Efficient Core Selection for Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

On demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) is a typical mesh-based multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network, but its poor scalability limits its application in large scale network. This paper presents a timer forecasting zone based on demand multicast routing protocol (TFZMP) for mobile ad hoc network (MANET). In TFZMP, the network is divided into zones based on timer forecasting mechanism. Mesh structures inside each zone provide good adaptability to network topology changes. Zone division based on timer forecasting mechanism decreases the data overhead of multicast routing and enhances the scalability of the network. The proposed TFZMP protocol is simulated and compared with ODMRP on OPNET. Simulation results show that TFZMP performs better than ODMRP on the aspects of normalized overhead and packet forwarding efficiency at any mobility model.

In this paper, we address the problem of multicast routing in mobile ad-hoc networks from the viewpoint of energy efficiency. In an ad-hoc wireless network, each node runs on a local energy source which has a limited energy life span. Thus, energy conservation is a critical issue in mobile ad-hoc networks. One approach for energy conservation is to establish routes that require lowest total energy consumption. This optimization problem is referred as the minimum-energy multicast routing problem (MEMRP). In this paper, propose new efficient heuristic algorithms for the construction of energy-efficient multicast routes in mobile ad-hoc networks. These algorithms exploit the broadcast nature of the wireless channel, and address the need for energy-efficient operations. Empirical studies show that our algorithms are able to achieve better performance than algorithms that have been developed for MEMRP.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) consist of several nodes that are mobile in nature. The random and unpredictable node mobility in MANETs has negative impact on the network performance as it makes the network prone to frequent link breakages which increase packet loss and control overhead. Reliable MANET can be achieved through fast link failures detection that enables fast notification to be delivered to sources in order to make proper reaction. Therefore, the research work in this paper presents an effective topology-aware method, called Route Failure Prediction (RFP), which predicts the link breakage before it actually occurs in source routing networks. A node that utilizes RFP divides the area within transmission range into regions based on the signal strength received from neighbors. It calculates the changing rate of its location and update the upstream node if it is about to move out of the transmission range to avoid communication disruption. The performance of RFP was evaluated using ns-2 and compared to that of DSR. The experimental results gained from simulations were analyzed in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Control Overhead (COH), and the End-to-End Delay with respect to the number of events of link breakage happened during the experiments. The numerical results showed that RFP outperforms DSR significantly and offers reliable data transfer between sources and destinations.

Performance evaluation of a mesh-evolving quality-of-service-aware multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

Multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks by using a multiagent system

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are sets of autonomous mobile devices that have capacities of self-configuring, self-setting parameters for data transmission in-network. Due to flexible and convenient connectivity, MANETs have been proposed for many applications such as medicine, military, transportation, and disaster recovery. In recent years, to leverage the flexible communication capabilities of MANETs and the unlimited power of the IoT, MANETs have been integrated into IoT networks to form MANET-IoT networks that aim to provide novel solutions with unprecedented capabilities and abilities to serve humanity. However, communication between mobile ad hoc nodes and fixed network nodes of IoT faces some challenges, especially performance issues. In this article, we propose a gateway selection mechanism for MANET-IoT networks. By accounting for the distance, queue length (QL), and responsiveness of gateways, the proposed mechanism provides load-balancing both in-network and between gateways. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed approach improves system efficiency in terms of load-balancing, delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) compared with existing schemes.

A set of mobile nodes that link with one another via the use of wireless networks in order to establish a network structure without the need of infrastructure or centralized management is referred to as a mobile ad-hoc network. This work offers a concept for energy-efficient honeycomb-based routing in MANET that it calls Improved Energy Efficient Honeycomb based Routing (IEEHR). The presence of malicious nodes brings a wide variety of dangers to MANETs, which is why security is another essential component of delivering quality of service (QoS). In spite of the fact that a variety of defense mechanisms have been suggested for MANETs, the vast majority of these proposed solutions are either ineffective against certain types of assaults or offer security at the expense of quality of service. In this research, we present a strategy by integrating social trust and QoS trust. The results of a simulation experiment carried out with Network Simulator-2 (NS2) and under a variety of network conditions demonstrate that combining social and quality of service (QoS) trust parameters can significantly improve the routing of security and quality of service in words of overhead, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption.

Due to its simplicity, efficiency, and robustness to mobility, the On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) becomes a standout amongst the most broadly utilized multicast routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, the robustness of ODMRP comes at the expense of incurring a high control overhead to the network. The Enhanced ODMRP (EODMRP) proposed a dynamic refresh interval for the multicast mesh based on the network feedback on real disconnections experienced by the multicast network members. Veritably, EODMRP decreased the network control overhead at the cost of obtaining a low packet delivery ratio especially in high mobility conditions of the network. In this paper, two protocols, as improvements to both ODMRP and EODMRP, are proposed where the refresh interval is basically adapted based on the source moving speed and the number of disconnections reported by multicast members. Furthermore, we proposed an impressive local recovery to be employed in both protocols, which includes new setup and failure mechanisms that contribute effectively to boosting the performance of our proposed protocols. Since the majority of nodes in MANET rely on batteries, the main contribution of this research is to limit the amount of control information that is passed between nodes (i.e., reducing the control overhead over that in ODMRP) while maintaining a better packet delivery ratio than EODMRP.

This paper presents a new multi-objective differential evolution algorithm (MODEMR) to solve the QoS multicast routing problem, which is a well-known NP-hard problem in mobile Ad Hoc networks. In the MODEMR, the network lifetime, cost, delay, jitter and bandwidth are considered as five objectives. Furthermore, three QoS constraints which are maximum allowed delay, maximum allowed jitter, and minimum requested bandwidth are included. In addition, we modify the crossover and mutation operators to build the shortest-path multicast tree to maximize network lifetime and bandwidth, minimize cost, delay and jitter. In order to evaluate the performance and the effectiveness of MODEMR, the experiments are conducted and compared with other algorithms for these problems. The simulation results show that our proposed method is capable of achieving faster convergence and more preferable for multicast routing in mobile Ad Hoc networks.

The demands of a higher degree of security level for the mobile ad-hoc network are yet to meet the best solution. Owing to the dynamic topology and decentralization issue, the mobile node suffers from a consistent security problem during communication stage. This paper has reviewed the existing system towards secure routing in mobile ad-hoc network and explored that there are still a lot of scopes to enhance the security level. This paper presents a non-cryptographic technique called as JIR2TA or Joint Invocation of Resource-based Thresholding and Trust-oriented Authentication using resource and trust factor to intensify the routing policies for strengthening the authentication process of a mobile node. The outcome of the study shows better packet delivery ratio, computational time, throughput, and end-to-end delay in contrast to existing secure routing technique.

The mathematical framework for member reliability of Multicasting in BitTorrent Enabled Ad Hoc Network (MBEAN) routing protocol is reported in this paper. Analytical expressions for packet delivery ratio and bounds for routing and control overhead are also derived. Simulations conducted demonstrate that MBEAN achieves higher member-to-member connectivity, and therefore, higher member reliability compared to other multicast routing protocols such as Multicasting in Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol and Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Announcements (PUMA).MBEAN also shows improved packet delivery ratio with reduced overall overhead compared to MAODV and PUMA.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are formed dynamically by an autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless radio links. Hybrid routing strategy is widely used in hierarchical routing protocols to reduce the control overheads and packet delivery delay in MANETs. In this paper, we propose zone-based energy aware hybrid multicast routing scheme (ZEHMRP) for MANET. Our scheme operates in the following phases: 1) computation of node remaining energy (RE) by designing energy model; 2) prune the nodes having remaining energy less than predefined threshold value; 3) discovery of multiple routes using request and reply packets; 4) selection of stable route among multiple routes by considering node remaining energy and density; 5) route maintenance for route breaks and node failures; 6) simulation evaluation for various parameters. It is observed that ZEHMRP outperforms the zone routing protocol (ZRP) for various parameters like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, jitter, and control overheads.

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

This paper proposes a link quality aware routing protocol for MANETs resulting in robust delivery and high performance by finding out a reliable path with strong links. During route discovery, the strong links are effectively exploited by forwarding the route request (RREQ) packet with the highest link quality or signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) among the multiple RREQ packets received. Compared to the conventional protocols such as AODV, in which only the first-arrived RREQ is forwarded and the others are ignored, the proposed scheme may not have the minimum hop-count route but the one with more number of hops. However, the discovered route is a reliable path with high data rate because it consists of strong links, resulting in high performance as well as robust routing. According to our performance study, it is shown that packet delivery ratio is improved by up to 70% and per-route goodput is dramatically increased by a factor of up to 12. It is also shown that the acceptable value of the RREQ waiting time (T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">w</sub> ) is 1 msec in the simulated environment, which is enough to achieve fairly good performance.

The Multicast Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) protocol achieves multicast routing in self-organizing wireless mobile on-demand networks, e.g., Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). However, unreliable wireless links degrade network reliability and network goodput, and the unreliable link problem becomes worse in multicasting because a multicast tree consists of more number of wireless links. MAODV adopts a broadcast-type local repair, and thus yields a large number of broadcast-type repair messages, increases extensive control overhead, and involves largely power consumption. Thus, a cross-layer unicast-type multihop local repair approach is proposed to recover broken links in multicasting MANETs. Additionally, the cross-layer mechanism provides mobile nodes to send a cross-layer message to the TCP sender to keep current congestion window (cwnd) and slow start threshold (ssthresh) when downstream links are temporarily broken, and then increases network goodput. Finally, the optimal number of neighbor-tiers is analyzed and the optimal substitute node is identified. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms other approaches in successful repair rate, control message overhead, packet delivery ratio, and network goodput.