Economics at the content and application level

Traditional cable television (CATV) network configuration is mainly a branch topology. When fibers break, there are always disconnections of CATV and Internet access. Meanwhile, network service providers usually cannot be instantly informed of network breakage; network problems are noticed only after the users call for services. Network breakage location detection and repair are, in general, costly and time-consuming. This paper proposes a new framework to protect CATV fiber optic networks, where a HUB with multiple optical protection switching (OPS) is constructed between the head end and the fiber nodes. The first layer ranging from the head end to the HUB forms a 1+1 protection path ring structure. The second layer ranging from the HUB to the fiber nodes forms multiple 1+1 protection path ring structures. The framework can form a four fiber optic path protection architecture with multiple ∞-shapes between the head end and the fiber nodes. When the CATV network system experiences a malfunction, such as fiber optic cable breakage or poor signal quality, OPS can immediately switch the fiber transmission path in order to maintain uninterrupted CATV network traffic. After simulation tests on fiber path switching time automatic protection switching, frame loss, packet jitter, latency, bit errors, and system traffic flow monitoring by manually switching OPS and pulling broken fiber optic cable, results show that the fiber path protection switching mechanism can react immediately, and test data results show that network traffic is unaffected, so the proposed framework can effectively enhance the survivability and quality of service of CATV network systems.

There are two essential ingredients for collecting information from the Internet: 1) a World Wide Web (Web) browser, and 2) an Internet search engine. The two most widely used Web browsers are Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape Communications Corporation's Navigator. There are, however, more than 120 browser software possibilities available. These browsers have been cataloged by Adrian Roselli and may be found at Evolt, a site that supports the exchange of Web design information. Web browsers are like brands of shoes; some fit better than others. By visiting Evolt, whose uniform resource locator (URL) is listed below, one might find a browser that works better. For example, some Internet users prefer Firefox (Figure 1) and Safari, because Web browsers have different efficiencies in displaying Internet information on different computer platforms. Figure 1 Search page from the Web browser known as Firefox. Image used with permission of Mozilla, parent of Firefox. For a free copy of Firefox, which operates on either Apple or IBM compatibles, visit http://www.mozilla.org. Evolt http://browsers.evolt.org/ As is the case with Web browsers, there are a number of Internet search engines. Each search engine has a variety of features that address different objectives for finding information from the Internet. The State University of New York at Albany has organized an excellent list of Internet search engines.

The World Wide Web can be used a powerful and convenient means of disseminating computer aided education because most students already have access to the Web and the necessary Web browsers such as Netscape. There are many benefits in this approach because students already tend to do significant amounts of Internet surfing and are familiar with the usage of Web sites and browsers. Therefore online instruction for their coursework using this all pervasive computer network which may be accessed from almost anywhere is a powerful and beneficial low cost alternative to other forms of computer aided learning. The key aims of this package development are to provide a compact and self contained package of instruction in the features and facilities provided by the C programming language together with an introduction to the Unix programming environment with its vast range of utilities and command interpreter shells. Part of this introduction to Unix is provided in the Bourne Shell as a programming language instruction module.

As the World Wide Web (WWW) expands, information is rapidly becoming more accessible. Using satellite data previously required high-end computers running complex imaging software, sophisticated downloading equipment, and high monetary support. Satellite data is now available on the internet for little or no cost and can be handled on standard desktop computers using common software programs. The purpose of our project was to determine the availability and cost of different types of data and how this data may benefit horticultural instruction. Satellite data currently is archived at NASA, NOAA, the Department of Defense, the US Geological Survey, and various meteorological departments throughout the world. Satellite data such as large-scale thermal imagery can be used to determine microclimate effects within urban areas, including the cooling effects of urban plants. Natural Density Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery can indicate changes in vegetational cover or give general indications of plant health in large areas. NASA photographic imagery can show the effects of erosion on a large scale. Higher resolution imagery can give indications of plant stresses in large plantings such as orchards or vegetable plots.

The MITRE Corporation in support of the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) has developed a proxy agent functionality that allows DISA's major customers to have a network management status view of the DISA's IP router-based networks. The network management proxy agent, which operates at the element management level of the router network management hierarchy, has been developed using the World Wide Web (WWW) technology. To provide this functionality, MITRE has developed a network management Web server (NMWS) software that takes information from DISA's network management system (NMS), namely Hewlett Packard's Open View (HPOV) software and publishes it on the Web. This software, which is a collection of Perl scripts that run on a dedicated NMWS host, takes X windows screens from HPOV, converts them to GDF files, and publishes them on a Web server. In addition, the NMWS software provides a non-graphical form-based interface to the HPOV database to provide a near real-time status of circuits that are identified by their IP addresses or customer circuit service descriptor (CCSDs) to DISA's customers. The NMWS software was developed and operates on Solaris 2.5 with an X11R5 distribution. Network users access the NMWS host via their Web browser and are presented with (1) a list of available views, which is the same as the views on the screen of the NMWS host at the time of the last NMWS invocation, and (2) a form, which may be used to provide access circuit status using the text file of the Open View database. They can pull down a view via the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and with most browsers this view will automatically update. This paper discusses the results of our testing and experimentation, and our lessons learned and recommendations for using a Web-based approach for network management of large networks.

Presents AIDI-Heart, a computer-based decision support tool for the automated interpretation of diagnostic heart images, which has been made available via the World Wide Web (WWW). The tool is based on image processing techniques, artificial neural networks and large and well-validated medical databases. The performance of the tool has been evaluated, and the results show the high potential for the tool as a clinical decision support system. The tool has now been integrated into a WWW environment for easy access and operation using any Web browser. This first version of AIDI-Heart is being evaluated by three hospitals, two in Denmark and one in Sweden.

of useful Web sites, will enhance your exploration of this rich resource. (A list of educational research Web sites discussed in this article are available at http://www-leland.stanford.edu/ ~davidf/edwebresearch.) The Internet refers to a worldwide network of computers talking a language known as TCP/IP. Tens of millions of people in the United States alone work or play with computers that are connected to this network, and worldwide, the number must exceed 100 million. To most users (including other researchers and scholars), the Internet appears as e-mail and the World Wide Web (WWW). The former is probably familiar to anyone reading this article; indeed, estimates are that the number of e-mail letters sent in the United States first exceeded the number of paper postal items in 1995. The WWW, virtually unheard of in 1993, now occupies a prominent place in world popular culture; the once obscure symbol http:// is now ubiquitous. The WWW is a standardized method of transferring files (text, graphics, audio) across the Internet and can result in attractive, vivid, and engaging presentations (known as Web pages) to users connecting to the Internet via Web browsers (Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer are currently the most popular). It seems likely that e-mail, web browsing, and-as the speed of telecommunications inevitably increasesvideoconferencing will constitute the core of Internet use for researchers and scholars in the near future.' One

A spectrally efficient discrete multicarrier modulation method is studied for the transmission of broadcast and interactive digital data on a cable television (CATV) coaxial distribution system. This study finds that multicarrier transmission can mitigate a variety of distortions in CATV networks, such as reflections and amateur radio interference. Some simulation results are presented to substantiate these findings. In particular, we find that 80 Mbps or more of information can be transmitted reliably in a single 6-MHz slot, with each slot possibly serving multiple users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The rapid proliferation of digitalization and the growing reliance on internet-based technologies by individuals and organizations have led to a significant escalation in the frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks. As attackers continuously refine their methods to evade conventional defense mechanisms, antivirus solutions, despite their widespread utilization as primary security tools, face increasing challenges in addressing these evolving threats. This study introduces AV-Teller, a novel framework designed for analyzing antivirus behavior through interactions with web browsers. AV-Teller reveals weaknesses in antivirus detection mechanisms by highlighting ways in which web browser interactions may inadvertently expose critical aspects of antivirus operations. The framework provides key insights into the vulnerabilities inherent to these detection processes and their implications for the interplay between antivirus systems and modern web technologies. To assess the efficacy of the AV-Teller in detecting antivirus via web browsers, the framework evaluates three detection scenarios: Document Object Model (DOM) Monitoring-Based Detection, Signature-Based Detection, and Phishing Page-Based Detection. The results revealed performance inconsistencies: 16 products (57%) failed to respond to any tested scenarios, exhibiting deficiencies in threat mitigation capabilities. Of the 12 products (43%) that successfully handled three scenarios, 9 (75%) inadvertently disclosed identifiable antivirus metadata during assessments, thereby enabling attackers to pinpoint specific antivirus solutions and exploit their vulnerabilities. These findings highlight critical gaps in the interaction between antivirus systems and web technologies, exposing systemic flaws in existing security mechanisms. The inadvertent exposure of sensitive antivirus data underscores the necessity for robust data handling protocols, necessitating collaboration between antivirus developers and web technology stakeholders to design secure frameworks. By exposing these risks, the AV-Teller framework elucidates the limitations of current defenses and establishes a foundation for the enhancement of antivirus technologies to address emerging cyber threats effectively.

In this paper, we discuss the role of cable television networks and their ownership structure in promoting competition in the local access market. First, we show that the dual ownership of a local telephone network and a cable network, compared with separate ownership, may increase or decrease incentives to invest in upgrading the cable television network. Second, we argue that separate ownership of the two networks is important to promote competition in local access.

A statistical method for calculating intermodulation noise in CATV systems whose traffic can be characterized as a sum of a large number of independent signals is presented. The method is demonstrated by calculating the signal-to-intermodulation-noise ratio in the various channels of a prototype cable network supporting HD-MAC, PAL, and FM radio signals. The spectra of these individual signals are simplified in order to perform part of the calculation analytically. It is shown that the signal-to-intermodulation-noise ratio decreases when the total signal power is increased. This method can be used to calculate the necessary back-off of a cable network for a given frequency plan and to determine suitable plans for loading and controlling CATV networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a cutting-edge technology capable of producing text, images, and various media content leveraging generative models and user prompts. Between 2022 and 2023, generative AI surged in popularity with a plethora of applications spanning from AI-powered movies to chatbots. This paper investigates the potential of generative AI within the realm of the World Wide Web, specifically focusing on image generation. Web developers already harness generative AI to help craft text and images, while Web browsers might use it in the future to locally generate images for tasks such as repairing broken webpages, conserving bandwidth, and enhancing privacy. To explore this research area, this paper developed WebDiffusion, a tool that allows to simulate a Web powered by stable diffusion, a popular text-to-image model, from both a client and server perspective. Such a tool is the first of its kind, paving the way towards a futuristic world wide web where web images can be created using generative AI. WebDiffusion further supports crowdsourcing of user opinions, which is used to evaluate the quality and accuracy of 409 AI-generated images sourced from 60 webpages. Our findings suggest that generative AI is already capable of producing pertinent and high-quality Web images, even without requiring Web designers to manually input prompts, just by leveraging contextual information available within the webpages. However, direct in-browser image generation remains a challenge, as only highly powerful GPUs, such as the A40 and A100, can (partially) compete with classic image downloads. Nevertheless, this approach could be valuable for a subset of the images, for example, when fixing broken webpages or handling highly private content.

This paper describes the development of GeotechML, a mark-up language for representing geotechnical data on the web. GeotechML is a version of XML (Extensible Mark-up Language) specifically targeted at geotechnical engineering. The representation of geotechnical entities such as dams, retaining walls and foundations is presented. Stylesheets and Java applications have been developed to display the data graphically within a web browser. GeotechML will make it possible to search all geotechnical data available on the web. It is suggested that the World Wide Web will become an international repository of geotechnical information, avoiding the need to establish national or international geotechnical databases.

Describes the design implementation and experimental results for a multi-user 3D World Wide Web (WWW) browsing system called SharedWeb, which is based on the request-response method of a WWW server. The key features of this system include: (i) the WWW server's ability to remember all the browsers connected to it in order to transmit those messages required to maintain consistent states among the browsers, (ii) the dead-reckoning technique of distributed interactive simulation (DIS) used by the browsers in order to reduce the number of messages sent out on the network and to satisfy the timing requirement demanded by virtual environments, and (iii) the protocol data unit (PDU), also used in DIS, adapted by the SharedWeb system in order not only to include more information about the browsers but also to integrate SharedWeb with DIS in the near future.

The World Wide Web (WWW) has opened many new opportunities for the exchange of information. This paper presents development work undertaken at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research to enable the distribution of scientific information over the WWW. One of the first projects was to provide an electronic version of the printed ‘Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean’. The ‘Southern Ocean’ database is presented, the data from which was used for generation of the atlas graphics. This is followed by a discussion of some of the issues related to the creation on the electronic form of the atlas. One major database directly accessible on-line is the ‘Ocean-Circulation Database’, which comprises measured data from research vessel expeditions from 1985 on. The database itself is introduced, after which a description of the two methods of database query via a Web browser is given. If known, the name of a cruise can be input, or alternatively, one can click in the geographical area of interest on a ‘clickable image’ map of the world. Each click zooms the user in to the area of interest until the separate measurement points can be resolved. The user can then directly interrogate the database by clicking on the points.