E-Office Software to Promote Paperless Working Environment

The idea that every human being has the right to a clean and healthy environment has captivated the imagination of people worldwide. Is this the case with environmental human rights? The United Nations Charter (1945), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), and the two human rights covenants - The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (both were adopted in 1966 and entered into force in 1977) omit any reference to whether being human encompasses such a right. Socioeconomic and cultural rights include the rights to dignity, education, health, food, water, sick leave, family leave, and employment, while the right to a healthy environment presents a boundary between these and various other rights. In an attempt to address this issue, the authors first analyze the meaning of the right to environmental protection. They specifically scrutinize the outcomes of the European Climate Conference regarding the scientific contributions to climate change transformations on the European continent, held on May 15th and 16th, 2023, in Warsaw. Additionally, the paper presents insights into climate change and the victimization of citizens, along with the risks of victimization associated with these changes. Building on the discussion, special attention is directed towards the issue of the relationship between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). To achieve an adequate standardization and regulation level, urgent preventive measures are proposed to address victimization in the context of climate change in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the aim of ensuring the right of all citizens to live in a safe, clean, healthy, and sustainable environment.

The environment is a crucial and fundamental component for all life on earth. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution recognizes the right to live in a pollution-free environment and as a result, numerous laws have been passed with the aim of ensuring that everyone has access to a clean and healthy environment. Judiciary has played a major role in the formation and protection of various environmental policies. The question of whether the right to a clean and healthy environment (part of Article 21) was examined in the case of Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991 AIR 420) in which it was held that this right is part of Article 21. All life on earth depends on air, water, and land as essential components. It is believed that a healthy atmosphere promotes good health. Therefore, The United Nations declares that everyone has the right to a clean and healthy environment. According to the World bank-2022 report, India placed 168 out of 180 in the environment performance index, which is measured on multiple indicators such as environment, health, climate, air pollution, and sanitation. The development of any country is dependent on the country's utilization of resources in a sustainable manner. We require a pollution-free environment to live a good life. Only fresh air to breathe, pure water to drink, and other fundamental necessities will keep a person healthy. Individuals and groups have not only the right but also the obligation to conserve and improve the environment. This research paper attempts to analyze the problems with respect to clean and healthy environment and its impact on human health. Keywords Indian Constitution, Environment, Human health, Government Policies

This article argues that the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment preserves the one-dimensional nature of industrial society, where capitalism serves as both the backdrop and the ultimate goal, as critiqued in Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man. Marcuse's work dissects late industrial society, identifying two forces that sustain capitalism: ‘positivism', the reduction of thought to observable phenomena while ignoring the systemic forces at play; and ‘containment', the system's capacity to absorb external challenges by reducing them to the terms of its own logic. The article contends that this new right is one-dimensional, that is, coextensive with the status quo, for two reasons. First, it embodies positivism by focusing on environmental degradation as an isolated issue, diverting attention from its structural causes. Second, it employs a containment strategy through the unnecessary inclusion of ‘sustainable’ as a legal qualifier, which acts as a Trojan horse embedding capitalism as the system to uphold. Therefore, the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment is incapable of yielding a reality different from the one that existed before its adoption.

Studies of soils in Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs) are of great importance, because they are an essential component of ecosystems, directly interfering in environmental sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural quality of soil cultivated with coffee and used as pasture in the Capituva's River microbasin, which is located in the Environmental Protection Area in Coqueiral, south of the state of Minas Gerais. Uniaxial compression test (preconsolidation test) and soil resistance to penetration were used. Undisturbed samples were taken from the surface layer (0-5 cm) of the soils in the area: a typic dystrophic Red Latosol (LVd - Oxisol), a typic eutrophic Red Argisol (PVe - Ultisol), and a typic dystrophic Haplic Cambisol (CXbd - Inceptisol). A significant linear positive correlation was observed between the results of the preconsolidation test and soil resistance to penetration. Load bearing capacity of soil could be estimated accordingly by means of penetration resistance for LVd, PVe, and CXbd. Cambisol - CXbd showed lower loading support capacity and resistance to penetration than LVd and PVe, due to the better crop management in this soil that resulted in higher physical quality which accounts for higher production and environmental sustainability.

Starting Now: Implementing the Healthy Work Environment Standards Is More Important Than Ever

The reconceptualisation of the right to a clean and healthy environment as a standalone fundamental human right represents a seismic shift in international and domestic jurisprudence, reframing ecological imperatives as non-negotiable entitlements integral to human dignity. This comprehensive analytical study traces the doctrinal metamorphosis—from Stockholm 1972's nascent linkages through UNHRC Resolution 48/13 (2021), UNGA 76/300 (2022), and the ICJ's transformative 2024 advisory opinion—juxtaposed against constitutional evolutions, with India's Article 21 serving as paradigmatic. Grounded in 2026 data—9.4 million pollution deaths (Lancet), 95 million climate-displaced (UNHCR), IPBES's 1 million species extinction forecast—the paper elucidates environmental rights' indivisibility from first-, second-, and third-generation entitlements. Employing doctrinal, comparative, and empirical methodologies, it dissects seminal jurisprudence (Subhash Kumar , KlimaSeniorinnen ), institutional architectures (NGT, ECtHR), and enforcement pathologies (71% unimplemented NGT orders [CAG 2025]). Objectives encompass conceptual reconstruction, global-national dialectics, efficacy audits, impediment typologies, and prescriptive architectures. Critical findings expose aspirational affirmations undermined by implementation chasms, corporate impunity, North-South inequities, and anthropocentric legacies. The analysis advocates ecocentric constitutionalism, transnational rights litigation, just transition imperatives, and AI-enhanced monitoring. By bridging normative ambition with remedial realism, this reconceptualisation charts pathways operationalising clean environments as lived human rights amid polycrisis—biodiversity collapse, 1.2°C breach, sixth extinction—securing intergenerational justice. Keywords: environmental human rights, clean environment entitlement, Article 21 expansion, climate justice litigation, sustainable development rights, judicial ecocentrism

A human rights-based approach to marine carbon dioxide removal governance

Environmental issues have become a global concern, including in Indonesia. One of the critical issues is the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment, which is recognized as part of human rights under the Indonesian legal system. This right is explicitly stated in Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution and further reinforced by Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. However, in practice, the implementation of this right faces various challenges, including weak law enforcement, environmental degradation due to industrial activities, and the criminalization of environmental defenders. This research to analyze the legal standing of the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment within Indonesia's legal system and to emphasize its recognition as a justiciable legal right. The research uses a normative legal method with a literature-based approach by exploring legal sources relevant to the issue. The findings indicate that the government has made efforts to fulfill this right through public education and the formulation of legal instruments. Nevertheless, these efforts remain insufficient to provide comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen normative and institutional aspects and to enhance public participation to ensure the fulfillment of environmental rights as enforceable legal rights. Additionally, the formulation of supplementary regulations is necessary to reinforce existing laws and ensure environmental sustainability for future generations.

This paper examines the implementation of the community partnership program activities of the IST AKPRIND team in SD Muhammadiyah Pandes. One of the PKM activities is the greening program of the school environment. This goal is an effort to create an environmentally sound school. Current environmental issues are a serious problem that must be realized and must be delivered from the beginning to the younger generation, especially elementary students. A clean school environment is one element that must be developed and maintained continuously. In order for a comfortable education process it needs to be balanced with a healthy and clean environment. The implementation of PKM activities begins with a comparative study to partner locations and conducts surveys on school environment issues and the needs needed by schools, especially regarding environmental greening activities. PKM activities include reforesting the school environment as well as socializing the importance of a healthy environment and environmental issues for elementary school students. Activities involving students were provided with assistance in introducing environmental activities such as with coloring competitions with themes for students in grades 1 and 2, class hygiene competitions, installation of environment-themed posters. The results of the PkM activities are expected to make the school atmosphere more beautiful and students better understand the importance of cleanliness and maintenance of a beautiful and healthy school environment.

The Human Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment in Climate Change Litigation

States around the world are progressively protecting environmental rights. The Constitution of Kenya 2010 provides for environmental rights under Articles 42, 69 and 70. However, this study argues that there is need to reconceptualise the right to a clean and healthy environment as established under Article 42, as the right is geared towards human utility rather than intrinsic environmental protection. Thus, the right is shrouded with anthropocentric concerns which may be construed as insufficient in the protection of natural resources, ecosystems and other non-human species for their ecological and intrinsic value. Accordingly, the study examines the right to a clean and healthy environment as envisaged in the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and, from that context, assesses the efficacy of anthropocentric environmental rights in environmental conservation highlighting the potential challenges faced in their implementation. As a way forward, the study recommends bicentric environmental rights as an alternative to anthropocentric environmental rights. The study realises its objectives through the use of case law and literature review.

Intensive care units are stressful environments and can bring negative psychological outcomes among critical care nurses. The aim of the present study is to describe critical care nurses’ characteristics and perceptions of health in relation to sex, and also provide their description of a healthy and sustainable work environment in intensive care units using a person-centred practice framework. A cross-sectional design was employed with 136 participants who responded to a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis were used. Regardless of sex, critical care nurses perceived their current health to be significantly lower than their health before the COVID-19 pandemic. They described effective staff relationships and a supportive organization as being essential for a healthy and sustainable work environment. Critical care nurses have recovered to their perceived pre-pandemic health to some degree. Well-functioning teams and a supportive organizational system might nurture a healthy and sustainable work environment.

Psycho-physiological restoration with audio-visual interactions through virtual reality simulations of soundscape and landscape experiences in urban, waterfront, and green environments

This paper examines the interdependence between the right to health and the right to a healthy environment as emerging cornerstones of contemporary international human rights law. It argues that the realization of the right to the highest attainable standard of health is inseparable from the guarantee of a clean, safe, and sustainable environment. Particular emphasis is placed on the normative controversies surrounding their legal nature: the right to health as a subjective, enforceable entitlement, and the right to a healthy environment as a predominantly collective and objective right, often framed as a state duty. The paper highlights the growing convergence of these rights in international practice, especially following the 2022 United Nations General Assembly resolution recognizing the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment. The analysis further explores the challenges of implementation, including political resistance, weak institutional capacities, and tensions between economic development and ecological sustainability. The studies from the Western Balkans illustrate the gap between constitutional recognition and judicial enforcement, while comparative insights from Europe and Latin America reveal evolving models of constitutional environmentalism. The paper concludes that effective protection of both rights requires constitutional reforms, legislative precision, judicial empowerment, and robust mechanisms of access to justice. By adopting an integrated approach that combines anthropocentric and ecocentric perspectives, the right to health and the right to a healthy environment can be transformed into mutually reinforcing guarantees that safeguard human dignity, sustainability, and intergenerational equity.

The growing levels of industrialization, urbanization and environmental degradation have resulted in the fact that environmental protection has become one of the most important legal and policy challenges in contemporary India. The development of the Indian environmental law and policy can be seen as one of those changes that have been getting gradually transformed into ecological ethics to a legal and institutional framework oriented on the concept of sustainable development. Traditionally, the Indian civilization valued the role and balance of nature, which were manifested in ancient literature and social life where natural resources of land, water, air, and forest were sacred and vital to the existence of a man. The notion of environmental protection was exercised in the form of moral and religious obligations with overlay on the balance between human and nature. The contemporary history of environmental law in India however gained momentum in the second half of the twentieth century especially following the United Nations Conference on the human environment in Stockholm in 1972 as far as the international importance of environmental protection was raised and the linkage between development and environmental conservation was made. This foreign program affected India to have a more systematic approach to the law and policy of managing the environment. The environmental governance in India was influenced by a number of international conventions, declarations and agreements over the times like the Rio conference (1992), Kyoto Protocol (1997), and other global environmental efforts that promoted the incorporation of sustainable development principles into the national policies. On the national level, India has formulated a well-thought policy framework to resolve the environmental problems on both legislative and institutional levels and policy decisions. The National Forest Policy (1988), Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution (1992), National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development (1992) and the National Environment Policy (2006) are important policy instruments. These policies are targeted to protect the environment, to reduce pollution and to maintain the sustainable management of the natural resources and economic development along with preservation of the environment. The National Environment Policy, 2006 specifically is a major stride in mainstreaming the environment issue in all developmental undertaking and enhancing the regulation reform and governance structures. The environmental legal system of India is also enhanced by the provisions of the constitution that places responsibilities on both the state and the citizens to preserve and even enhance the environment like Articles 48A and 51A(g). There are also pioneering legislations such as the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, which are the center of the environmental regulatory regime in India. These laws and judicial activism and litigation on public interest have played a larger role in the implementation of environmental rights and the establishment of the right to clean and healthy environment as a fundamental right to life as provided by Article 21 of the Constitution. Although these have happened, there are still a number of issues that remain in the successful enforcement of environmental laws and policies. The problem of rapid industrialization, population increase, urban pollution and poor enforcement mechanisms remain a threat towards environmental sustainability. Thus, a critical analysis of environmental law and policy framework in India indicates that there should be better institutional coordination, involvement of the people, and enforcement of stricter regulations to attain sustainable development. To sum up, the development of environmental law and policy in India is a dynamic process that is predetermined by the historical traditions, the global environmental movements, constitutional requirements, and the national policy practices. An integrated and broad approach that will ensure ecological conservation and social-economic development is still the key point in overcoming the modern environmental issues and providing environmental justice that will be an inseparable part of the current and future generations.