Dynamics of Export Market Entry and Exit

A theory of entry into and exit from export markets

Rapidly growing trade literature has highlighted the importance of firm-level analysis. Building on recent empirical results, this paper examines export behaviour of Turkish manufacturing firms for the period of 1989–2010 from survival analysis perspective. This contributes to the existing empirical literature using Turkish data. Moreover, it provides additional new insight about the exporting behaviour of the firms since this is the first and unique application for the Turkish manufacturing sector. Using duration models, we found that export market entry and exit dynamics differ considerably for the Turkish manufacturing firms. Duration to become exporter is found to be shortening with size, productivity, financing and capital intensity. Domestic market profitability, on the other hand, is found to decrease export incentive which is characterized as risk-averse properties of the Turkish firms. Export market survival is found to depend mainly on size, productivity, external financing and quality production. In order to increase export market survival probability and duration, export starters have to invest for increasing their quality competition power.

This study develops new insights into the spillover effects of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) on local firms’ export market entry, using the case of Vietnam—a notable global manufacturing hub located in Southeast Asia. The empirical analysis is based on a disaggregated firm‐level panel dataset of 25,032 observations of Vietnamese food processing firms during the period 2011–2016. The food processing industry is an essential part of the country's thriving manufacturing sector, with enormous potential for exports. The random‐effects Probit estimation results suggest that the presence of foreign MNEs significantly raises the likelihood that private local firms become exporters and thereby start integrating into global value chains. Further regressions reveal that foreign presence is also linked to higher export intensity among domestic firms, and that the magnitude of the estimated spillover effects is conditional on the specific measures of foreign MNE presence, the ownership structure in local industry, and the size of local firms. The findings highlight the considerable potential for foreign MNEs to influence local firms’ export prospects and validate the policy efforts to attract foreign direct investment inflows to the examined industry.

ABSTRACTTo bridge the gap in the quality of life (QOL) and economic growth literature and understand the reinforcing effects of QOL and human capital on economic development, we examine the interactive effects of these two factors on wage growth from 2000 to 2007 at the county level across the United States. First, a Rosen–Roback model is employed to estimate implicit values of amenities including climate, clean air and other natural attributes, which are used to generate QOL indices. Second, QOL, human capital represented by the share of college graduates, and their interaction serve as key variables in the wage growth model. An instrumental variable approach and location fixed effects are used to address endogeneity of human capital and control for location-specific unobservable characteristics. Results suggest that human capital and QOL significantly contribute to economic growth and the growth effects are even larger in nonmetropolitan counties. Importantly, we find that the effect of human capital on growth is larger in high-QOL counties and QOL enhances the effect of human capital on growth. Our results provide empirical support for community development strategies through providing utility-enhancing amenities that improve QOL and retain human capital.

There have been no studies examining the effect of foreign ownership on trade credit extension, while this specific type of investor is important in a developing country with a fledgling financial market. The present study provides the first empirical evidence on the link between foreign ownership and trade receivables, using a sample of 559 nonfinancial firms listed in Vietnam from 2010 to 2021. Employing the System Generalized Method of Moments estimator, we document a positive association between foreign ownership and trade receivables, suggesting the superiority of foreign investors in terms of management skill as well as more resources to facilitate the extension of trade credit. We check the robustness via Propensity Score Matching technique and 2SLS regression, and confirm the positive effect of foreign ownership. Furthermore, examining the role of trade credit extension in two groups with higher- and lower-than-median foreign ownership, we find that as firms have more foreign ownership, they reap more benefits (higher return on assets, better price-to-book value of equity, less bad trade receivables) from trade credit supply. Finally, we document that the interaction terms between foreign ownership and other variables have negative coefficients on trade credit supply, which brings several implications for working capital management.

Research on firm internationalisation has tended to focus on Large Enterprises(LEs), with relatively less focus on Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), despite the importance of SMEs in generating national employment and economic development. In many countries the government has acknowledged SMEs as a key source of domestic income growth and employment creation, most particularly from export activities. Studies on internationalisation of SMEs, however, have been predominantly focused on developed countries. This study therefore is focused on the internationalisation of SMEs from Indonesia, which represents developing countries. Most studies of exporting SMEs focus on macroeconomic factors such as regulation, infrastructure and programs which assist SME development. On the other hand, management literature has recognised the important roles of senior managers in terms of their management know‐how and international business skills as human capital which can influence the export activity of the firm. At the same time, social capital is also recognised a further resource needed for SME internationalisation. Therefore this research will address this gap in order to examine the role of entrepreneur’s human and social capital in internationalisation of the firm. Further to this, findings on the relationship between firm internationalisation and firm performance are mixed. More specifically, the effect of internationalisation of SMEs on business performance has not been seriously investigated. This study therefore seeks to fill this gap by examining the unique effect of different dimensions of internationalisation on business performance. Overall, this study has three purposes: the first is to measure company resources (Human and Social Capital) influencing Indonesia’s manufacturing exporting SMEs in their internationalisation process; the second is to examine the effect of human and social capital in relation to three dimensions of internationalisation (international performance, number of markets and time to internationalise); and the third is to assess the effect of the aforementioned internationalisation dimensions on firm financial performance. This study used a mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data was drawn from 241 SMEs’ managers and/or owners who have exporting activities from a total of approximately 3 million SMEs based on the Indonesian government database. The qualitative data was collected through interviews with ten SMEs owner‐managers who were participating in the survey. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique, the findings suggest that Management Know‐How have no positive relationship with any dimension of internationalisation, but, interestingly, it has a negative relationship with time for internationalisation; suggesting that it delays the internationalisation of the firms. The findings also show that both International Business Skills and Social Capital skills have a positive relationship with international performance and number of exporting markets, but not with time for internationalisation. With regard to the effect of internationalisation on business performance, the findings show that international performance has no effect on business performance, but the number of export market has a positive relationship with business performance. On the other hand, the time for internalisation has a negative effect on business performance, meaning that the later the SMEs internationalise, the better their performance. Qualitative findings indicate that good networks with competitors, suppliers and government will help a firm to serve the international market successfully. From theoretical perspectives, the findings support the Resource‐Based View theory as international business skills have positive relationships with two dimensions of internationalisation. The findings of this study also support the traditional view of incremental internationalisation advanced by Stage Theory. Consequently, the findings imply that International New Venture Theory, which supports born‐global or leap‐frog approach in internationalising SMEs, is not appropriate for Indonesian context. Finally, this study also supports the Network Perspective which suggests that the relationships built by firms with other businesses, community leaders, and government have significant effect on internationalisation of SMEs. Overall, this study demonstrates the unique effect of different organisational capitals (i.e. human and social) as key resources for facilitating internationalisation.

This paper analyzes the persistence of firms’ exporting behavior in a panel of German manufacturing firms using dynamic binary choice models. We distinguish between true and spurious state dependence in exports and apply fixed effects methods that allow us to verify the robustness of our results to critical assumptions on firms’ initial export status. We find robust evidence of state dependence in the current export status of firms. We also document an important role of unobserved permanent firm heterogeneity (spurious state dependence) and quantify the relative importance of different export determinants. Our results, which are consistent with the findings of previous studies on firms in developing countries and in the United States, show the presence of important sunk costs in export market entry and a depreciation of knowledge and experience in export markets.

This paper highlights the relationship between foreign exchange rate fluctuations and firms’ export market dynamics using a Chinese firm-level production data and a firm-level trade data over the period of 2000–2006. This study adopts a discrete-time survival model in our empirical investigation and further executes several extensions and robustness checks to the baseline results. The main results of the paper can be summarized as follows: First, an exchange rate appreciation increases the likelihood of export market exit and decreases the probability of export market entry. Second, high productivity firms are less likely to exit from export markets and more likely to enter export markets in the period of exchange rate appreciation. Third, exchange rate appreciation decreases the likelihood of export market entering and increases the likelihood of export market exiting more for private-owned firms, young firms and non-eastern firms. Finally, other sources of heterogeneity, such as extensive margins, import demand elasticity, different destinations, U.S. dollar peg, and the liberalization of trading rights is also important to the effects of exchange rate changes.

The strategic human capital literature indicates the importance of human capital to work unit performance. However, we argue that human capital only aids performance when it is translated into actions beneficial to the unit. We examine a set of common human capital leveraging characteristics (including the use of extended shifts, night shifts, shift flexibility, norms for work as a priority over sleep, and norms for constant connectivity) as factors that enhance the effect of human capital on human capital utilization. We also draw from the 2-process model of sleep regulation to examine how these characteristics undermine employee sleep, and thus weaken the link between human capital and work unit performance efficiency. Overall, we propose that human capital leveraging strategies initially enhance the effect of human capital on work unit performance, but over time weaken the effect of human capital on work unit performance efficiency. Thus, strategies intended to enhance the beneficial effect of human capital on work unit performance can end up doing the opposite.

This paper uses both Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH) models in order to determine different performance levels in a sample of 353 foreign equities operating in the Greek manufacturing sector. Particularly, convex and non-convex models are used alongside with bootstrap techniques in order to determine the effect of foreign ownership on SMEs’ performance. The study illustrates how the recent developments in efficiency analysis and statistical inference can be applied when evaluating performance issues. The analysis among the foreign equities indicates that the levels of foreign ownership have a positive effect on SMEs’ performance.

Intellectual capital is a unique resource, categorized in intangible assets, so that not all companies can replicate it. Then the intellectual capital is a key resource for the company to create value added which will further creating a competitive advantage. Intellectual capital can be used as an indicator of the success of the company's financial performance. The company is able to manage and utilize the available resources, to create added value for the company so that the company's financial performance will increase. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of intellectual capital consists of Human Capital, Structural Capital and Customer Capital on the company's financial performance is measured by using the approach of return on assets (ROA). Sample is the banking industry, which is listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2008 - 2012 there were 22 companies. Data is the banking industry's financial statements in the period 2008-20012 are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Using multiple regression analysis, intellectual Capital measurement model is using a model Pulic (1998) i.e. Value Added Intellectual Co-efficiency (VAICTM) as well as elements of Human Capital Value Added (VAHU), Customer Value added Capital (VACA), and Structural Capital Value Added (STVA). The results showed, partially (1) Human Capital (HC) effect on the financial performance of +2.085 regression coefficient, that means the higher Human Capital (HC), the better the financial performance. (2) Customer Capital (CC) effect on financial performance of + 3.568 regression coefficient. It means the higher Customer Capital, the better financial performance. (3) Structure Capital (SC) effect on the financial performance of positive regression coefficient 2.064. This means that the higher the Capital Structure, the higher the company's financial performance. Simultaneously measured by the Intellectual Capital Value added efficiency (VAICTM) consists of Human Capital (HC), Customer Capital (CC) and Structure Capital (SC) significant effect on financial performance as measured by return on assets (ROA) of: ROA = 0.089 + 0.112 (HC) + 1.501 (CC) + 0.708 (SC). The Intellectual Capital component Human Capital, Customer Capital and Structural Capital affect the company's financial performance 72.20 %, while the rest is influenced by other factors.

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to examine the antecedents of the export market responsiveness of SMEs operating in emerging markets in an age of uncertainty. Based on the relational view theory and network view on firm internationalization processes, this paper also seeks the mediating role of relational capital that promotes the positive impact of the identified antecedents to export market responsiveness. Design/Methodology/Approach - This paper sets up a research model that incorporates export market orientation, knowledge learning orientation, and network orientation as the antecedents of market responsiveness. Further, the relational capital regarded as a mediator that promotes the positive relationship between market responsiveness and competitive advantages in exporting. By analyzing 134 samples of Korean SMEs operating in Vietnam in 2020, this paper tested the research model with support from PLS-SEM. Findings - This paper identified that export market orientation and network orientation affect relational capital positively, while knowledge learning orientation does not. Further, the mediating role of relational capital that promotes the positive relationship with the export market and network orientation towards export market responsiveness was identified. Research Implications - By applying the responsiveness concept to exporting SMEs and expanding the market responsiveness to the global context, this paper explored the explicit antecedents of export market responsiveness for exporting SMEs. Further, this paper identified how export market responsiveness can be enhanced in the age of uncertainty from a network perspective.

This study aims to obtain emprical evidence regarding the effect of foreign ownership, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, audit committee, board of commisioner size and leverage on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility. The company used in this research is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018-202. The method used in this research is purposive sampling and there are 49 companies and 136 data used in this research. This research uses multiple regressionn method in conducting data analysis. The result of the research stated that the variables of foreign ownership, audit committee, board of commisaries size and leverage have an influence disclosure of corporate social responsibility. While the variable of managerial ownership and intitutional ownership have no effect on disclosure of corporate social responsibility.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peringkat perusahaan berdasarkan ASEAN corporate governance scorecard, sebagai variabel pemoderasi, atas pengaruh kepemilikan asing terhadap nilai perusahaan di ASEAN. Sample penelitian terdiri dari 491 perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di pasar modal Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia tahun 2012-2013. Dengan analisis white-regression, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa peringkat 50 tertinggi ASEAN corporate governance scorecard memoderasi pengaruh kepemilikan asing terhadap nilai perusahaan. Skor tinggi ASEAN corporate governance scorecard; sebagai peningkatan hak pemegang saham, kesetaran pemegang saham, peran pemangku kepentingan, pengungkapan dan transparansi, serta tanggung jawab dewan; meningkatkan peran pemegang saham asing dalam meningkatkan nilai perusahaan. Manajemen dapat membuat kebijakan mengenai kepemilikan asing juga corporate governance yang optimal, sehingga manajemen dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan pemegang saham melalui peningkatan nilai perusahaan. Investor yang tertarik berinvestasi di luar negeri, khususnya di ASEAN, harus memperhatikan kondisi corporate governance perusahaan, sehingga kesejahteraan investor dapat meningkat. Kata Kunci: ASEAN corporate governance scorecard, kepemilikan asing, nilai perusahaan.

The capital market in Indonesia is an attractive investment destination for both domestic and foreign investors. It allows investors with excess funds to invest in various securities to obtain returns. However, volatility is a risk factor in investing, prompting investors to monitor volatility levels to make informed decisions. This study seeks to examine the impact of independent variables, particularly foreign ownership, in conjunction with control variables including company size, leverage, book to market ratio, and turnover on stock return volatility. The sample comprises 33 mining industry businesses listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2023, harnessing secondary quantitative data. The study utilizes panel data regression analysis. The data was analyzed using Eviews software. The results demonstrate that foreign ownership and leverage exert a modest negative influence on stock return volatility, as does the book to market ratio. In contrast, business size and turnover positively enhance stock return volatility, with turnover exerting the most substantial influence. Investors will allocate their assets to a huge enterprise. The turnover variable exerts the most significant impact on stock return volatility. This is because investors typically examine patterns in a company's turnover rate while trading shares in the capital market.