Effect of side load reduction device on overexpanded thrust optimized parabolic nozzle flow

This paper presents a steady-state on-design and off-design thermodynamic performance investigation of a Humid Air Turbine (HAT) cycle and other competitive gas turbine cycles based on a simple cycle micro turbine. First of all, several stand-alone softwares and programs were integrated to achieve the computational capability of mass and energy balancing and optimization at on-design and off-design conditions. Later on, this paper shows the simulated on-design performance of a micro turbine in three different modified configurations: 1) recuperated cycle, 2) Recuperated Water Injected (RWI) cycle and 3) HAT cycle. The micro turbine is a 90.10 kW single-shaft simple cycle gas turbine with the electrical efficiency of 12.8%. After transformation, the electrical efficiencies of the recuperated, the RWI and the HAT cycle are 26.21%, 29.26% and 29.92%, respectively; the power outputs are 82.52 kW, 106.22 kW and 109.92 kW, respectively. Finally, the effects of load reduction (part-load at ISO conditions) and ambient temperature on the thermodynamic off-design performance of the simple, the recuperated, the RWI and the HAT cycle were investigated and compared. Simulation results indicate that the HAT cycle and the RWI cycle have similar off-design performance. In addition, the two evaporative cycles have more favorable off-design performance compared with the other two cycles with waste heat utilization of converting to power. It is concluded that the adjustment of the water vapor added to the compressed air has beneficial effect on the stability of the off-design performance. However, because of the absence of intercooler, as well as the limited amount of available waste exergy inside the micro gas turbine cycle, the advantages of the on-design and off-design performance of the transformed HAT cycle on the other competitive cycles are not completely displayed.

When performing consecutive sets of a resistance exercise, maintaining performance within a specified repetition range has been shown to be essential for achieving muscular adaptations conducive to different training goals. However, maintaining repetition performance can be difficult when using shorter rest intervals between sets (i.e., < or = 1 min), which may require load reductions. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare repetition performance when keeping the load constant or reducing the load by different percentages during a lower-body workout. Ten repetition maximum (10RM) loads were established for the back squat, leg curl, and leg extension exercises. Subjects performed 4 workouts under the following load conditions: (a) constant load for all sets, (b) 5% load reduction after each set, (c) 10% load reduction after each set, and (d) 15% load reduction after each set. Pairwise comparisons indicated that, when averaged across sets, significantly fewer repetitions were accomplished for the back squat and leg curl within the constant condition vs. the 15% condition (p < 0.05). Conversely, for the leg extension, there were no significant differences in the repetitions accomplished between conditions (p > 0.05). Pairwise comparisons also indicated that, when averaged across exercises, significantly fewer repetitions were accomplished for set 3 within the constant, 5%, and 10% conditions vs. the 15% condition (p < 0.05). In summary, the back squat and leg curl required 15% load reductions per set to maintain repetition performance. Conversely, load reductions were not necessary for the leg extension.

The results of the ecosystem model ERSEM showed, that a reduction in the nutrient load by 50% for N and P cannot be linearly transferred to a similar reduction in primary production in comparison to the standard run for the year 1988. While the reduction scenario results in decreased winter concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus of up to 40%, the decrease in net primary production reached only up to 20% in small areas in the coastal zone. The phytoplankton groups indicated different reactions to the changed nutrient availability. Generally, there were significant changes in the strength and timing of the nutrient limitation in all phytoplankton groups in the model, but the diatom concentration did not change much. Differences did occur for the flagellates, with sporadically higher flagellate concentration in comparison to the standard run. This result is important, because the increase in algal biomass due to eutrophication was related mainly to an increase in flagellates, which are not decreasing accordingly in the reduction scenario. The reduction scenarios demonstrated that changes in the discharges of the major rivers hardly affect the central North Sea, but lead to significant regional differences in the net primary production. Greatest differences with regard to primary production were found downstream of the river Rhine and Elbe. This leads to changes in the mass flows in the coastal area with an increased importance of the microbial loop. One possible reason for the muted reaction of primary production to decreasing nutrient inputs can be seen in the temporal coincidence of maximum river inputs and the phytoplankton spring bloom. Due to the high nutrient uptake during the spring bloom, inorganic nutrients are bound in the phytoplankton and form a potential for remineralisation. With a more efficient microbial loop, the system becomes less dependent on riverine nutrient inputs in summer.

Assessment of image quality in abdominal computed tomography: Effect of model-based iterative reconstruction, multi-planar reconstruction and slice thickness on potential dose reduction

Study on the control for DHC with new heat storage system (Part.3) : Evaluation of the heat supply system and effect of environmental load reduction

Energy performance evaluation of heat storage of calcium sulfate hemihydrate composite with fine aggregate based on paraffinic phase change material

本研究は全国26ヶ所の認証地域の中でも最もリサイクル事業者の集積が進んでおり，施策開始初年度より事業を展開している北九州エコタウンを対象に，2005年より5年間隔で物質フロー調査を実施した．アンケート調査及びヒアリング調査により把握した3時点の物質フローデータをもとに，36～51万t-CO2の削減効果があること，中でも立地事業所数が最も多い2010年の削減効果が最大であること等を示した．また，事業所数の増減，事業所あたり受入量，受入量あたりCO2削減効果の増減を用いてCO2増減の要因分析を行うことで，変化に対する寄与率を示した．さらに，ネットワーク分析によりネットワーク構造と密度を可視化し，北九州エコタウンの長期的な変化を明らかにした．

Pipe-embedded windows can significantly reduce the cooling/heating load of buildings when integrated with low-grade energy. However, the studies on the load reduction effect under different climates remain insufficient, and the optimal location of double-glazing glass and the width of the air interlayer have not been studied. Thus, in this study, the performance of a pipe-embedded window with different water temperatures under different representative climates and structures is investigated numerically. According to the simulation, a linear relationship is found between the load and the climatic parameters with the specific structure of the pipe-embedded window, and the water temperature has a greater effect on the load than the outdoor air temperature. For three typical weather conditions from cold to hot environments (summer: 26 °C, 200 W/m2; 30 °C, 400 W/m2; 34 °C, 600 W/m2; winter: –25 °C; –10 °C; 5 °C), the limits of water temperature under a 25% load reduction rate are 27.7 °C, 39.8 °C, and 51.8 °C for summer and 8.4 °C, 12.0 °C, and 15.6 °C for winter, respectively. Internal thermal insulation is recommended for a pipe-embedded window, and the air interlayer thickness and pipe location have almost no influence on the performance of the pipe-embedded window.

To accurately evaluate the load reduction effect and influence mechanism of power grid centralized maintenance measures, this study takes Sichuan Province's centralized maintenance practice in 2025 as the research object. It integrates operational data from the power load management system and meteorological monitoring data, and applies the Linear Mixed-Effects Model (LMEM) to quantitatively test the statistical significance of the measure effects. Additionally, it conducts an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which user type (detailed in accordance with the National Economic Industry Classification GB/T4754 — 2017), location, and daily maximum temperature affect load reduction.The study finds that:Centralized maintenance measures achieve significant load reduction; user industry type and location are key factors driving response differences, with the impact of location being particularly prominent; the impact of daily maximum temperature is not significant. Industry and regional characteristics can effectively explain the heterogeneous characteristics of individual users. This study not only provides empirical evidence for the refined management of demand response but also offers methodological references for the effect evaluation and optimization of similar demand-side management measures in power grids.

Within the 1970s, due to the environmental accounting began getting focus throughout the energy crisis. Recently, environmental accounting research has become an attractive area. Several studies have suggested the benefit of facilitative in disclosing company environmental accounting information. The data of this study is collected from Hitachi annual report and Hitachi group corporate social responsibility report over the period 2008-2012. The case study analyzes whether the investment in environmental protection can reduce GHG emissions, waste processing and energy conservation etc. This study mainly explores the relationship between carbon emission and financial investment in Hitachi Company according to the environmental disclosures. Furthermore, this study also observes the indicator of the efficiency of environmental load reduction and environmental economic effects. The results showed that Hitachi invests environmental protection does not definitely get positive efficiency. However, Hitachi still concerned environmental protection issue, for example, Hitachi enhances energy efficiency of their products and reduces CO₂ emissions in energy productions. In conclusion, Hitachi has long-term plans for environment protection, in order to reach the goal that they increase the ratio of eco-products which enhance energy efficiency of their products. Although the study has limitation, it presents some results of cost-benefit analysis of environmental investment through environmental accounting data that could strength the contribution of environmental accounting report..

This study examines the effect of an air-based solar heating system that can be used directly for convection heating while minimizing thermal leakage. To compare the effect of reducing the heating and hot water load when using the system, a simulation model of the system is created, and annual load calculations are performed. The results of the simulation study show that the annual heating load is reduced by 5.39 GJ and the hot water load is reduced by 10.32 GJ when using the air-based solar heating system, resulting in a 48.3% annual load reduction effect. In addition, by analyzing the thermal balance of the indoor space based on the application of the air-based solar heating system, the problem of the existing system is elucidated. In order to improve the performance of the system as shown in the thermal balance, it is necessary not only to improve the performance of the collector, but also to review its thermal storage, insulation, and proper control.

The Mississippi and Atchafalaya River System discharges large amounts of freshwater and nutrients into the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGoM). These lead to increased stratification and elevate primary production in the outflow region. Consequently, hypoxia (oxygen &lt;62.5 mmol/m3), extending over an area of roughly 15,000 km2, forms every summer in bottom waters. High‐resolution models have significantly improved our understanding of the processes controlling hypoxia formation in the NGoM and have strongly implicated riverine nutrients as the dominant nutrient source. However, the relative importance of different nutrient sources (i.e., the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers and offshore) has not been assessed before now. Here, we combine a high‐resolution model with an element tracing method to directly quantify the relative contributions of nitrogen from the two rivers and the open ocean to primary production and sediment oxygen consumption, which is the main oxygen sink contributing to hypoxia in the NGoM. Our results indicate that, averaged over 2001–2011, Mississippi and Atchafalaya nitrogen support 51 ± 9% and 33 ± 9% of summer sediment oxygen consumption, respectively, while open‐ocean nitrogen supports 16 ± 2%. The higher relative impact of Mississippi inputs results from longer transit times compared to those of Atchafalaya inputs. We also analyze the effect of riverine nitrogen load reductions and a larger diversion of discharge to the Atchafalaya River. These scenario simulations show that nutrient load reductions are most effective in mitigating hypoxia.

SMOES, a dynamic box model for the Oosterschelde ecosystem (SWNetherlands), has been applied to assess the effect of anthropogenicnutrient load reductions on suspension feeder biomass. The model, originallydeveloped to study the ecological effects of the building of a storm-surgebarrier situated in the mouth of the Oosterschelde, was repeatedlycalibrated for the years 1988-1989 (after the completion of the barrier in1987). With ten acceptable, but qualitatively different calibrations of themodel, a series of nutrient load reduction scenarios (-25%,0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) have beenanalysed. It was expected that the system receiving fewer nutrients couldonly support lower suspension feeder biomass. In this study the carryingcapacity is expressed as the ratio between the benthic suspension feederbiomass sustained by the ecosystem in one of the nutrient scenarios and thebiomass in the undisturbed ecosystem. This decrease in carrying capacityvaries widely, from 5% to 50% of nutrient reduction. SMOES has not been designed to fully answer the question of carryingcapacity. It includes a rather detailed ecosystem structure, but it lacksboth a proper population dynamic model for benthic suspension feeders and adescription of food advection towards benthic suspension feeder habitats.Despite these shortcomings, the method presents a promising instrument incarrying capacity studies.

The entire Baltic Sea, as well as many of its different sub-regions, are subject to eutrophication due to high nutrient inputs. To plan expensive water management measures one needs a tool to quantify effects of different water management policy decisions. The tools implemented here are simulation models based on similar descriptions of biochemical interactions in the water and sediments but coupled to different hydrodynamical models. For the Baltic Proper a 1D physical model with high vertical resolution but horizontally integrated was used. Simulations for 20 years made with 50% load reduction each 5 year show that for this domain and at these scales the recovery would take decades. The most effective is reduction of phosphorus, while reduction of only nitrogen leads to a dramatic increase in cyanobacteria blooms. For the Gulf of Finland a high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic model was coupled to a more crude 3D-box biogeochemical model describing concrete conditions during August and November 1991. In the Eastern Gulf of Finland the effects of a 50% load reduction from the St. Petersburg region are pronounced even after two weeks. Here, nitrogen reduction would be more beneficial than that of phosphorus, both locally and at a larger scale. The conclusion from these simulations is that the difference in effects of nitrogen versus phosphorus reduction is dependent on scales and locations of management.

DR(Demand response) is a rising issue in electricity power market by reducing load quantity instead of increasing generation for balancing demand and supply. DR resources are regarded as an extra tool of balancing supply and demand in emergency condition. DR resources usage in normal condition is also possible and used for the purpose of reliability and economic effect. For determining incentive for DR resources in PJM, fixed incentive level was used to reward the effect of market price reduction by DR program. However, since the fixed level of incentive is obtained by historical data, it cannot reflect the continuous change of market well. Furthermore, traditional method only concentrates to economic effect and it hardly concerns about the effect of preventing price variation by DR resources. In this paper, method of evaluating the market price reduction and prevention of price variation by DR is described under reliability considered situation. New mechanism for determining extra incentive is provided. From comparing the situation that DR is not implemented and the situation DR is implemented, novel mechanism can give more rewards to participants who contribute the stabilization of price and the reduction of load. Reward is exponentially increased as the DR resource stabilizes the price variation. On the other hand, reward is exponentially decreased as the DR resource increases price variation. Several cases are showed for checking effects and calculating the extra incentive.