Efficacy of Commercial-Grade Materials for Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Acacia farnesiana L. is an Indian plant used in Ayurvedic treatment for many diseases. A qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography & a quantitative analysis by standard chemical protocol of secondary metabolites in the pod wall (pericarp) and seeds of the Acacia farnesiana L. has been studied. Using thin layer chromatography (TLC) different components like Alkaloids, Saponin, Flavonoids, and Terpenoides are isolated & identified. The Rf values of the developed spots in the different solvent systems are noted. In the quantitative analysis, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids & flavonoids are extracted by using the standard chemical protocol. These results may be helpful for rationale use of this plant in the modern system of health care.

To evaluate anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activity of various subfractions of ethyl acetate fraction of leaves of Vitex negundo. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of leaves of V. negundo was further subfractionated into NaOH fraction, acetone fraction, and chloroform fraction to separate chemical constituents present in EAF using thin layer chromatography technique and different solvent systems. The stabilisation potential of the various subfractions of EAF of leaves of V. negundo against mast cell degranulation was studied on isolated mesentery of rat by exposure to compound 48/80. Dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) was used as a reference standard. AF of EAF of leaves of V. negundo (500 μg/ml) showed significant protection of rat mesenteric mast cells from disruption caused by compound 48/80. This study concluded that AF of EAF of leaves of V. negundo shows mast cell stabilising activity. It may be useful as anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic agent. Key words: Asthma, compound 48/80, mast cell, Vitex negundo

One alternative in controlling Aedes aegypti larvae is with the use of bioinsecticides that are environmentally friendly, safe, and inexpensive. Betel leaf and srikaya seeds contain chemical compounds that can be used as bioinsectiside. The following paper deals with detection of phytochemical in the Granules Mixed Betel Leaf Extract and Srikaya Seed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and FTIR. The TLC analysis was performed Rf value for 0.91 flavonoid compound; alkaloids 0.49; saponins 0.29 and 0.65; tannin 0.89; and anthraquinone 0.22 and 0.45. The FTIR analysis was performed represented the presence of various functional groups which includes alcohol, alkana, nitrile, and ether. Keywords: Phytochemical, Bioinsecticide, Granula, TLC, FTIR

The article examines the ecological-coenotic and phytochemical features of endemic plant species Thymus cretaceus, T. dubjanskyi and T. talijevii, growing in different botanical and geographical conditions. Plant material (fresh leaves) was collected in the Orenburg, Ulyanovsk and Volgograd regions. The water content in plant leaves was determined by the calibration method after they were dried. Photosynthetic pigments were analyzed in acetone extract by spectrophotometer. Lipids from plant tissues were extracted with organic solvents after their complete destruction. Separation of lipids was carried out by thin layer chromatography using various solvent systems. Fatty acids were analyzed as their methyl esters. It is shown that the range of distribution of the studied species changed from northern to southern latitudes: T. talijevii > T. dubjanskyi > T. cretaceus. The plants grew on calcium-containing substrates and differed in their ecological and coenotic environment. Leaves of plants from northern latitudes contained more moisture than more southerly ones. The content of lipids and fatty acids changed sideways, a decrease in glycolipids and an increase in phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids as the plants moved from north to south. Differences in the content and ratio of photosynthetic pigments are more related to the species of the plant than to the place of growth. The endemism of the studied plants is ensured by the geographical location, climatic and edaphic conditions, and the peculiarity of the phytocenosis. Habitat conditions affected physiological and biochemical processes.

Improvement of chemical analysis of antibiotics : III. Simple method for the analysis of tetracyclines on reversed-phase thin-layer plates

Background: Myrtus communis L. is an evergreen perennial shrub belonging to the Myrtaceae family that is spontaneously growing throughout the Mediterranean area. Myrtle has demonstrated important antimicrobial and antifungal activities to treat bacterial and fungal diseases. Objectives: This study was aimed to develop a new method to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Myrtle on dermatophytes by bioautography. Materials and Methods: The species used for this study were: Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The fungi were kept on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) slants at 4°C and subcultured monthly throughout this study. Various fractions were prepared from hydroalcoholic extracts based on polarity. The antifungal assay of different solvent extracts was performed by agar disc diffusion method. A thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was developed to carry out bioautography TLC, the same solvent system as that of bioautography was used. Results: Ethyl acetate and total methanolic extracts respectively had the best antifungal effects against three tested genera of dermatophytes. The ethyl acetate extract and methanolic extract that had the most inhibitory effect compared with any other fractions, were separated by solvent system (trifluroacetic acid, ethyl acetate, methanol, water: 0.1: 10: 0.04: 0.04) by TLC method. The best antifungal effects of the three fungi extracts was obtained in Rf: 0 - 0.3. Conclusions: The active compound may be a flavonoid. Existence of flavonoids in tested fractions could be the important medicinal properties of M. communis leaves. Further work is required to evaluate the exact effect of these biological compounds on animal model or human volunteers.

Mushrooms produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are known to have anti-pathogenic properties with safer and effective therapeutic effects in human disease prognosis. The antibacterial activity of ethanol and methanol extracts of Pleurotus opuntiae were checked against pathogenic microorganisms viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus mirabilis NCIM 2300, Proteus vulgaris NCIM 5266, Serratia marcescens NCIM 2078, Shigella flexeneri NCIM 5265, Moraxella sp. NCIM 2795, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by agar well diffusion method at different concentrations of the extracts. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts was determined by INT (Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride) colorimetric assay. Extracts were standardized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) in different solvent systems. The Retention factors (Rf) of different compounds were calculated by high performance TLC (HPTLC) fingerprinting at UV 254, 366, and 540 nm before and after derivatization. The ethanol and methanol extracts of P. opuntiae showed bactericidal activity against all the test pathogens at MIC values of 15.6 to 52.08 mg/mL and 20.81 to 52.08 mg/mL respectively. Whereas the MBC values for ethanol and methanol extract of P. opuntiae against all pathogens were recorded as 26.03 to 62.5 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL respectively. Preliminary mycochemical screening of both the extracts revealed high contents of bioactive compounds. Amongst all the solvent systems used in TLC, the best result was given by chloroform + hexane (8:2) which eluted out 5 different compounds (spots). HPTLC results revealed spots with different Rf values for all the 24 compounds present. Thus, it can be inferred from the present investigation that the mycoconstituents could be an alternative medication regimen and could play a role in new drug discoveries against different infections. Further, the antimicrobial components of these mushrooms can be transformed to bioengineered antimicrobial coatings for surfaces, drug and other hybrid systems for public health implications in combating persistent infections.

In the past decade, hazardous waste, how it is generated and how it is disposed of, has become one of the most emotional environmental issues to grip the U.S. Two laws—the Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act, more commonly called Superfund—have been enacted to deal strictly with such wastes. The results of these laws have been controversial. One difficult problem is just keeping track of the waste. Quantification has been nearly impossible, and different definitions and calculation methods used by various groups have led to widely disparate numbers. Two new reports on the chemical industry's handling of hazardous wastes have just been issued that demonstrate this problem. The Chemical Manufacturers Association has been conducting hazardous waste surveys of its members since 1981, collecting information from hundreds of chemical plants on their waste practices. The continuity of the surveys has allowed CMA to observe trends ...

Antioxidant is a compound that can inhibit free radicals. Free radicals can cause several diseases. The purpose of this study is to reveal the antioxidant activity of carica leave ethanol extract (CLEE) (Carica pubescens) and determine its active compounds. The extract produces with maceration method using ethanol 96% as a solvent. The antioxidant activities of CLEE series concentration (2.5; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0 and 25.0) ppm and vitamin C series concentration of (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5) ppm as standard antioxidant were measured with DPPH method. Absorbance was observed by spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Antioxidant activities presented by IC50 value derived from probit analysis. Identification of active compounds in CLEE was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The results showed that the IC50 value for CLEE and vitamin C as an antioxidant were 30.8 ppm and 2.9 ppm respectively. Base on TLC analysis, alkaloids, a phenol compound, and flavonoids were found in CLEE. Key words: antioxidant, Carica pubescens, DPPH, TLC

Applied thin-layer chromatography: best practice and avoidance of mistakes

Abstract. Kartini K, Sabatini SS, Haridsa NM, Jayani NIE, Setiawan F, Hadiyat MA. 2023. TLC-fingerprinting and chemometrics for identification of Curcuma xanthorrhiza from different geographical origins in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6557-6566. Geographical origin is an important parameter that influences the quality of herbal medicine. The fingerprint of herbal plants is expressed as chemical compounds contributing to said quality. Curcuma xanthorrhiza, popular as java turmeric, is extensively used in Indonesian traditional medicine. This study aimed to validate and develop a Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) fingerprint of C. xanthorrhiza, followed by chemometric techniques to classify C. xanthorrhiza rhizomes from 15 regions in Indonesia. Under selected TLC conditions (i.e., stationary phase: TLC plate Silica gel 60 GF254, mobile phase: dichloromethane, chloroform, and ethanol (10: 10: 1), detection: vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent), C. xanthorrhiza produced five zones of the compound. Extracts were stable both on the TLC plate and in the extract solution during chromatography and within 60 minutes after derivatization. In terms of precision, the chromatogram meets the requirement of intraday precision. Chemometric analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) showed that the samples of C. xanthorrhiza from 15 regions in Indonesia were grouped into five clusters based on the similarity of the chemical compounds, namely cluster 1 (Tawangmangu, Bangkalan, Kediri, and Surabaya); cluster 2 (Batu, Sragen, Tulungagung, Pasuruan, Blitar, and Lombok Tengah); cluster 3 (Ngawi); cluster 4 (Gresik); and cluster 5 (Bojonegoro, Banyuwangi, and Palangkaraya). The TLC fingerprinting with chemometrics on C. xanthorrhiza rhizome is useful for quality control based on geographic origin and authenticity identification.

Thin-layer chromatography of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides

Partition coefficients of amino acids and hydrophobic parameters π of their side-chains as measured by thin-layer chromatography

Propolis is a complex mixture of natural compounds, including resinous terpenoids, flavonoids, aromatic acids, and essential oils, and has strong antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. The chemical composition of propolis determines its properties and strongly depends on a wide variety of different plant sources, as well as other climate and environmental parameters. In order to determine the main compounds, in this study, we applied an integrated analysis of propolis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to characterize and compare the phytochemical profiles of selected bioactive materials in raw propolis. TLC served as a rapid, cost-effective, and highly visual technique to separate and identify key constituents, including terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in propolis, without a need for further precleaning steps after performing ultrasonic extraction. Complementary methods, such as FTIR spectroscopy, were employed to validate and quantify the active components detected through TLC screening. In addition, the UV-VIS method revealed the solubility of raw propolis in different solvents, after testing for coffee ring effects. The results confirmed that the complex structure of the raw sample can be more thoroughly revealed by two-dimensional TLC, which enables not only rapid and verifiable qualitative results but also detection of overlapping spots. Moreover, by comparing the results with data from the literature, not only can particular chemical compounds be efficiently determined by TLC but also the regional origin of samples.

Herbal plants are natural sourcefor obtaining natural medicines. The Caralluma fimfriata wall plant belongs to family Asclepiadaceae. The plant contain different chemical constituent such as alkaloid, flavonoid The main aim of the study was to extract the plant material by using methanol as a solvent by using soxhlet extraction method. from the phytochemical analysis, the plant was showed chemical constituent. The isolation and separation of chemical constituent were done by chromatograhic technique such as thin layer chromatography and column chromatography. The each chemical constituent were identified by performing its physical and chemical test. The isolated chemical constituent were subjected to further study that is it was used for spectral analysis, by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, IR, NMR spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, The methanolic extract of Caralluma fimbriata was further used for pharmacological study such as immunomodulatory activity. The increase in immunomodulatory activity of C. fimbriata was done by using neutrophil adhesion test.