Effects of spray-dried plasma on performance, carcass parameters, tibia quality and Newcastle disease vaccine efficacy in broiler chicken fed corn-soy diets with two varying levels of digestible amino acids and AMEn density

Growth, Meat Yield, and Economic Responses of Broilers Provided Three- and Four-Phase Schedules Formulated to Moderate and High Nutrient Density During a Fifty-Six-Day Production Period

본 연구는 비육돈 사료내 갯벌 미생물 유래 단백질 분해 효소제를 첨가하였을 때 성장률, 아미노산 소화율, 혈액성상, 육질 특성 및 분내 휘발성 지방산과 NH3-N 함량을 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 3원 교잡종(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) 비육돈 80두를 공시하였으며, 시험개시시의 체중은 60.08±2.69kg이었다. 시험설계는 기초사료내 영양소 함량과 효소제의 첨가 유뮤에 따라 high nutrient density diet 처리구, high nutrient density diet에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구(high nutrient density diet+0.1% protease), low nutrient density diet 처리구, low nutrient density diet 처리구에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구(low nutrient density diet+0.1% protease)로 4처리를 하여 처리당 5반복, 반복당 4마리씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 전체 사양시험 기간동안 일당증체량은 고 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). DM과 N의 소화율은 고 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들 및 저 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 필수 아미노산 소화율은 저 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 비필수 아미노산 소화율에서는 고 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 고 영양소 사료와 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). BUN 함량은 고 영양소 사료에 단백질 분해효소제를 첨가한 처리구가 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 육색에서는 명도를 나타내는 L*값은 저 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들이 고 영양소 사료를 급여한 처리구들과 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 비육돈 사료내 갯벌 미생물 유래 단백질 분해 효소제의 첨가는 성장률을 향상시켰고 아미노산 소화율 개선하였으며, BUN 함량과 육색에 영향을 미친 것으로 사료된다.(색인어：성장률, 아미노산 소화율, 혈액성상, 육질 특성, 휘발성 지방산, NH3-N) This study was conducted to evaluate effects of mud flat bacteria origin protease supplementation on growth performance, amino acid digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality, fecal VFA (volatile fatty acids) and NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen) concentration in finishing pigs. Eighty pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 60.08±2.69 kg average initial body weight) were used during experimental period. Dietary treatments included 1) high nutrient density diet, 2) high nutrient density diet+0.1% protease, 3) low nutrient density diet and 4) low nutrient density diet+0.1% protease. For overall period, ADG was improved in treatment of high nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatment of low nutrient density diet without protease (P<0.05). DM and N digestibilities were improved in treatments of high nutrient density diet and low nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatment of low nutrient density diet without protease (P<0.05). Essential amino acid digestibility was improved in treatment of low nutrient density diet added protease compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Nonessential amino acid digestibility was improved in treatment of high nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatments of high and low nutrient density diet (P<0.05). BUN (blood urea nitrogen) concentration in blood was increased in treatment of high nutrient density diet added protease compared with treatment of low nutrient density diet without protease (P<0.05). L*value of M. longissimus dorsi muscle was increased in treatments of low nutrient density diet compared with treatments of high nutrient density diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, mud flat bacteria origin protease was effective for improving growth performance, amino acid digestibility and influencing BUN concentration and meat color in finishing pigs.

BackgroundFeeding spray dried plasma (SDP) to weanling pigs improves growth, but there is a lack of research on how SDP impacts oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lactating sows, and performance of their piglets after weaning. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sows fed a diet with SDP in late gestation and lactation have improved reproductive performance and reduced inflammation compared with sows fed no SDP. The second hypothesis was that pigs weaned from sows fed 0.5% SDP in lactation have reduced diarrhea incidence and improved growth performance during the initial 14 d of the nursery period regardless of dietary SDP.ResultsThe percent of low vitality or starved pigs during lactation was less (P < 0.05) from sows fed 0.5% dietary SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP. Dietary SDP did not influence oxidative stress markers in the plasma of sows, but serum cytokines increased (P < 0.05) in sows fed the diet with 0.5% SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP. Pigs weaned from young sows fed no SDP or from mature sows fed 0 or 0.5% SDP had a greater gain to feed ratio when fed a phase 1 diet containing 6% SDP compared with pigs fed a diet without SDP, but the gain to feed ratio of pigs weaned from young sows fed 0.5% dietary SDP was not affected by dietary SDP in phase 1 (interaction, P < 0.05). Regardless of sow treatment, pigs fed a phase 1 diet with 6% SDP had greater (P < 0.05) growth performance than pigs fed a phase 1 diet without SDP, and pigs fed the phase 1 diet with 6% SDP had reduced (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence in phase 1.ConclusionsFeeding 0.5% dietary SDP to sows may reduce the number of mummified pigs and increase pig vitality during lactation, but adding 0.5% SDP to sow diets during lactation did not improve post-weaning performance of pigs fed a starter diet with 6% SDP.

Summary1. We assessed the impact of predation by the invertebrate predator Leptodora kindtii on Bosmina longirostris and B. fatalis, which show seasonal and reciprocal succession patterns in Lake Suwa, in a mesocosm experiment using 20‐L tanks with or without the predator under different food conditions. We also analysed morphological responses of the two Bosmina species to the predator in the tanks.2. Bosmina fatalis dominated B. longirostris regardless of predator presence under high food density. However, the presence of Leptodora induced the dominance of B. fatalis more rapidly than its absence. On the contrary, no dominance of B. fatalis was observed in tanks with low food density, irrespective of the presence of the predator. Only B. fatalis showed morphological changes in response to the presence of Leptodora.3. Mucrone length and antennule shape (angle between body and antennule and angle between antennules) showed marked responses at both high and low food densities, but antennule length responded only at high food density. Mucrone length seems to be a more effective defence against Leptodora.4. The results suggest that B. fatalis is a superior competitor against B. longirostris and is more resistant to Leptodora predation, especially in good food conditions. The repeatedly observed seasonal succession of the two Bosmina species in the eutrophic Lake Suwa – the replacement of B. longirostris by B. fatalis following the occurrence of abundant Leptodora– seems to be caused by the selective predation of Leptodora on B. longirostris as well as the competitive ability of B. fatalis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide an initial assessment of the effectiveness of the high nutrient density (HND) diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in participants with type 2 diabetes. Design: This was a retrospective case series study. Participants were 13 adult type 2 diabetic U.S. women and men between the ages of 30 - 80 years old. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipid profile, blood pressure, BMI, and medication requirements before and after commencement of the HND diet were compared. Results: After a median length on the HND diet of 7 months, the mean HbA1C dropped from 8.2% to 5.8% (p = 0.002), with sixty-two percent of participants reaching normoglycemic levels (HbA1C p = 0.0004 for systolic blood pressure, p = 0.01 for diastolic blood pressure). Triglycerides significantly decreased from a mean of 171 mg/dl to a mean of 103 mg/dl (p = 0.02). The HDL increased significantly from 48.3 mg/dl to 54.6 mg/dl (p = 0.03). The mean number of medications dropped from 4 to 1 (p = 0.0006). Conclusions: The HND diet was very effective in controlling glycemic levels and cardiovascular risk factors in 13 participants with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, there is a well-justified need for further study with the HND diet.

A total of 160 growing pigs (24.69 ± 1.89 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two different levels of nutrient density diet with or without 0.3% probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum). Each treatment had eight replicates with five pigs (three gilts and two barrows) per pen. At the end of the trial, pigs fed 0.3% probiotic supplement had significantly increased body weight, whereas the average daily gain and gain to feed ratio was significantly increased in both probiotic and high-nutrient density (HD) diet. The nutrient digestibility of dry matter was significantly increased in pigs fed HD diet, whereas nitrogen and gross energy digestibility and blood characters immunoglobulin and lymphocyte counts were significantly increased in both HD and probiotic groups. Inclusion of HD diet with 0.3% probiotic significantly decreased NH3 and H2S gas emission. Moreover, nitrogen and energy showed a significant interaction between probiotic and density diet. In summary, dietary probiotics with HD diet increased the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and reduced gas emission. We suggest that 0.3% probiotic with HD diet could serve as an alternative feed additive to enhance the growth performance of growing pigs.

In recent years, the search for alternative feed resources has increased, primarily due to the rise in the prices of protein materials. Spray-dried plasma (SDP) has emerged as a valuable feed additive for broiler production, serving as a natural and effective alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. SDP is a rich source of nutritious substances and has peptides, amino acids, immunoglobulin, albumin, fibrinogen, lipids, growth factors, enzymes, and other components that have specific biological activities. These bioactive compounds enhance growth performance, immune status, and gut health of broiler chickens. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on the structure, safety of production, and mechanisms of action of the SDP, with a particular emphasis on its effects under both normal and challenging conditions in broiler chickens. Recent studies have suggested that supplementing broiler diets with SDP at lower dosages over extended periods promotes nutrient digestibility, gut integrity, modulation of inflammatory responses, and reduction in oxidative stress, thereby improving feed conversion ratio (FCR) and overall well-being of broilers. Moreover, the effects of SDP on broilers were more pronounced under challenging conditions than under normal production conditions. Additionally, this chapter evaluates the efficacy of SDP in addressing various production and microbial challenges, establishing it as a biosafe and sustainable component of poultry nutrition.

A total of 144 pigs with initial BW of 29.48±0.58 kg were used in a 6-wk experiment to evaluate the probiotics supplementation (Enterococcis faecium, 1.0×1010 CFU/g) with different nutrient densities in growing pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two levels of nutrient density and probiotic (0 or 0.1%) according to their sex and BW (nine replicate pens with two gilts and two barrows per pen). Pigs fed the higher nutrient density diets led to a higher (P<0.05) ADG and G:F ratio than those fed low nutrient density diet. The inclusion of probiotic increased (P<0.05) ADG, ADFI, G:F, and the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, N, energy. Dietary high nutrient density led to a higher (P<0.05) faecal H2S and NH3 content, whereas the probiotic supplementation led to a reduced (P<0.05) faecal H2S and NH3 content. An increased faecal lactobacillus concentration was observed with probiotic supplementation. An interactive effect between energy and nutrient density diet and probiotic was observed on the ADG and G:F ratio, faecal lactobacillus, apparent total tract digestibility and faecal noxious gas content. In conclusion, both dietary probiotic supplementation and a high nutrient diet could improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. The beneficial effect of probiotic supplementation in pigs could be enhanced with the high energy and nutrient density diets.

Dietary Energy Source and Density Modulate the Expression of Immunologic Stress in Chicks

Simple SummaryPorcine digestive peptides (PDP) are a coproduct of the heparin industry obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of porcine intestinal mucosa. They have proven to be a valid substitute for other high quality dietary protein sources for piglets, like spray-dried plasma (SDP), but knowledge about their influence on intestinal function is still scarce. This study found that substituting soybean ingredients with PDP and SDP to the diets of weaned piglets increased growth rate at 14 d post-weaning. In addition, the combination of PDP with SDP increased the expression of certain genes related to intestinal function in the jejunum, which suggests that this combination might have functional properties that contribute to improving the intestinal health of the pigs, although more research is needed to confirm it.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of porcine digestible peptides (PDP), spray-dried plasma (SDP), or a combination of both, on growth performance and the expression of genes related to intestinal function of weaned pigs. A total of 180 piglets (trial 1) and 198 piglets (trial 2) were used to evaluate the partial substitution of soybean ingredients with 2% SDP or 2% PDP (trial 1), and with 3% SDP or the combination of 1% SDP and 2% PDP (SDP-PDP; trial 2) during the pre-starter period (0–14 days). The gene expression of 56 genes was quantified in a qPCR platform in jejunum and ileum samples obtained from piglets 14 d after weaning (trial 2). Piglets fed SDP, PDP and SDP-PDP had a higher body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) than the soybean control on day 14 (p < 0.05). In addition, the combination of SDP and PDP upregulated ten genes in jejunum samples (p < 0.05) related to intestinal function. More research is needed to confirm that gene expression upregulation by PDP in combination with SDP has an impact on intestinal function and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms.

Dairy intake is likely to influence dietary energy density (ED) and nutrient density (ND), which are factors representing aspects of dietary quality. Although evidence suggests dairy intake is unlikely to contribute to obesity, intake tends to decrease over adolescence, potentially as a result of concerns around weight gain. We examined associations between dairy intake, ED and ND, and investigated relationships with obesity in adolescents. The present study comprised a cross-sectional study of 1613 14-year-olds in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Adolescents completed a 212-item food frequency questionnaire. Nutrient Rich Food index 9.3 (NRF9.3) was used to estimate ND. Age-specific body mass index (BMI) and waist-height cut-offs were used to categorise obesity risk. Mean(SD) dairy intake was: 2.62(1.51) servings daily; ED was 4.53(0.83) (food and beverage) and 6.28(1.33) (food only); ND was 373(109). Dairy intake was inversely associated with ED and positively associated with ND. The odds of being overweight (as assessed by BMI) increased by 1.24 (95% confidence interval=1.09-1.42) with each 100-point increase in ND, after adjustment for potential confounders and energy intake. ED measures and dairy intake were inversely associated with obesity after adjustment for confounders; associations became nonsignificant after energy adjustment. The NRF9.3 was originally designed to assess foods, not diets. Further research in other cohorts to determine whether similar findings exist, or investigations into alternate measures of dietary ND, may prove useful. Our findings may be the result of factors such as an excess consumption of refined but fortified foods. Although higher dairy intakes were associated with higher ND, intakes were not associated with higher obesity risk.

Twelve experimental diets with three levels of energy densities (11.25, 12.38 and 13.50 MJ/kg) and fours levels of starch to lipid ratios (14:1, 12:1, 7:1, 4:1) were offered to 288 male Ross 308 broiler chickens. All the diets were formulated to contain consistent digestible lysine to metabolisable energy ratios (0.87 g digestible lysine/MJ AMEn) and ideal amino acid ratios. Growth performance was monitored from 7 to 27 days post-hatch and parameters of nutrient utilisation (AME, AMEn, AME:GE ratios, N retention) were determined from 24 to 26 days post-hatch. Apparent protein (N) and starch digestibility coefficients, carcass yield and composition were determined at 27 days post-hatch. There were no interactions between energy densities and starch to lipid ratios on growth performance and carcass weights (P > 0.05). Feed intake was reduced with increased energy densities (P < 0.001). Weight gain and FCR were improved with increased dietary energy densities (P < 0.0001). Starch to lipid ratios linearly increased weight gain (r = 0.448, P = 0.001) and feed intake (r = 0.509, P < 0.001) without influencing FCR (P > 0.75). Both nutrient densities and starch to lipid ratios significantly impacted on carcass weight and yield. Heavier carcass weights and higher yields were observed in broiler chickens offered diets with high nutrient density (P ≤ 0.001). Carcass weight (r = 0.441, P < 0.005) was positively correlated with starch to lipid ratios and this tended to be the case for carcass yield (r = 0.277, P = 0.057) too. However, there were interactions on lipid concentrations in carcass (P < 0.001) as broiler chickens offered diet containing the lowest nutrient density and the highest starch to lipid ratio had the highest lipid carcass concentration of 12.94%. In conclusion, protein and energy need to be considered in tandem in practical diet formulation, especially in diets containing high crystalline amino acid inclusions. The impact of lipid on feed intake and starch on carcass lipid concentrations should also be taken into consideration.

Spray-dried animal plasma sourced from bovine, porcine or other animal origin is often used as a main feed ingredient in the diets of weanling piglets to improve growth performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of animal plasma in diets on the performance of piglets in the post-weaning period, with and/or without pathogenic challenge, by undertaking a meta-analysis. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed reports published in scientific journals. The average initial weight of the piglets was 5.8kg and the average initial age 19days (2-56days). The average duration of feeding animal plasma was 40days. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found to be 22-28g/day, 20-27g/day and -0.28 to 0.06g/g. Generally, diet supplemented with spray-dried bovine plasma (SDBP) improved the ADG of the piglets and spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) led to increases in the ADFI. For the first week post-weaning alone, as the dietary animal plasma percentage increased there was an increase in ADG and ADFI; similarly, the latter two measures increased as weaning age increased. The evidence suggests that mainly IgG present in animal plasma prevents the binding of pathogens to the gut wall and reduces the incidence of sub-clinical infection in the post-weaning stage. Animal plasma containing IgG appears to be a useful in-feed supplement for piglets in the post-weaning phase.

Interrelationships between Diet and Elevated Temperatures (Cyclic and Constant) on Concentrations of Progesterone, Estradiol-17β, and Testosterone in Blood Plasma of Laying Hens

Movement in relation to local food levels was compared between the sexes of the zaprochiline katydid Kawanaphila nartee Rentz. Adults of both sexes were marked, and their departure rates were estimated (1) early in the season for two plots having high vs. low food density and (2) throughout the season for a single plot with changing food levels. Based on the between-plot comparison, movement of males was independent of food density, whereas females were less likely to leave the rich patch than the poor one. The within-plot comparisons revealed that, despite large changes in food levels, male departure rates did not vary over the season. Females showed increased movement over the season and by the end of the study had a departure rate similar to that of males.