efficient, sustainable, and high-endurance UAV platforms leveraging electric-solar hybrid propulsion systems.