Efficient and accurate EM simulation technique for analysis and design of MMICs

The closed-form Green's functions of the vector and scalar potentials in the spatial domain are presented for the sources of horizontal electric, magnetic, and vertical electric, magnetic dipoles embedded in general, multilayer, planar media. First, the spectral domain Green's functions in an arbitrary layer are derived analytically from the Green's functions in the source layer by using a recursive algorithm. Then, the spatial domain Green's functions are obtained by adding the contributions of the direct terms, surface waves, and complex images approximated by the Generalized Pencil of Functions Method (GPOF). In the derivations, the main emphasis is to put these closed-form representations in a suitable form for the solution of the mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) by the method of moments in a general three-dimensional geometry. The contributions of this paper are: 1) providing the complete set of closed-form Green's functions in spectral and spatial domains for general stratified media; 2) using the GPOF method, which is more robust and less noise sensitive, in the derivation of the closed-form spatial domain Green's functions; and 3) casting the closed-form Green's functions in a form to provide efficient applications of the method of moments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

An efficient and rigorous numerical method, based on the spatial-domain method of moments (MoM) in conjunction with the closed-form Green's functions, is devised for the analysis of multiple vertical conductors in printed circuits. As this combination has already proven to be very efficient for the analysis of printed structures with horizontal and vertical conductors, it is extended to efficiently handle multiple vertical conductors. Some circuits with multiple vertical strips are analyzed using the proposed method, and results are compared either to those presented in the literature or to those obtained from the commercial software em by SONNET Software, North Syracuse, NY. Computational efficiency of the algorithm is assessed in terms of CPU time, and it is observed that the computational cost of the proposed algorithm is an order of magnitude less than that of the straightforward implementation of the underlaying method of the algorithm-the spatial-domain MOM using closed-form Green's functions

A numerically efficient technique for the analysis of slot-line geometries in multilayer media is presented using closed-form Green's functions in the spatial domain employed in conjunction with the Method of Moments (MoM). The computed equivalent magnetic current distribution on the slot is used to determine the power radiated by the slot and the input impedance. In power calculations, the spatial domain Green's functions are approximated as a power series of radial distance, and the integrals involving the Green's functions are carried out analytically saving considerable amount of computation time.

The spatial Green's function for the open microstrip structure, especially with a thick substrate, is generally represented in the time-consuming Sommerfield integrals. Through the Sommerfield identity, a closed-form spatial Green's function of a few terms is found from the quasi-dynamic images, the complex images, and the surface waves. With the numerical integration of the Sommerfeld integrals thus avoided, this closed-form Green's function is computationally very efficient. Numerical examples show that the closed-form Green's function gives less than 1% error for all substrates and source-to-field distances. >

Green's functions are obtained in exact closed-forms for the elastic fields in bi-material elastic solids with slipping interface and differing transversely isotropic properties induced by concentrated point and ring force vectors. For the concentrated point force vector, the Green functions are expressed in terms of elementary harmonic functions. For the concentrated ring force vector, the Green functions are expressed in terms of the complete elliptic integral. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effect of anisotropic bi-material properties on the transmission of normal contact stress and the discontinuity of lateral displacements at the slipping interface. The closed-form Green's functions are systematically presented in matrix forms which can be easily implemented in numerical schemes such as boundary element methods to solve elastic problems in computational mechanics.

This paper presents an efficient technique to evaluate the Green's functions of single-layer and multilayer structures. Using the generalized pencil of function method, a Green's function in the spectral domain is accurately approximated by a short series of exponentials, which represent images in spatial domain. New compact closed-form spatial-domain Green's functions are found from these images using several semi-infinite integrals of Bessel functions. With the numerical integration of the Sommerfeld integrals avoided, this method has the advantages of speed and simplicity over numerical techniques, and it leads to closed-form expressions for the method-of-moments matrix coefficients. Numerical examples are given and compared with those from numerical integration.

A moment method based on triangular (RWG) basis functions and new closed-form Green's functions is presented for the analysis of microstrip structures of arbitrary shapes. It combines the flexibility of the triangular basis functions with the efficiency of the closed-form Green's functions. The new method is applied to obtain the scattering coefficients of a two-gap microstrip filter and it is found to be accurate and efficient.

Indoor communication systems operating at millimeter wave frequencies are getting increasing attention due to their ability of having wider bandwidth and as a result conveying information at higher bit rates. At these systems, the capacity of channel is very important especially where there is no line of sight due to an obstacle. Here we examine the use of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in a 2D room with an obstacle at 60 GHz. We estimate the channel by using the closed-form Green's function of the room and show the ability of MIMO to increase the available capacity of the system in the room chiefly behind the obstacle.

The rapid development of communication systems and the impending traffic congestion of RF spectrum have led to an expansion in frequency usage towards the millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave bands. In dealing with high frequency spectra in these bands, the conventional fabrication technology for microwave integrated circuit (MWIC) such as microstrip technology no longer applies, primarily because of high transmission loss. Although low-loss transmission media such as dielectric waveguide structures can be used as alternatives, they are difficult to fabricate and integrate with passive or active devices. This results in a growing interest in combining the advantages of microstrip and dielectric waveguide technologies. One of the most common implementations of interconnecting these two dissimilar structures is offered by aperture coupling. The theme of this dissertation is to introduce a rigorous formulation for modeling the coupling between microstrip and open-dielectric related structures (rectangular dielectric resonator antenna and image guide) via an aperture. The model is the first major rigorous method published for analyzing such types of coupling structures. The method is based on a surface integral equation approach by which the dielectric waveguide is modeled as equivalent surface electric and magnetic currents and subsequently treated via a set of combined field integral equations (CFIE). The microstrip structure and the associated coupling mechanism are formulated using the mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) approach. The coupled integral equations are then solved by the method of moments (MoM) in the spatial domain using Galerkin's procedure. Closed-form Green's functions are employed in the calculation to enhance numerical efficiency. The model is demonstrated to be a very versatile and is a practical design tool with the ability to perform accurate full-wave analysis very efficiently. The key to formulating 3-D open-dielectric waveguide structures is the introduction of the hybrid basis functions technique for modeling propagating and scattered fields associated with a guiding structure. It is based on the use of a combination of sub-domain (rooftop) and travelling wave basis functions to represent the irregular and modal surface currents on the dielectric. The technique was first applied to a 2-D planar guided structure (microstrip leaky wave antenna) before it was expanded to the 3-D geometry. The consequence of this technique is far-reaching as it has made possible a MoM analysis of 3-D finite open-dielectric waveguides that has not been reported.

The authors investigate microstrip patch antennas with tuning stubs by using a numerically efficient technique which employs a closed-form, spatial domain Green's function in conjunction with the method of moments. The type of configurations investigated is particularly useful for fine tuning the resonant frequency of a microstrip patch antenna, accomplished by changing the length of the tuning stub, and/or its location along the radiating edges of the microstrip patch. In addition, the patch antenna can be designed to radiate a circularly polarized wave by making a judicious choice of the locations of the feed line and the tuning stub.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Closed-form Green?s function representations for cylindrically stratified media, which can be used in conjunction with a Method of Moments, are developed. The closed-form expressions are valid for all possible source and field points including the axial line (ρ = ρ' and θ= θ'), which has not been available before. In the course of obtaining these expressions, the spectral domain Green's function components are calculated efficiently and transformed to the spatial domain using the discrete complex image method with the help of the generalized pencil of function method. Numerical results are presented in the form of a mutual coupling between two current modes and the input impedance of various rectangular microstrip antennas on dielectric coated circular cylinders.

At first, a brief review of published analyzes for related problems is presented. Then a new solution is derived for the case when plate is subjected to a concentrated force at any point on the plate. As in the reviewed papers, the analysis is based on the linear bending theory of thin plates. The solution procedure utilizes the closed-form Green's function for the infinite plate, in conjunction with the Fourier integral method. The advantage of the present approach is that the characteristic response of the plate near the load is represented by the closed-form Green's function which contains the proper singularity, whereas the other terms represent the correction due to the free edge. To study the mechanical features of the problem under consideration, deflection profiles and bending moment distributions were calculated and are presented as graphs.

Multislot planar transmission lines are analyzed using a mixed-potential integral-equation formulation solved by the method of moments. Closed-form Green's functions for horizontal magnetic filaments are obtained using the discrete complex image in conjunction with the two-level approximation scheme. The calculations are applied on the specific case of the multislot lines built in the microwave multichip-module deposition technology. The effect of the thin dielectric films on the propagation and the dispersion characteristics is investigated. This effect was found to be significant and mode dependent. Numerical results for the modal currents and dispersion curves are also presented.

A new technique for efficient calculation of spatial Green's function of open-radiating rectangular cavity is presented. The method is based on separability assumption of the original structure and characteristic Green's function method. Using complex image (CI) technique in spectral domain and well-known Weyl's identity, a closed-form relation for spatial Green's function can be derived. To obtain more accurate closed-form Green's function, before applying CI, discrete spectrum contribution part of the derived relation is modified by replacing more accurate reflection coefficients of surface wave modes from walls of the open-radiating cavity. Verification of the derivations of the proposed method is shown for dielectric loaded metallic box which is a separable structure. Method of moment + multilevel fast multipole method solution and also exact numerical integration approach for open-radiating rectangular cavity are considered to search the accuracy as well as speed of the proposed method. It is shown that the main advantage of the proposed method lies in its speed as well as its simple implementation while the accuracy is preserved.

The method based on the discrete approximate image theory to calculate Green's function for thin truncated grounded dielectric substrate has been proposed. Through assuming the truncated edges as perfectly magnetic conductors (PMC), the solution has been obtained by using the images caused from the multi-reflections of the magnetic walls. The simulated results demonstrate not only the validity of the obtained Green's functions but also the efficiency and simplicity of this image method. The proposed Green's function may find many applications where the assumption of PMC on the truncated edges is reasonable.