‘Earth–ionosphere’ mode controlled source electromagnetic method

Electromagnetic (EM) field is often referred to diffusion (quasi-static assumption) that displacement currents are neglected during data processing in geophysical application, while the ratio of conduct currents to displacement currents is higher than 10, that is ,we think EM field is diffusion dominated and wave dominate for the ratio less than 0.1. Our simulating with Horizontal Electric Dipole Field indicated that frequency range of wave dominated is that the ratio is less than 0.007, the magnitude curves of EM component and impedance referring to diffusion and wave are different from those of diffusion. And in transform zone () the curves are different from those of wave and diffusion.

The wireless electromagnetic method (WEM) can be used to detect resources at the distances of up to 10 km underground, monitor and forecast earthquakes and fires, and study ionosphere and space weather. Based on the extremely low frequency (ELF) provided by a high-power artificial source, WEM has the advantages of strong anti-interference ability, stable signal, small measurement error, large transmitting dipole moment, and wide signal coverage. To apply the WEM to geophysical electromagnetic exploration and improve the reliability of calculation results, we study the analytical solution of the electromagnetic field in a spherical multilayer “earth–ionosphere” model, considering the displacement current in the air layer and the polarization and conductivity of the underground medium. We used Pade approximation to accelerate the numerical convergence and compare with the previous analytical and numerical results to verify the accuracy of our method. The characteristics of electromagnetic fields in different frequencies of the “earth–ionosphere” three-layer model excited by a vertical electric dipole and the influence of the earth’s conductivity on electromagnetic fields are simulated. The reasonable range of air conductivity is discussed, providing a basis for other numerical calculation methods. In contrast to the conventional electromagnetic detection methods, the electromagnetic field will vibrate in the ELF range. With decreasing underground conductivity, the electromagnetic field at the surface will gradually weaken, and the resonance phenomenon will gradually disappear, indicating that this method can be applied for the detection of underground conductivity and will further improve the detection accuracy of WEM.

Linear source CSAMT response simulation in the 2D anisotropic formation with topography

It has been reported that electromagnetic (EM) fields induce stress proteins in vitro. These proteins have been shown to be important in recovery from ischemia/reperfusion. It was, therefore, hypothesized that EM fields could activate stress responses in vivo and protect myocardial tissue during anoxia. Chick embryos were exposed to 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10- microT and 60-Hz EM fields for 20 minutes followed by a 1-hour rest period before placement in an anoxic chamber. Embryos were reoxygenated when survival of controls dropped to <40%, and final observations were made 30 minutes later. Data from 80 experiments (>500 EM field-exposed embryos) indicated that EM field protection was extremely significant (P<0.0001). Survival rates were 39.6% in controls and 68.7% in field-exposed embryos. In a second set of experiments, embryos were exposed for 20 minutes to several pretreatments: (1) hyperthermia (43 degreesC), (2) 60-Hz, 8- microT EM fields, or (3) 60-Hz, 8- microT EM fields plus a random EM noise field (8 microT). Embryo survival was 37.7% (control), 57.6% (heated), 69% (60-Hz EM field only), and 41.5% (60-Hz EM field plus EM noise). To confirm that heating resulting from field exposures did not occur, thermocouples were placed into several eggs at the site of the embryo during exposure; no increase in temperature was noted. We conclude that athermal EM field exposures induce stress responses that protect chick embryo myocardium from anoxia damage. These results suggest that EM field exposures may be a useful, noninvasive means of minimizing myocardial damage during surgery, transplantation, or heart attack in humans.

An analysis was made as to the usage of geological-geophysical methods for studying of low-amplitude tectonic dislocations in coal-enclosing massifs. As a result of geophysical researches conducted at coal fields, mine fields and mine workings of the Lviv-Volyn Coal Basin, the methods of field observations by means of natural electromagnetic and electric fields were worked and their results were processed for prediction and diagnostics of tectonic dislocations with a break of continuity and zones of unstressed state. To raise the efficiency of the methods of electromagnetic fields it is recommended to carry out measurements at wide frequency range (from 5 to 50 hz) with orientation of the antenna according to the world sides (azimuthal surveying) and at narrow frequency range (5; 12.5; 17 khz) with the southern orientation of the antenna (frequency sensing). According to azimuthal surveying one can calculate the vector of maximum intensity of electromagnetic radiation. It was ascertained that over distinctive dislocation one can observe the variation in the direction and absolute value of vectors. Displacement of the anomaly of electromagnetic radiation intensity at different frequency range by profile indicates the direction of dipping of the area of displacement of dislocations with a break of continuity. The method of natural electromagnetic impulse field of the Earth fixes both the dislocations, distinguishes by geological-geophysical methods before, and new low-amplitude dislocations and stressed zones.Tectonic dislocations, that are displayed only in Paleozoic deposits, are distinguished by contrast anomalies of electromagnetic radiation in electromagnetic field, but dislocations with a break of continuity that cut the Mesozoic thickness and in most cases are accompanied by zones of rock fracturing in the Cretaceous deposits: by wide destructive anomalies. Plots over worked-out lavas with stressed deformational state are characterized by strongly differential abnormal values of the intensity of natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth. The method of natural electric field allows us to detect zones with water-bearing fracturing rocks in the upper part of the geological section. Methods of natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth and natural electric field may be used both independently and in the complex with other geophysical methods for detection and tracing of tectonic dislocations and dynamically-unstressed zones. Thus, the optimum apparatus-methodical complex for detection and diagnostics of low-amplitude dislocations with a break of continuity of coal-enclosing series by electromagnetic methods (NIEMF, NEF) was formed and effective methods of field observations, processinf and interpretation of data were developed.

A numerical solution for the frequency domain electromagnetic response of a two-dimensional (2-D) conductivity structure to excitation by a three-dimensional (3-D) current source has been developed. The fields are Fourier transformed in the invariant conductivity direction and then expressed in a variational form. At each of a set of discrete spatial wavenumbers a finite-element method is used to obtain a solution for the secondary electromagnetic fields. The finite element uses exponential elements to efficiently model the fields in the far-field. In combination with an iterative solution for the along-strike electromagnetic fields, this produces a considerable reduction in computation costs. The numerical solutions for a horizontal electric dipole are computed and shown to agree with closed form expressions and to converge with respect to the parameterization. Finally some simple examples of the electromagnetic fields produced by horizontal electric dipole sources at both the seafloor and air-earth interface are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the code.

The mapping of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes is important to predict process behavior and to be able to exhibit some control of the process for maximizing the stimulation of oil reservoirs. The controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) electromagnetic geophysical technique shows promise for mapping steamfloods and firefloods. Two field trials were conducted, one at a steamflood tar sand oil recovery experiment and one at a fireflood heavy oil recovery process. An initial report of the results was given previously. In this paper, an analysis will be given of the CSAMT results for the two floods along with a comparison with production and post-test results. The result of this work is that the CSAMT technique is a viable technique for mapping these thermal EOR processes. In addition, a discussion of mathematical modeling will be given.

Where is consciousness? Neurobiological theories of consciousness look primarily to synaptic firing and "spike codes" as the physical substrate of consciousness, although the specific mechanisms of consciousness remain unknown. Synaptic firing results from electrochemical processes in neuron axons and dendrites. All neurons also produce electromagnetic (EM) fields due to various mechanisms, including the electric potential created by transmembrane ion flows, known as "local field potentials," but there are also more meso-scale and macro-scale EM fields present in the brain. The functional role of these EM fields has long been a source of debate. We suggest that these fields, in both their local and global forms, may be the primary seat of consciousness, working as a gestalt with synaptic firing and other aspects of neuroanatomy to produce the marvelous complexity of minds. We call this assertion the "electromagnetic field hypothesis." The neuroanatomy of the brain produces the local and global EM fields but these fields are not identical with the anatomy of the brain. These fields are produced by, but not identical with, the brain, in the same manner that twigs and leaves are produced by a tree's branches and trunk but are not the same as the branches and trunk. As such, the EM fields represent the more granular, both spatially and temporally, aspects of the brain's structure and functioning than the neuroanatomy of the brain. The brain's various EM fields seem to be more sensitive to small changes than the neuroanatomy of the brain. We discuss issues with the spike code approach as well as the various lines of evidence supporting our argument that the brain's EM fields may be the primary seat of consciousness. This evidence (which occupies most of the paper) suggests that oscillating neural EM fields may make firing in neural circuits oscillate, and these oscillating circuits may help unify and guide conscious cognition.

Machine learning-based electro-magnetic field guided localization technique for autonomous underwater vehicle homing

The significance of studies of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on living cells is explained using a number of different examples. These clearly show how exposure of living cells to EMFs cause physical stresses and biological effects. Recent studies concerning effects of EMFs on cell signaling and gene expression are reviewed, but it is stressed that the question of the actual mechanisms of the interaction between these EMFs and living systems remains largely unknown, necessitating further investigation. The role of biophoton emission in studying the endogenous EM (electromagnetic) fields of living systems and the role such fields play in understanding life are discussed.

The long term disposal of radioactive waste in an underground repository requires the detailed geological evaluation of a potential site. Owing to their inherent sensitivity to the presence of fluids in rocks, electromagnetic (EM) methods have an important role in this assessment. Controlled‐source EM techniques are especially useful in strong anthropogenic noise environments such as industrial locations. However the complexity of modeling and inversion can limit the quantitative interpretation of controlled‐source EM data. A potential radioactive waste disposal site at Sellafield in Great Britain has been investigated using a variety of EM exploration techniques. Controlled‐source audio‐frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) data have given the best subsurface information in an environment that has a high level of cultural noise. One‐dimensional inversions of the Sellafield CSAMT data were found to be inadequate; 2.5-D forward modeling and inversion were used to interpret the data. The resulting resistivity models show good agreement with well log data collected at the site. These resistivity models show the presence of a large zone of hypersaline groundwater extending 1 km inland towards the potential repository and indicate the effect of faults on the hydrogeology.

Delineating leachate-groundwater interaction at Gyadi-Gyadi dumpsite, Kano, using natural electromagnetic (EM) field detector and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

The electrically resistive epidermis, the outermost layer of skin tissues, can substantially distort the electromagnetic (EM) field of microwave sensors, limiting the depth of penetration into the body. To address this issue, a geometrically modified microstrip transmission line (<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL) is structured, designed to minimize EM field distortion upon contact with skin tissues. This novel structured <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL (S<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL) enhances the performance of conventional <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TLs (C<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TLs) and microwave C<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL resonators. The S<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL’s design involves inverting the ratio of the C<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL length and the ground region underneath it, creating a vertical inversion that introduces a consistent phase shift positively correlated with the inversion ratio. This added phase shift alters the reflected phase of the C<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL. Furthermore, the polarization direction of the EM field in the S<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL changes. This research study explores the application of the S<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL within a C<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL resonator sensor, demonstrating that the structured design allows for greater control over the intensity of EM field interactions with the surrounding medium. By facilitating stronger EM field interactions, the S<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL sensor exhibits improved shape factor (SF) and sensitivity. Experimentation confirms that the EM field of the S<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL-based sensor penetrates deeper into turkey skin tissue compared to that of the conventional C<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>TL sensors, highlighting its potential for more effective EM field penetration and performance in sensor applications.

Deep underground laboratories offer advantages for conducting high-precision observations of weak geophysical signals, benefiting from a low background noise level. Enhancing strong, noisy ground electromagnetic (EM) field data using synchronously recorded underground EM signals, which typically exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio, is both valuable and feasible. In this study, we propose an EM field reconstruction method employing a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network with referenced deep underground EM observations. Initially, a deep learning model was developed to capture the time-varying features of underground multi-component EM fields using the LSTM recurrent neural network. Subsequently, this model was applied to process synchronously observed strong, noisy data from other conventional observation systems, such as those at the surface, to achieve noise suppression through signal reconstructions. Both the theoretical analysis and the practical observational data suggest that the proposed method effectively suppresses noise and reconstructs clean EM signals. This method is efficient and time-saving, representing an effective approach to fully utilizing the advantages of deep underground observation data. Furthermore, this method could be extended to the processing and analysis of other geophysical data.

The conscious electromagnetic information (cemi) field theory proposes that the seat of consciousness is the brain’s electromagnetic (EM) field that integrates information from trillions of firing neurons. What we call free will is its output. The cemi theory also proposes that the brain has two streams. Most actions are initiated by the first non-conscious stream that is composed of neurons that are insulated from EM field influences. These non-conscious involuntary actions are thereby invisible to our EM field-located thoughts. The theory also proposes that voluntary actions are driven by neurons that receive EM field inputs and are thereby visible to our EM field-located thoughts. I review the extensive evidence for EM field/ephaptic coupling between neurons and the increasing evidence that EM fields in the brain are a cause of behaviour. I conclude by arguing that though this EM field-driven will is not free, in the sense of being acausal, it nevertheless corresponds to the very real experience of our conscious mind being in control of our voluntary actions. Will is not an illusion. It is our experience of control by our EM field-located mind. It is an immaterial, yet physical, will.