E-Assessment Systems and Online Learning with Adaptive Testing

The Covid-19 widespread has given a modern measurement where learning can still be carried out without understudies’ assembly their teaches face-to-face. However, an issue that need special attention is student’s engagement during online teaching and learning process. The objective of this review is to inspect online learning tools that have been used in various high-level institutions or even in schools. In addition, the purpose of this review is to give instructors some suggestions of online learning tools that can be applied to help students engage with their learning. The study also offers some definition term on online learning, online learning resources, platforms, and tools being applied by researchers in various fields that suits the online learning environment.

The Covid-19 (acronym for the coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic has signalled significance for online teaching and learning in higher education institutions (HEIs) both locally and internationally. This article reports on an empirically approved study that aimed to assess students’ digital readiness for online learning at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa. The article presents the main areas examined to assess intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing students’ online readiness with respect to their technical requirements; engagement with learning tools and resources; digital readiness; and satisfaction with the Moodle (acronym for Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) online learning tool. Understanding students’ online learning readiness was deemed necessary for assisting UKZN in understanding such interventions and making improvements. The study drew on 400 students’ responses to a descriptive research design questionnaire to collect data from convenience-based purposive sampling. The constructs under study were measured for reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. The results indicated that most of the students used laptops to access learning resources, followed by smartphones. Technically, the students did not express difficulties with reliable electricity supply access and university data packages, but the noted deficiencies of network coverage, internet connectivity and provision of specialised software. While the students seemed ready to engage learning tools, nevertheless improvements could be made in participating in discussion forums and working in groups. Moodle received strong support, particularly for its continuous availability and flexibility. Interestingly, the study showed that the students were digitally ready for online learning, barring some improvement areas for readiness, although wider perspectives in tracking online learning are envisaged.

This study investigated the antecedents of student engagement in online learning and the consequent impact on higher education students’ satisfaction with online learning. More specifically, a structural model was proposed to examine students’ perceptions of adaptability, interactivity, computer/ Internet self-efficacy and psychological safety as key factors impacting their engagement with online learning tools and satisfaction with the online learning experience. A self-administered online survey was conducted with 539 undergraduate students in China, Australia, and South Korea. Structural equation modelling and multigroup analysis were used to test the study’s hypotheses. The findings indicated that the proposed four antecedents significantly impacted their engagement with online learning tools, influencing their overall satisfaction with the online learning experience. In addition, this study found significant differences between the relationships of the four antecedents of engagement with online learning tools among students in China, Australia, and South Korea, influencing their satisfaction with the online learning experience. The study concludes with theoretical and practical implications informing future institutional practices.

In the last 10 years we have provided an interactive online course on Computer Architecture and Organization, which uses Online Learning and Interactive e-Assessment technology to support easier learning. The technology enabled an interactive environment which, checks student's knowledge and enables continuation to the next learning environment based on decision making criteria to check if sufficient knowledge is acquired by the student for a given learning objective. The system works in such a way, that the decision is made based on three correct answers in a row for questions set in a given area. Our experience shows that establishing interactive environment for online learning helps the students to gain knowledge and skills more easily, and improves the overall understanding and knowledge discovery and construction for the given course.

Online learning is one of the efforts made by the government in the education sector to prevent the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of the application of online learning to science lessons in biology material during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research method is descriptive. The results showed that the implementation of online learning of Biology Science material class VIII MTs in Gorontalo City in the teacher aspect included strong criteria as seen from 5 indicators, namely online learning tools, online learning processes, student participation in online learning, online practicum implementation and the assessment process. The implementation of online learning on the material of Biology Science class VIII MTs in Gorontalo City on student aspects includes strong criteria as can be seen from 4 indicators, namely the online learning process, student participation in online learning, implementation of online practicum and increasing creativity. Thus, it can be concluded that the implementation of online learning of biology science material class VIII MTs in Gorontalo City is a strong criterion.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a focus on reforming teaching, learning models and strategies, particularly in online teaching and learning tools. Based on the social cognitive career theory and the constructivist learning theory, the purpose of this study was to understand and explore the learning preference and experience of students’ online courses during the COVID-19 pandemic and the management after the COVID-19 pandemic from the students’ perspective. The study was guided by the following two research questions: (1) After the COVID-19 pandemic, why do the students want to continue their foreign language courses via an online platform and model? What are the motivations and reasons? (2) How would the students describe their experience of a foreign language course via an online platform and model? With the general inductive approach and sharing from 80 participants, the participants indicated that flexibilities and convenience, same outcomes and learning rigorousness, and interactive experiences with classmates from different parts of the world were the three main key points. The results of this study may provide recommendations to university leaders, department heads, and teachers to reform and upgrade their online teaching curriculum and course delivery options after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Through inductive thematic analysis of focus group data conducted during the Spring 2020, Fall 2020, and Spring 2021 semesters within courses focused on the Latinx community, this study illustrates the challenging impacts of COVID-19 and online learning on Latinx students at a predominately White institution during the pandemic. It underscores their concerns regarding access to essential educational resources, especially online learning tools, mental health support, and building connections with peers and the campus community. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the Latinx student experience to inform educational policies and pedagogical practices, particularly in the context of post-pandemic online and remote learning, aiming to address their unique challenges effectively.

Online learning practices during the Covid-19 pandemic were completely carried out without being accompanied by face-to-face activities. This condition forces lecturers and students to adapt to new learning approaches by implementing online learning (e-learning). The research aims to develop a practical framework for Blended Learning (BL) implementation from best-practices and the concept of the flipped classroom (FC). The research method used is the ADDIE method (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). The research stage began with a survey of online learning service experiences had been using various online learning tools. The results of the inventory of best practices in online learning were used to compile the BL framework and integrate it with the FC framework as an alternative to vocational learning scenarios. The scenario of the BL framework was validated by the FGD technique. A vocational learning scenario called flipped training (FT) is applied in Online Classroom Management Training activities. The principle of implementing FT in online vocational learning begins with implementing project-based learning packaged in worksheets, class projects are presented in the LMS room and guided by video tutorials. After asynchronous delivery of project content, virtual face-to-face activities are carried out for confirmation and discussion of project execution preparation. At the end of the virtual face-to-face session, class participants were tested cognitively to ensure readiness for project execution. Production results are presented in video format, evaluated, and assessed on a rubric basis.

The perceived contribution of science education online course to pre-service students (N=121) from diverse backgrounds students with learning disabilities (25 LD students), 28 excellent students and 68 average students is presented in this five years research. During the online course students were asked to choose a scientific subject; to map it and to plan teaching activities; to carry out the proposed activities with students in a classroom experience; and to reflect the process. The assumption was that adapting the online course by using information and communication technology following formative assessment will improve students' self-learning ability as well as broaden their science knowledge, their lab performance and teaching skills. Data were collected using quantitative and qualitative tools including: pre and post questionnaires and nine (three students from each group) depth interviews upon completion of the course. Findings, based on students` perceived evaluation, pinpointed on the advantages of the online course for students of the three groups. LD students’ achievements were not inferior to those of their peers, excellent students and average students. Yet, it carefully reports on a slight but explicitly marginal perceived evaluation of the LD students in comparison to excellent students and average students regarding: forum participation, authentic task and water lab performance. The article discusses the affordance of the online course via additional features that can be grouped into two categories: knowledge construction and flexibility in time, interaction and knowledge. Further research is suggested to extend the current study by examine the effect of other courses and different contents and by considering various evaluation methods of online courses, such as: observation, the think aloud, text and tasks analysis, and reflection.

I. Introduction Online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic has become an issue in Indonesia (Supena et.al., 2021). The issue of online learning has also developed into an international issue that is a necessity and necessity during the Covid-19 pandemic (Fernandez, 2021; Thapa et.al., 2020; Murphy, 2020; Demuyakor (2020).). Based on the policy of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia through Circular Letter No. 4 of 2020 regarding the Implementation of Education Policies during the emergency period of the spread of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19), namely using online learning. In the process of adapting new learning habits during the Covid-19 pandemic, one of the things that is necessary for the adaptation process in learning is the existence of teaching materials and online learning tools that use attractive and easily accessible media for students. As a solution to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, educators are required to design learning devices and media as innovations by utilizing online learning tools and media.

Online learning has been helping students to access education in difficult situation, especially during the pandemic. Online learning readiness could be described through three dimensions: preference, beliefs and competence, and self-directed learning. The aim of the current study was to investigate the online learning readiness of junior-high-school students using the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS). Specifically, the study examined whether there was a difference in terms of online learning readiness between eighth-grader female and male students. A sample of 116 8th graders (52 females and 64 males) from a private madrasah school in North Jakarta were used as participants in the study. The results show that most of the students were moderately ready for online learning. Based on a simple independent samples t-test, the results did not establish a statistically significant difference in online learning readiness between male students and female students. The results of the analysis showed that online learning readiness seemed to be more significantly affected by self-directed learning and computer self-efficacy, which had higher mean scores. We recommend, therefore, that online learning readiness may work well by paying attention to the intrinsic motivation of learners and access to the internet, as well as online learning tools.

This study presents the pedagogical advantages of online instructional delivery technique in optimizing classroom instruction. Using the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design of the Pre-experimental Designs to 43 senior Bachelor of Elementary Education students, the following are forwarded: the respondents were social butterflies; the respondents were generally satisfied with the integrated online learning sessions in their classroom activities; all of the respondents vouched that the embedded online learning tools in their classroom learning were very advantageous; students’ successes in using online learning tools were found dependent to their indulgence and prior experiences in online learning; and much of the respondents said that they benefited from their online learning experiences.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made online learning as a common instructional delivery today. Since various methods, approaches, and technologies are involved, it is important to understand students’ perceptions for taking further decision in teaching. The current research aimed to investigate Indonesian students’ perceptions of the implementation of bichronous online learning along with the challenges in the level of higher education. Bichronous online learning refers to the blending between asynchronous and synchronous online learning. In this study, asynchronous learning was carried out through Edmodo while the synchronous mode was implemented via Zoom. The participants were 57 first-year university students who experienced full bichronous online learning in the English for Specific Purposes class. This research applied explanatory sequential mixed-methods as suggested by Creswell (2014). The quantitative data were obtained by Likert-scale questionnaires while the qualitative data were acquired through interviews and observations. The results indicated that students had positive perceptions of bichronous online learning in terms of motivations, academic achievement, and communication and interactions. Bichronous online learning promoted students’ engagement, active interaction, and feedback exchange which highly contributed to their learning outcome. However, technical issues such as poor internet connection and limited data plan were the biggest challenges faced by the students. It is expected that educators can adjust which online learning tools are convenient to use and cater to students’ needs.

This study investigates how students in a distance-learning upperlevel accounting course perceive the effectiveness of different online teaching and learning (OTL) tools that are commonly used in business courses taught online. This topic is of critical importance, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic has pushed more courses to be OTL. A midsemester anonymous survey in an Accounting course at a public US university was conducted to measure students’ perceptions about different OTL course tools. Students were asked to provide their general assessment about how effective these tools were and how they believe these tools helped them learn. Analyses and discussions of the effectiveness of different tools and their link to earlier literature and how instructors can utilise the results of the OTL survey are presented.

At the present stage of higher education development, computer-assisted learning has great potential in terms of improving the student’s assimilation of knowledge. This study deals with the issue of improving the quality of distance learning through the use of computer adaptive testing. The main idea of adaptive testing is to fit the level of the test difficulty to the level of preparedness of the student and to provide him with the opportunity to fill the knowledge gaps. The adaptive testing with feedback described in this study helps to improve the quality of knowledge even in the conditions of distance learning. The effectiveness of the proposed type of adaptive testing is determined not only by the fact that it measures the level of the student’s knowledge, but also allows to determine if the errors were accidental or non-accidental. When identifying non-accidental errors, the student receives feedback in the form of links to explanations and rules. The effectiveness of the adaptive testing process is ensured by observing the principles of controllability, differentiation and individualization of testing. The authors consider adaptive testing as a two-way process, the result of which is not only the qualitative assimilation of knowledge but also the development and improvement of students’ skills to learn independently.