Dynamic rupture modeling on unstructured meshes using a discontinuous Galerkin method

The aim of this work is to provide a solver for viscoelastic multi-phase flows within the Bounded Support Spectral Solver (BoSSS) currently under development at the Chair of Fluid Dynamics at the Technical University of Darmstadt. The discretisation in BoSSS consists of a high-order Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for single-phase flow and a high-order eXtended Discontinuous Galerkin (XDG) method for the multi-phase purpose. The solver shall be used to investigate numerically the behaviour of viscoelastic droplets. The macroscopic Oldroyd B model which is used in a wide range of applications is chosen as the constitutive model. A detailed derivation of the system of equations including the modeling principles for the Oldroyd B model is presented. A DG discretisation of the system of equations including the Local Discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method is presented after introducing the field of the DG method. The derivation of appropriate flux functions for the constitutive equations and the extra stress tensor are one of the key derivations of this scientific work. Difficulties arising in the numerical solution of viscoelastic flow problems for higher Weissenberg numbers for different discretisation methods are due to the convection dominated, mixed hyperbolic-elliptic-parabolic nature of the system of equations. Several strategies are presented which overcome these problems and are known from the literature. A key achievement of this scientific work is the application of the LDG method, originally developed for a hyperbolic system of equations for a Newtonian fluid, on the viscoelastic system of equations which renders methods for preserving ellipticity unnecessary. Furthermore, various strategiesn to enhance and to support convergence of the solution of the DG discretised system are presented. These are the Newton method with different approaches determining the Jacobian of the system, a homotopy continuation method based on the Weissenberg number for a better initial guess for the Newton method, and a troubled cell indicator combined with an artificial diffusion approach or an adaptive mesh refinement strategy, respectively. For the completeness of this work the XDG method is presented using a sharp interface approach with a signed distance level-set function as it is implemented in BoSSS. The single-phase solver is combined with these methods and appropriate flux functions for the interface are implemented to enable multi-phase applications for viscoelastic fluid. Several numerical experiments are conducted to verify and to validate the viscoelastic singlephase solver and to show the capability of the viscoelastic multi-phase solver to simulate viscoelastic droplets. Advantages and disadvantages of the implementation and an outlook for future research can be found in the conclusion.

Coupling local discontinuous and continuous galerkin methods for flow problems

Cavities are strong scattering parts for an aircraft. A discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is presented to efficiently optimize cavity scattering. The DG method is shown to have ability of only remeshing the optimized parts and not remeshing the whole cavity in the computing process of scattering from the whole cavity. An effective and simple preconditioner, called distance sparse preconditioner (DSP), is applied to the DG method, different from the conventional block-diagonal preconditioner (BDP) and sparse approximate inverse preconditioner (SAI). The former one is usually recommended in the DG methods and the latter one is generally used in method of moment (MoM). Numerical results show that the DSP is more efficient than the BDP and SAI in the DG method for the cavity analysis. The effects of cavity opening shape, area, and transition shape are studied for scattering from cavities. Some interesting and useful numerical results are presented for cavity design.

Split form ALE discontinuous Galerkin methods with applications to under-resolved turbulent low-Mach number flows

We further investigate the high order positivity-preserving discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for linear hyperbolic and radiative transfer equations developed in Yuan et al. (SIAM J Sci Comput 38:A2987–A3019, 2016). The DG methods in Yuan et al. (2016) can maintain positivity and high order accuracy, but they rely both on the scaling limiter in Zhang and Shu (J Comput Phys 229:8918–8934, 2010) and a rotational limiter, the latter may alter cell averages of the unmodulated DG scheme, thereby affecting conservation. Even though a Lax–Wendroff type theorem is proved in Yuan et al. (2016), guaranteeing convergence to weak solutions with correct shock speed when such rotational limiter is applied, it would still be desirable if a conservative DG method without changing the cell averages can be obtained which has both high order accuracy and positivity-preserving capability. In this paper, we develop and analyze such a DG method for both linear hyperbolic equations and radiative transfer equations. In the one-dimensional case, the method uses traditional DG space $$P^k$$ of piecewise polynomials of degree at most k. A key result is proved that the unmodulated DG solver in this case can maintain positivity of the cell average if the inflow boundary value and the source term are both positive, therefore the positivity-preserving framework in Zhang and Shu (2010) can be used to obtain a high order conservative positivity-preserving DG scheme. Unfortunately, in two-dimensions this is no longer the case. We show that the unmodulated DG solver based either on $$P^k$$ or $$Q^k$$ spaces (piecewise kth degree polynomials or piecewise tensor-product kth degree polynomials) could generate negative cell averages. We augment the DG space with additional functions so that the positivity of cell averages from the unmodulated DG solver can be restored, thereby leading to high order conservative positivity-preserving DG scheme based on these augmented DG spaces following the framework in Zhang and Shu (2010). Computational results are provided to demonstrate the good performance of our DG schemes.

The discontinuous Galerkin (dG) method was introduced by Reed and Hill [73] in 1973 for steady-state neutron transport as an hyperbolic problem. This was followed by other studies; by Bassi and Rebay [12] for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, Cockburn and Shu [31] developed the local discontinuous Galerkin (ldG) method for advection-diffusion equations, and Peraire and Persson [69] introduced the compact discontinuous Galerkin (cdG) method. Independent of the dG methods, interior penalty (IP) methods have been developed for elliptic and parabolic problems by Douglas and Dupont [40] and Wheeler [95]. Then, in the 1980’s, Arnold et al. [6] proposed a unified classification and analysis of various kinds of dG methods. Later on, the dG methods were developed for elliptic problems [8, 24, 77] and for problems with advection [7, 14, 51, 56].

On large geographic scales, ocean waves are represented in a spectral sense via the action balance equation, which propagates action density through both geographic and spectral space. In this paper, a new computational spectral wave model is developed by using discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods in both geographic and spectral space. DG methods allow for the use of unstructured geographic meshes and higher-order approximations for action propagation in both geographic and spectral space, which we show leads to increased accuracy. This DG spectral wave propagation model is verified and validated through comparisons to manufactured and analytic solutions as well as to the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model. Coupled wave/circulation models are needed for many applications including for the interaction between waves and currents during daily wind and tide driven flows. We loosely couple the new DG spectral wave model to the DG Shallow Water Equation Model (DG-SWEM), an existing DG circulation model. In addition to formulating the DG method for the coupled wave/circulation model, we derive an a priori error estimate. Preliminary numerical results of the DG coupled wave/circulation model are presented with comparisons to DG-SWEM coupled tightly to SWAN.

Devising discontinuous Galerkin methods for non-linear hyperbolic conservation laws

The decoupling of P and S waves is an essential prerequisite for elastic reverse time migration, which effectively reduces crosstalk artifacts, but most wavefield separation algorithms are implemented on uniform rectangular grids. We develop an amplitude- and phase-preserving P- and S-wavefield separation approach on unstructured meshes, which can effectively decompose the original elastic wavefield into P and S wavefields. The isotropic case is considered. With the aid of viscoelastic theory, we choose to attenuate P or S waves and preserve the other wave mode, so as to achieve wavefield decomposition. Viscoelastic wave equations are first reformulated as decoupling wave equations with a selective strong attenuation. We then use the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method to simulate decoupling P or S wavefield propagation on triangular and tetrahedral meshes. We adopt a quadrature-free DG approach and the arbitrary mesh is mapped into the reference mesh for numerical calculation, where no additional volume and surface integrations are involved. The amplitude and phase information of this vector decomposition agrees with that of the original elastic data. Four numerical examples are used to demonstrate the superior performance of this vector decomposition algorithm. The isotropic example indicates the applicability and correctness of our scheme and the second example displays superiority in handling strong velocity contrasts. The third example exhibits mesh flexibility in dealing with complex structures, such as caves, faults, and undulating surfaces. The last example indicates the effectiveness of our developed algorithm extended to a 3D case.

A dissipation-rate reserving DG method for wave catching-up phenomena in a nonlinearly elastic composite bar

En esta tesis se presentan varias técnicas de solución para métodos de Galerkin discontinuo (DG, p.s.s.e.i.1) de alto orden. Si bien el objetivo principal es el desarrollo de técnicas precisas y computacionalmente eficientes para resolver las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes de flujo compresible en 3D por medio del método Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Method (DGSEM), todos los métodos desarrollados en esta tesis se pueden aplicar a otras ecuaciones de conservación no lineales y a otros esquemas DG. Las técnicas de solución acá presentadas pueden ser clasificadas en dos grupos: (i) las que están orientadas a acelarar la integración temporal, y (ii) las que mejoran la discretización espacial con adaptación-p local. El primer grupo de técnicas disminuye el tiempo de cálculo dada una discretización espacial con un número fijo de grados de libertad (NDOF, p.s.s.e.i.) mediante la mejora de los algoritmos de solución. Por ese motivo, se presta especial atención al desarrollo de algoritmos eficientes para integración temporal implícita y de métodos multimalla. También se detalla una metodología para obtener el Jacobiano analítico DG para ecuaciónes de advección-difusión. Además, se demuestra que la discretización implícita del DGSEM en nodos de Gauss-Lobatto puede ser resuelta eficientemente mediante el método static condensation. Lo anterior permite resolver el problema con sistemas lineales más pequeños y mejor condicionados, lo cual disminuye los tiempos de cálculo para órdenes moderados. El segundo grupo de técnicas consiste en modificar localmente la discretización espacial para reducir NDOF sin deteriorar la precisión del método. Para lograr este obetivo, en esta tesis se desarrolla un nuevo estimador de error para el método DGSEM p-anisitrópico basado en el método _-estimation, el cual es más preciso y requiere menos recursos computacionales que enfoques previos. Posteriormente, este estimador se usa con éxito para realizar adaptación-p anisotrópica en casos estacionaros y no estacionarios, y se demuestra que éste se puede acoplar con métodos multimalla para acelerar más las simulaciones. Adicionalmente, se desarrollan dos técnicas de adaptación-p para casos no estacionarios: un algoritmo dinámico y un algoritmo estático, que es computacionalmente más eficiente en algunos casos estadísticamente estacionarios. ----------ABSTRACT---------- In this thesis, we develop space and time solution techniques for high-order Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods. Even though the main focus is the accurate and computationally efficient solution of the 3D compressible Navier-Stokes equations using the Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Method (DGSEM), the methods developed here can be applied to other systems of nonlinear conservation laws and other DG methods. The solution techniques can be classified into two groups: (i) improved solution techniques for temporal discretizations, and (ii) local p-adaptation techniques that enhance the spatial discretization. The first group of techniques decreases the computational time for a given spatial discretization with a fixed number of degrees of freedom (NDOF) by improving the linear and nonlinear solver algorithms. In that regard, special attention is paid to the development of efficient implicit time-integration solvers and to multigrid methods (both explicit and implicit in time). We derive a methodology to obtain the analytical Jacobian of DG discretizations of nonlinear advectiondiffusion equations. Furthermore, we show that time-implicit DGSEM discretizations on Gauss-Lobatto points can be formulated as Schur complement problems and solved using the static-condensation method. This enables one to solve smaller, better-conditioned problems, which yields shorter computation times for moderate polynomial orders. The second group of techniques modifies the spatial discretization by reducing the NDOF while maintaining similar accuracy. To do that, we develop a novel truncation error estimator that uses the _-estimation method for the p-anisotropic DGSEM. The new method is more accurate and computationally cheaper than previous approaches. The error estimator is then successfully applied to perform local anisotropic p-adaptation for steady and unsteady flows. We show that the truncation error estimator can be readily coupled with multigrid techniques to obtain further speed-ups. Moreover, we develop two p-adaptation strategies for unsteady flows. One of them is a dynamic _-based anisotropic p-adaptation method. The other one is a static _-based anisotropic p-adaptation method, which may be computationally cheaper in statistically steady flows.

The hydraulic conductivity of a confined aquifer is estimated using the quasi-linear geostatistical approach (QLGA), based on measurements of dependent quantities such as the hydraulic head or the arrival time of a tracer. This requires the solution of the steady-state groundwater flow and solute transport equations, which are coupled by Darcy's law. The standard Galerkin finite element method (FEM) for the flow equation combined with the streamline diffusion method (SDFEM) for the transport equation is widely used in the hydrogeologists' community. This work suggests to replace the first by the two-point flux cell-centered finite volume scheme (CCFV) and the latter by the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. The convection-dominant case of solute (contaminant) transport in groundwater has always posed a special challenge to numerical schemes due to non-physical oscillations at steep fronts. The performance of the DG method is experimentally compared to the SDFEM approach with respect to numerical stability, accuracy and efficient solvability of the occurring linear systems. A novel method for the reduction of numerical under- and overshoots is presented as a very efficient alternative to local mesh refinement. The applicability and software-technical integration of the CCFV/DG combination into the large-scale inversion scheme mentioned above is realized. The high-resolution estimation of a synthetic hydraulic conductivity field in a 3-D real-world setting is simulated as a showcase on Linux high performance computing clusters. The setup in this showcase provides examples of realistic flow fields for which the solution of the convection-dominant transport problem by the streamline diffusion method fails.

<p>The complex evolution of earthquake rupture during the 2016 Central Italy sequence and the uniquely dense seismological observations provide an opportunity to better understand the processes controlling earthquake dynamics, strong ground motion, and earthquake interaction. </p><p>We here use fault initial stress and friction conditions constrained by a novel Bayesian dynamic source inversion as a starting point for high-resolution dynamic rupture scenarios. The best-fitting forward models are chosen out of ~10<sup>6</sup> highly efficient simulations restricted to a simple planar dipping fault. Such constrained, highly heterogeneous dynamic models fit strong motion data well. Utilizing the open-source SeisSol software (www.seissol.org), we then take into account non-planar (e.g., listric) fault geometries, inelastic off-fault damage rheology, free surface effects and topography which cannot be accounted for in the highly efficient dynamic source inversion. SeisSol is based on the discontinuous Galerkin method on unstructured tetrahedral meshes optimized for modern supercomputers. </p><p>We investigate the effects of including the realistic modeling ingredients on rupture dynamics and strong ground motions up to 5 Hz. Synthetic PGV mapping reveals that specifically fault listricity decreases ground motion amplitudes by  ~50 percent in the extreme near field on the foot-wall. On the hanging-wall shaking is increased by ~150 percent as a consequence of wave-focusing effects within 10 km away from the fault. Dynamic modeling thus suggests that geometrical fault complexity is important for seismic hazard assessment adjacent to dipping faults but difficult to identify by kinematic source inversions.</p>

In this final chapter we present the discontinuous Galerkin (dG) method. This method is based on finite element spaces that consist of discontinuous piecewise polynomials defined on a partition of the computational domain. Such methods are very flexible, for example, since they allow construction of more general methods and since they allow for simple adaptation. Discontinuous Galerkin methods were originally developed for first order problems and were later extended to second order problems. We cover both categories, and derive basic stability and error estimates. Due to the discontinuous nature of the finite element space additional terms in the weak form are necessary to enforce the proper continuity conditions between adjacent elements. We also consider how to handle these additional terms in the implementation of the method.

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods are a class of finite element methods that use discontinuous basis functions. This particular feature enables the use of non-conforming meshes and facilitates th...