Effect of electromagnetic fields on deformed AdS5 models

We give the general results for spontaneous and photon-induced pair production in strong, constant parallel electric and magnetic fields. For photons propagating exactly parallel to the constant fields there is no effect. For photons propagating at right angles to the constant fields the vacuum behaves in a birefringent manner. These results generalize earlier work in the field by others who did not include a constant electric field. Some numerical estimates are given for both the spontaneous and photon-induced pair production rates using numbers currently thought to obtain near the surface of a pulsar-which is believed to possess not only a strong magnetic field but also a strong electric field.

1. The impulse activity of single nerve fibers supplying the ampullae of Lorenzini in hyoid group of the Black Sea skate, was recorded to study the response of these receptors to various modifications of stimulation with the vertical component of a magnetic field. 2. When the animal was at rest in motionless water an impulse reaction was observed only with changes in magnetic field, a constant field had no effect. The intensity of response was determined by the rate of magnetic field change (dB/dt). 3. The nature of responses to magnetic field changes depended on the orientation of the ampullary canals relative to induced currents in the animal's body and in the surrounding sea water (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). 4. The intensity of response of a single receptor to magnetic field changes decreased with the shortening of the ampullary canal under study (Fig. 4); cutting of the other canals or dissection of the capsule of the ampullary cluster appeared to have no effect. 5. The receptors of the ampullae of Lorenzini were shown to respond to a constant magnetic field when the fish moved in water, or when water was moved with respect to the fish (Figs. 5 and 6). 6. The character of impulse responses to a constant magnetic field depended on the direction of the field and the direction of movement of either the fish or the water. The relationship between the response intensity and magnetic field, or velocity of water flow is roughly linear (Figs. 7 and 8). 7. Symmetrical receptors on the right and left sides of the animal's body responded oppositely to stimulation by either increasing or constant magnetic field (Figs. 1 and 6). 8. Experiments involving compensation for the Earth's magnetic field with Helmholtz coils revealed a statistically significant reaction to the vertical component of the geomagnetic field (0.35 Gs in the region of the Karadag Biological Station, the Crimea). 9. The mechanisms and functional role of the detection of changing and constant magnetic field by the ampullae of Lorenzini are discussed.

Recent laboratory and epidemiological results have stimulated interest in the hypothesis that human beings may exhibit biological responses to magnetic and/or electric field transients with frequencies in the range between 100 Hz and 100 kHz. Much can be learned about the response of a system to a transient stimulation by understanding its response to sinusoidal disturbances over the entire frequency range of interest. Thus, the main effort of this paper was to compare the strengths of the electric fields induced in homogeneous ellipsoidal models by uniform 100 Hz through 100 kHz electric and magnetic fields. Over this frequency range, external electric fields of about 25-2000 V/m (depending primarily on the orientation of the body relative to the field) are required to induce electric fields inside models of adults and children that are similar in strength to those induced by an external 1 microT magnetic field. Additional analysis indicates that electric fields induced by uniform external electric and magnetic fields and by the nonuniform electric and magnetic fields produced by idealized point sources will not differ by more than a factor of two until the sources are brought close to the body. Published data on electric and magnetic field transients in residential environments indicate that, for most field orientations, the magnetic component will induce stronger electric fields inside adults and children than the electric component. This conclusion is also true for the currents induced in humans by typical levels of 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields in U.S. residences.

We derive analytical formulas for the equal-time Wigner function in an\nelectromagnetic field of arbitrary strength. While the magnetic field is\nassumed to be constant, the electric field is assumed to be space-independent\nand oriented parallel to the magnetic field. The Wigner function is first\ndecomposed in terms of the so-called Dirac-Heisenberg-Wigner (DHW) functions\nand then the transverse-momentum dependence is separated using a new set of\nbasis functions which depend on the quantum number $n$ of the Landau levels.\nEquations for the coefficients are derived and then solved for the case of a\nconstant electric field. The pair-production rate for each Landau level is\ncalculated. In the case of finite temperature and chemical potential, the\npair-production rate is suppressed by Pauli's exclusion principle.\n

We study the quantum dynamics of a charged particle in a two-dimensional lattice, subject to constant and homogeneous electric and magnetic fields. We find that different regimes characterize these motions, depending on a combination of conditions, corresponding to weak and strong electric field intensities, rational or irrational directions of the electric field with respect to the lattice, and small or large values of the magnetic (Peierls) phase.

Electromagnetic Environment Associated with Lightning Strikes to Tall Strike Objects

We investigate Schwinger scalar pair production in a constant electromagnetic field in de Sitter (dS) spacetime. We obtain the pair production rate, which agrees with the Hawking radiation in the limit of zero electric field in dS. The result describes how a cosmic magnetic field affects the pair production rate. In addition, using a numerical method we study the effect of the magnetic field on the induced current. We find that in the strong electromagnetic field the current has a linear response to the electric and magnetic fields, while in the infrared regime, is inversely proportional to the electric field and leads to infrared hyperconductivity.

Calculation of electric and magnetic induced fields in humans subjected to electric power lines

Some functional fluids that respond to both magnetic and electric fields have been prepared and their characteristics are described. In this study, an electro-magnetorheological fluid (EMRF) dispersing zeolite particles containing metallic iron by reducing precipitated magnetite has been investigated. When the viscosity is measured by cone plate viscometer and cylindrical viscometer, electric and magnetic fields are applied both between cone and plate or two cylinders. In case of cone plate, the shear stress at constant shear rate increased with the increase of both magnetic field and electric field. On the other hand when the viscosity is measured by cylindrical viscometer, the shear stress at constant shear rate increased with the increase of electric field, however, the increase rate of shear stress by magnetic field is very small. In this case the magnetic field direction is perpendicular to electric field. The EMRF has typical characteristics to respond with magnetic and electric field. The shear stress of EMRF in electric field is stronger than that of magnetic field. Additionally, the inflection and peak point in the shear rate-shear stress curve are appeared and the behaviors of the clusters in the electric field are observed. The experimental results suggested that the fluid viscosity (shear stress/shear rate) is affected by the arrangement of clusters parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the EMRF flow.

Some functional fluids that respond to both magnetic and electric fields have been prepared and their characteristics are described. In this study, an electro-magnetorheological fluid (EMRF) dispersing zeolite particles containing metallic iron by reducing precipitated magnetite has been investigated. When the viscosity is measured by cone plate viscometer and cylindrical viscometer, electric and magnetic fields are applied both between cone and plate or two cylinders. In case of cone plate, the shear stress at constant shear rate increased with the increase of both magnetic field and electric field. On the other hand when the viscosity is measured by cylindrical viscometer, the shear stress at constant shear rate increased with the increase of electric field, however, the increase rate of shear stress by magnetic field is very small. In this case the magnetic field direction is perpendicular to electric field. The EMRF has typical characteristics to respond with magnetic and electric field. The shear stress of EMRF in electric field is stronger than that of magnetic field. Additionally, the inflection and peak point in the shear rate-shear stress curve are appeared and the behaviors of the clusters in the electric field are observed. The experimental results suggested that the fluid viscosity (shear stress/shear rate) is affected by the arrangement of clusters parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the EMRF flow.

Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) are ubiquitous. The earth has static electric fields, which produce lightning during thunderstorms, and geomagnetic fields created by electric currents within its core. Electric and magnetic fields are also produced during electric power generation, transmission, and use.Electric power has generally been considered safe during the more than 100 years of its use, although shocks and burns from direct contact with electrical conductors are a recognized health hazard. Of the approximately 1100 deaths from electric shock that occur each year in the United States, about three‐fourths result from unsafe operation of household appliances; accidents in the workplace account for the rest. The possible health consequences of electric and magnetic field exposure are a much more recent concern.Power‐frequency EMF exposure—unavoidable since the use of electricity has spread throughout the world—has been under investigation since the early 1970s. Investigations have included epidemiologic as well asin vitroandin vivolaboratory studies encompassing a wide range of diseases. The literature on EMF and health is vast, comprising over 1000 published studies, and has been reviewed in depth by several authoritative committees. Of note are reviews by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the U.K. National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB).Electric power systems in the United States, Canada, and Mexico generate and transmit electricity as alternating current (ac), which oscillates at a frequency of 60 cycles per second, or 60 hertz (Hz). Most of the rest of the world generates power at 50Hz. Power‐frequency 50‐ and 60‐Hz fields occupy the extremely low‐frequency (ELF), nonionizing range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The ELF range includes frequencies from 3 to 3000Hz. Above 3000Hz are, in order of increasing frequency or decreasing wavelength, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x‐rays, and gamma rays. Microwaves have enough photon energy to heat tissue; ionizing radiation like x‐rays and gamma rays can damage biological systems by breaking chemical bonds. Extremely low‐frequency electric and magnetic fields can neither break bonds nor heat tissue, and the electric currents they induce in the body are very weak.Power‐frequency fields have very long wavelengths of about 5000km. Exposure distances are much shorter than this wavelength; under these circumstances, electric and magnetic fields are independent.Electric field strength increases with increasing voltage, or electric potential; magnetic field strength increases with increasing current. Both electric and magnetic fields decline rapidly with distance from their source, with a faster decline of fields from point sources such as machinery and a slower decline of fields from power lines. Electric fields are further reduced when shielded by conducting objects like buildings and have little penetrative ability; magnetic fields, on the other hand, are capable of penetrating tissue and are not easily shielded.Occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields occurs from proximity to large motors as well as from wiring in buildings and the use of computers, office machines, and heating and air conditioning systems. Power transmission and distribution facilities are other sources.Accurate assessment of EMF exposure has presented many difficulties in epidemiologic studies and continues to be a considerable challenge. EMF have several unique characteristics that make them more difficult to measure than most other types of exposures. EMF are not readily detectable, are variable in time and space, and are to some extent present in all environments. Additionally, electric fields are both perturbed and intensified by conducting objects like the human body, so that fields measured at various points on the body's surface have different values. Because of the complexity of exposure circumstances, exposure reports from workers are not reliable.

Electro-optic and magneto-optic modulations of Goos-Hänchen effect in double graphene coating waveguide with sensing applications

A short analysis of the contemporary techniques of water disinfection as well as of the effects arising from the magnetic treatment of water is carried out. The experimental results of water disinfection in constant magnetic and electric fields are presented. The maximum disinfection efficiency exceeds 99%. A theoretical model is developed that describes the effects arising in water after its treatment by constant magnetic and electric fields on the basis of “free” dipoles. The anomalous properties of water are shown to be retained more than two hours after its treatment. It is rather important that the expenditure of energy in the techniques considered is virtually nil.

The time evolution of an electron-impurity or electron-phonon interacting system in the presence of a constant electric or magnetic field is studied. It is shown that the quantum-mechanical Liouville equation reduces to the familiar Boltzmann equation in the limit of weak electron-impurity or electron-phonon interactions.

Volume effects for pion two-point functions in constant electric and magnetic fields