Editorial: Application of neuroscience in information systems and software engineering.

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Software engineers and architects have been faced with the problem of IT system complexity for some years. The challenge to build highly complex IT systems, ensure that these systems meet the needs of increasingly complex business processes and do all this in a way that allows everything to adapt quickly to changing market condition coupled with rapid development in information technology has been a problem facing the development and building of workable and functional information systems. Research on this problem has been conducted and it was found to cause large cost of software development project, schedule overrun and outright software project failure. A novel architecture framework was developed as a tool for resolving and managing IT system complexity in the enterprise as the end objective. Comprehensive business system frameworks are necessary to capture the entire complexity of such systems. The framework provides the conceptual foundation necessary for building and managing the integral business system and all its components and also provides an integrated description of enterprise information systems that comprises of the back-end systems, front-end systems, management tools and communication system. The framework provides a detailed process of information system development and defines the necessary subsystems that make up the integrated enterprise information system.

Human-computer interaction for virtual-real fusion

The IS '97 Model Curriculum reaffirmed the need to prepare information technology students to work effectively in an international environment. Yet, as computer science educators, we face a never-ending struggle to stay current in our field. How can we incorporate yet another educational goal in the curriculum? What is internationalization? What form might internationalization take in our courses? This seminar will answer some basic questions about internationalizing our courses. In addition, the seminar will provide practical suggestions, examples and resources to help you easily infuse an international perspective in your courses.As participants in a global economy and society, exposure to international perspectives can help us build, maintain and support global information systems and technology. Computer science and information systems bring to the world technologies that advance global interaction. Information technology workers are building systems that will be used by people from many different backgrounds and experiences. In the United States, the work force is becoming more diverse. And with the growing focus on collaboration, teamwork and virtual offices, projects will often involve working closely with people around the world. In such an environment, an awareness of other peoples and cultures becomes increasingly important.There have been a number of initiatives in government, education and information technology that emphasize the need for increasing our knowledge of other countries, nations and cultures. This session will endeavor to help participants become acquainted with the move to internationalize curriculum and suggest some practical ways to implement internationalization in computer science and information systems.

Introduction from the ChairThe 2nd International Conference on Computing and Applied Informatics organized by Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan, Indonesia is published by IOPPin the UK and indexed by Scopus. This international forum provides an opportunity for the community of computer science, information technology and engineering to share and discuss their current area of research.Area of research in this conference includes: (1) Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Big Data, Data Mining, (2) Smart City, E-government, E-commerce, E-health (3) Bio Informatics, Socio Informatics, GIS, Information Security, (4) Human Computer Interaction, Augmented Reality, Image Vision, Natural Language Processing, Natural Language Generation, and (5) Software Engineering, Computer Graphics and Networking.There are 248 papers submitted to this conference and have reviewed by reviewers according to their respective field of interest. The acceptance rate of the paper is 123 (49.5%). Accepted papers come from Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Egypt.We would like to express our sincere thanks to our keynote speakers: Prof Dr. Graham Kendall and Prof. Dr. Masafumi Nishimura. Moreover, our sincere gratitude Prof. Dr. Runtung Sitepu, Rector of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Mahyudin Nasution, M.IT, Phd, Vice Rector for Research, Community Service and Cooperation, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Prof. Dr. Opim Salim Sitompul, MSc, Dean of Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Universitas Sumatera Utara, all presenters, all participants, all reviewers, all the committee members, faculty staff and students for their effort and supports in this conference.Lastly, on behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to welcome you to our second international conference on computing and applied informatics, ICCAI 2017. Our hope is that you have an enjoyable and inspiring as well as a successful moment during our conference. Thank you for your participation on ICCAI 2017.Dr. Erna Budhiarti Nababan, M.ITChair, ICCAI 2017

We are delighted to welcome the Fourth International Conference on Communities and Technologies: Communities and Technologies 2009 (C&T 2009) to the College of Information Sciences and Technology (IST) of the Pennsylvania State University. In an increasingly networked world, the concept of community has taken on new meanings and inspired the development of a wide range of technologies aimed at forging connections, improving communication, and enabling coordination among groups of people. Concepts and tools such as community networks, virtual community, blogging, podcasting, social networking sites, and smart mobs have become commonplace, yet each represents a complex system of hardware, software, and people, shaped by perceptions, norms, rules, and habits, and occurring within varied social and cultural settings. It is clear that successful outcomes for information and communication technologies depend upon our understanding how these technologies interact with and can effectively support dynamic human communities. This is no small endeavor. The Communities and Technologies biennial international conference serves as a forum for stimulating and disseminating research on the complex connections between communities -- both physical and virtual -- and information and communication technologies. Researchers, designers, educators, and students from the many disciplines and perspectives bearing on the interaction between community and technology contribute to this conference. These areas include anthropology, art and architecture, business, cognitive science, communication studies, community informatics, computer science, design studies, education, ergonomics, geography, graphic design, human-computer interaction, information science, information systems, industrial engineering, interaction design, journalism, knowledge management, law, learning science, linguistics and semiotics, management, psychology, requirements engineering, sociology, software engineering, technical communication, and user experience design. The conference program for C&T 2009 includes competitively selected, peer-reviewed papers, as well as workshops, tutorials, a doctoral consortium, and invited speakers.

Compositional verification has long been regarded as an effective technique for extending the use of symbolic model checking to large, component-based systems. This paper explores the effectiveness of the technique for large-scale complex IT systems (LSCITS). In particular, we investigate how compositional verification can be used to reverify LSCITS safety properties efficiently after the frequent changes that characterise these systems. We identify several LSCITS change patterns--including component failure, join and choice--and propose an approach that uses assume-guarantee compositional verification to reverify probabilistic safety properties compositionally in scenarios associated with these patterns. The application of this approach is illustrated using a case study from the area of cloud computing.

Originally there was one computing curriculum, computer science, which provided a one-size-fits-all education in programming and computing in general. Today, computing education has diverged into an array of sub-discipline areas as educators try to meet the changing computing needs of business and industry. Information technology, software engineering, computer engineering, and information systems have emerged from computer science as distinct computing disciplines. Plus, additional micro-disciplines are quickly emerging: games and networking from information technology, for example.The foundation skill for all computing disciplines is programming. However as computing technologies advance, discipline-specific differences increase. Each computing sub-discipline needs to approach programming from a slightly different viewpoint to meet student expectations of being highly marketable and employer expectations of quick productivity. How can colleges and universities economically meet the competing demands for a focused computing education while maintaining a strong foundation in programming fundamentals.This paper discusses how an introductory programming sequence can be designed with a common base to support multiple computing sub-disciplines as well as differentiated to address the specific, focused needs of a given sub-discipline. We identify both commonalities that support economy of scale and important differences that distinguish sub-discipline curricula.

The article analyses the state of the most popular and least popular professions and specialties in Ukraine. It's found that there are no specialties in the field of land management among them. It is also noted that at the legislative level the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Evaluation of land and real estate" were replaced by the specialty "Geodesy and land management", which belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and construction" (technical sciences). It is substantiated that the profession of land manager should relate to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences". It's based on the provisions of the Law "On Land Management" and the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management and land management planning (both have technical, socio-economic, legal and environmental focus). It is proved that the profession of land manager needs to be reprofiled. In this regard, there is a need to identify new specialties and specializations and add them into the state classifier DK 003: 2010. It's important to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use", 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use". It is proposed to add them to the classifier. Keywords. Profession "land manager", labour market, perspective specialties and specializations in land management, new qualifications. Formulation of the problem. The development of society at all times was associated with the arrangement of lands, which today remains the main means for the existence of mankind and a source of social wealth. The need to establish the limits disturb landowners from ancient times. This function is performed by land surveyors. When the first representatives of this profession appeared, it is certainly not known. But the land surveyor is now a profession demanded both in the village and in the city. In our country, the profession of land surveyor always respects honour because it is devoted to the invaluable treasures of Ukraine - land, which has always attached special significance. According to the research conducted in Ukraine, soon, the 10 most demanded professions include: programmers (C++, Java), food industry technologists, construction engineers, architects, designers of offices and interiors, personnel managers, recruiters, energy engineers, journalists, technologists of light industry products, financiers (specialization "banking") [1]. In addition, prospective include: hotel business managers, accountants, auditors, lawyers, marketers. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, according to the results of the 2017 admission, the most popular specialties among the entrants for the Bachelor in Ukraine were Philology, Law, and Management. 85 thousand, 74 thousand and 59 thousand applications have been filed for the stated above specialties respectively. In addition, among the leaders are "Medicine", "Computer Science", "Tourism", "Secondary Education", "Psychology", "Economics". These specialties were desirable to enter by 40 to 46 thousand of entrants. The last step in the TOP-10 was "Software Engineering" with the result of 33 thousand applications (Fig. 1) [9]. Despite the stated above facts, it has been revealed that such specialties as "Law", "Management", "Tourism" and "Economics" remain among the most popular among entrants even though they are not in demand in the labour market. At the same time, the high levels in the ranking are occupied by important for the economy specialties, such as "Computer Science" and "Software Engineering". The least popular specialties are (fig. 2) "Theology" (185 applications excluding spiritual higher educational institutions) and "Hydropower" (193 applications for entry). However, specialties for the preparation of a specialist in land management are absent among the most and least popular. Therefore, with a caution we have to perceive the situation. The list of required occupations in the labour market is changing. Focus magazine has ranked the professions that will be promising in 5-10 years [10]. Before allocating the most promising specialties, the publication together with experts identified the areas of the economy that will actively develop in the near future. So, at first there was a list of 40 spheres of the economy, which, according to Focus, will successfully develop in the next 5-10 years. Experts evaluated the prospects for the development of these industries on a 10-point scale, giving each sector a mark from 1 to 10 points. At the same time, each expert could add to the list the industry that was not among the 40 listed, but whose potential he considers rather large. According to the obtained data, the rating of 15 most promising industries has been designed, and include: information technologies, telecommunications and communications, agriculture , pharmaceutical production and pharmacy business, banking, frying and processing industry, transport services, financial services, legal services, household services, metallurgy, alcohol production, energy, livestock , utilities. So, the 20 most promising professions of the next decade will be the following: the seller, the IT specialist, the automation engineer, the marketer, the municipal services engineer, the aeroengineer , the technologist in the production and processing of food products, the technologist of consumer services, logistics, the lawyer (economic and land law ), power engineer veterinarian, pharmacologist, financier, communication engineer, practical psychologist, geneticist, biochemist, robotic technician, nanoengineer. In addition, agrarian countries are actively developing organic and farm farming. This will require the involvement of a large number of employees who are able to work on the ground - and thus, forms a serious niche. In general, the labour market trends in the coming years can be reduced to nine main directions [5]: engineers, IT specialists, nanotechnology specialists, marketers, service providers, logistics, environmentalists, chemists, and physicians. The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 30, 2015, No. 1187, approved new Licensing conditions for the conduct of educational activities [7] concerning the further conduct of educational and scientific work in educational institutions. By the order of the Ministry of Education and Science dated November 6, 2015, No. 1151 "On the peculiarities of the introduction of the list of branches of knowledge and specialties [6], which are the training of applicants for higher education, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from April 29, 2015, No. 266" [8] approved Table of correspondence List of directions for training of specialists in higher educational establishments for the educational-qualifying level of bachelor (List 1), List of specialties, which was carried out training of specialists in higher education institutions for educational and qualification levels of a specialist and a master's degree (List 2). In the stated above Resolution, it is defined that instead of the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Land and Real Estate Valuation" – the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management" is established. The latter belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction", which belongs to the technical sciences. At the same time, the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" stipulates that land management is a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial units, economic entities carried out under the influence of social and productive relations and development of productive forces [2]. The same law ( Article 1 ) stipulates that activities in the field of land management are the scientific, technical, production and management activities of state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals, which is carried out under land management. Land-use documentation ( land management documentation ) is the text and graphic materials approved in accordance with the established procedure, which regulate the use and protection of lands of state, communal and private property, as well as survey and land survey materials, author's supervision of project implementation, etc. Measures on land management – provided by documentation on land management on the rational use and protection of land, the formation and organization of the territory of the object of land management, taking into account their purpose, restrictions on the use and restrictions (encumbrances) on the rights of other persons (land servitudes), preservation and increase of fertility soils. This is evidence that the profession of land surveyor is more likely to belong to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences" than to "Architecture and construction". Architecture (Greek αρχιτεκτονικη - construction) is both a science and the art of designing buildings, as well as a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the lives and activities of people in accordance with the laws of beauty. Land management, as stated in the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" – a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial entities and economic entities on the ground. As the research of A.M. Tretiak and V.M. Tretiak shows, the concept and essence of land management has both a technical direction and socio-economic, legal and environmental. Land managers have worked and work in the structural subdivisions of the State Committee for Land Resources of Ukraine, the State Land Agency of Ukraine and the State Audit Office of Ukraine, state authorities and local self-government bodies, and ministries (where there are departments of land resources); in public and private design and valuation companies, real estate firms, agroholdings, agricultural enterprises; territorial communities, scientific institutions, institutions of legal direction. civic organizations. The land manager learns not only his professional knowledge, but also legal and natural sciences. For a profession it is necessary to have mathematical abilities, engineering approach, spatial imagination, ability to understand the legislation. The profession is extremely interesting and creative, which requires the ability to make informed decisions, communicate with people, requires care, clarity and responsibility. To become a successful specialist in this field, you need to be persistent, self-confident, active, have a well-developed intuition and logical thinking. According to the classification of professions, the professional activity of the land manager relates to professions such as "human-nature". To date, the land manager must have a higher education in the field of "Architecture and Construction" from the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management" , according to the educational qualification level: a junior specialist, a bachelor's or a master's degree. Currently, land managers use modern equipment in their work: electronic instruments; new technologies of geographic information systems. Significant problems arise when making managerial decisions due to the imperfection of the regulatory framework - when three different land managers can have three different views on the same issue. At the same time, for professionals it is extremely important to come to a joint decision. But how can the problems of legislation be explained to an ordinary peasant? It's a shame when you can not help a person in solving his question, and even more - when you do not know how to explain the impossibility of solving a particular problem. The disadvantage of the profession is also that there is little free time for personal life, family and wage mismatch in modern times. The advantages include: work is interesting, lots of communication, new knowledge in land law, and more. At the same time, we consider it necessary to stay on the proposals of A. Martyn outlined in the scientific paper "Directions of adaptation of the content of land management education to the needs of the national and world economy" [3], where he publishes "bad news" for land management education – whether we are ready for them? He states: "Most of our graduates will not develop landuse documentation at all; the number of jobs in the industry is quite limited; the overwhelming part of the "modern" Ukrainian land management is a terrible mix of fairly archaic rules, a crazy bureaucracy and meaningless rituals, in order to master the development of primitive land management documentation, it takes 2-3 weeks of practical training, but not 5 years at the university, and a significant part of cadastral registrar are lawyers. Some of these reservations agreeable. Therefore, his thoughts emphasize once again the need for serious changes in the training of land management specialists. Thus, all of the above stipulates the need for changes in the classification of occupations DK 003: 2010 and the definition of new specialties and specialization training of land management specialists. In our opinion, it is expedient to extend the training of specialists in land surveying in the following areas: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar" ; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use" ; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use" . At the same time, we consider it expedient to add the following qualifications to the classifier of professions DK 003: 2010: in section 8 "Main specialists – heads of scientific research units and subdivisions on scientific and technical preparation of production and other managers" – Chief land surveyor; in section 14 "Managers of enterprises, institutions, organizations and their subdivisions" – Manager of land management, Manager in the field of operations with land, Manager in the field of research in the land market; in section 25 "Agronomists, hydraulic engineering, forest managers and professionals of related professions" – Land manager; in section 33 "Assistant veterinarians, junior specialists in agronomy, forestry, water management and nature conservation" – Land Resources Inspector; in section 34 "Other technical specialists in the field of management" – State Inspector for the use and protection of land; in section 249 "Professionals not included in other classification groups". Land manager-ecologist, Land manager-designer. Conclusions. Summing up, we note that the assignment of the specialty "Geodesy and land management" to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction" (engineering science) does not comply with the provisions of the Law "On Land Management", the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management, which determined that they are inherent in technical, as well as socio-economic, legal and environmental trends. In this connection it is proved that the profession of land manager belongs to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioral sciences" . In view of this, the need for re-engineering the directions of land management training is urgent. Therefore, we must work ahead and make changes to the classification of professions DK 003: 2010 regarding the definition of new specialties and specialization training of specialists in land management. We consider it expedient to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specialties "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar" ; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use" ; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use" (qualification "Land Management Manager"). It is proposed to make changes to the list of qualifications.

The papers in this special section focus on design science research in information systems and technology. The rapid digital transformation of businesses and society creates new challenges and opportunities for information systems (IS) research, with the designing of system becoming a strong focus. Technologies, such as blockchain, cloud computing, and wearable devices, have spawned a paradigmatic shift in the design of IS. Thus, design science research in IS has evolved to become a mature yet thriving area of research. Design science seeks to extend the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by designing new and innovative constructs, models, methods, processes, and systems. Scholars having diverse backgrounds in fields, such as IS, computer science, software engineering, energy informatics, and medical informatics, are actively engaged in generating novel solutions to interesting design problems in IS.

The utility of complexity metrics during code reviews for CSE software projects

Throughout its history, the information systems (IS) discipline has studied a wide range of phenomena. Many IS researchers support the notion that our interest in the IT artifact - defined as "bundles of material and cultural properties packaged in some socially recognizable form such as hardware and/or software" (Orlikowski & Iacono, 2001, p. 122) - unites the IS discipline. In "Desperately Seeking the 'IT' in IT Research-A Call to Theorizing the IT Artifact," Orlikowski and Iacono (2001) argued that the IS field is "premised on the centrality of information technology in everyday socio-economic life...[yet] the field has not deeply engaged with its core subject matter-the information technology (IT) artifact" (p. 121). In their review of articles that had been published to date in Information Systems Research, nearly 25 percent did not discuss technology and most had simplistic views of technology: The outcome is that much IS research draws on commonplace and received notions of technology, resulting in conceptualizations of IT artifacts as relatively stable, discrete, independent, and fixed. As a consequence, IT artifacts in IS research tend to be taken for granted or assumed to be unproblematic. (Orlikowski & Iacono, 2001, pp. 121-122) Orlikowski and Iacono's (2001) article drew attention to our need to focus on the core of who we are as a discipline. It also created an important turning point. As an unintended consequence of the article, the IS discipline began abandoning its consideration and discussion of information. As a result, IS researchers focused more heavily on technology and the IT artifact, and information became implicit in our research. In this editorial, we expand upon Orlikowski and Iacono (2001) and draw the IS discipline's attention to its abandonment of that other central component in information systems research - information.

From the Publisher: How will information technology (IT) education evolve in the new millennium? The IT sector is expected to continue to face a severe shortage of workers. Eager to help fill the IT labor shortage, a growing number of programs have targeted re-training workers from other fields. As more and more organizations accept IT training as a strategic investment and not a cost center, the adoption of E-learning will accelerate. This informative book addresses crucial issues dealing with the most recent innovations and issues found within the field. Among some of the topics are: use of e-mail in the classroom, crossing disciplinary boundaries, faculty development, adapting to diverse student learning styles, IT teaching under budget cut constraints, keeping core courses up to date, faculty and student morale. Al Saber is professor of management information systems and computer information systems at Friends University in Wichita, Kansas. In addition, Dr. Saber is the vice president for information technology and dean of the College of Business and Information Technology. Sherry Saber is assistant professor of computer information systems at Friends University at Wichita, Kansas. She is a member of the Information Resources Management Association (IRMA), Midwest Business Administration Association (MBAA), and Decision Sciences Institute (DSI). Mohammad Dadashzadeh holds a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, a master’s degree in computer science, both from MIT, an MBA, and a Ph.D. in computer and information science from the University of Massachusetts. He currently teaches at Wichita State University, where he serves as the W. Frank Barton Endowed Chair in MIS. They all live inWitchita, Kansas.

In this chapter we consider the educational needs of the globally diverse information technology (IT) sector and a curriculum that has been developed in order to respond to them. We begin by discussing two human resource (HR) gaps that are affecting the preparation of tomorrow’s IT workforce. The first gap is a participation gap, which is related, in part, to the under representation in recruitment and retention of students with particular demographic profiles in information systems and technology (IS&T) education. The second gap is a knowledge gap, which is related to the globalization of the IT field and the challenges of developing compatible curriculum and pedagogical practices that will prepare students for careers in such a field. We argue that diversity is a lens that can be used to both understand these HR gaps and to develop curricular responses to them. We do this by considering, as a case study, a course developed and taught in the College of Information Sciences and Technology at Pennsylvania State University that is intended to address these gaps. This course—Human Diversity in the Global Information Economy—is offered to exemplify a way of addressing the diversity dimension of the IT skill set.

Introduction Goal of the Research Numerous researchers have indicated that a particular piece of misinformation, the perception of Information Technology (IT) professionals as being geeks and loners, may be one of many explanations for the under-representation of women in Information Technology. In particular, Jepson and Perl (2002) identified a nerdy image of IT people as one of six reasons that girls do not choose IT careers. Hazzan and Levy (2006) identified a geeky and loner image as one of three factors discouraging women from IT careers, positing that women are more likely to be interested in careers involving more interaction with people. Margolis and Fisher (2002) suggested that women are more likely to be affected by the geek stereotype than men are, and thus, when women do not experience an intense obsession with computers, they are more likely to contemplate whether they really belong in the IT field. Eglash (2002) described the geek identity as not only a gender but also a race concern that acts as a gatekeeper and paradox in the participation of science and technology as it potentially hinders diversity. The purpose of this research was to determine if girls in the United States, ages sixteen through eighteen, at the age when they are making university and career choices, do indeed view IT professionals in this negative way. Significance of the Issue The geek/loner issue is important for multiple reasons. The predicted growth of IT jobs in the United States (Hecker, 2005), the shortage of IT professionals (McGee, 2005), and the under-representation of women in the IT field have raised serious concern regarding the US technology workforce in the 21st century (Camp, 1997; Grant, Knight, & Steinbach, 2006; Holzer, 2006; Lazowska, 2002; Sanders, 2005). According to the employment outlook for 2004-2014 by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (Hecker, 2005), and mathematical science occupations are projected to increase 30.7 percent, an additional 967,000 jobs. Of the 30 fastest-growing occupations during this time, six are in computer-related disciplines: network systems and communications analysts, application software engineers, systems software engineers, network and systems administrators, database administrators, and systems analysts. A 2005 study by the Society for Information Management (cited in McGee, 2005) lists critical shortages in IT project management and business domain experts for 2005-2008. McGee (2005) cites two reasons for the shortage of IT professionals. A 10 percent decline from 10 or 15 years ago in the number of students majoring in technology-related degrees has been estimated. Some universities report upwards of a 50 percent decrease in enrollment in these degrees. As baby-boomer professionals begin retiring, an expertise shortage will exacerbate the situation. There has been an 18.5 percent decline in the percentage of women in the IT workforce since 1996 (Information Technology Association of America, 2005). Women composed 32.4 percent of the total IT workforce in 2004. A third of these women are in administrative occupations such as data entry keyer and computer operator. If these administrative occupations are removed from the calculations, women IT professionals and managers fall to 24.9 percent, virtually the same percentage as in 2002. Over the past two decades, the number of young women in the US pursuing careers in Computer and Information Sciences (CIS) has significantly decreased. The National Center of Educational Statistics (2005) reported that in 1984, 32,439 undergraduate students received bachelor's degrees in CIS. Men represented 20,416 of the total (63 percent), while women were 12,023 (37 percent). However, in 2004, 59,488 students received their bachelor's degrees in CIS of which 44,585 (75 percent) were men and 14,903 (25 percent) were women. Thus, the percentage of CIS majors who are female has dropped from 37 percent in 1984 to just 25 percent in 2004. …