Efficient Key Agreement and Nodes Authentication Scheme for Body Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks for Pervasive Health Applications Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) enable many new applications. Sensor nodes are developing into tiny, light and inexpensive devices, paving the road for widespread use. Health is one of the domains that can greatly benefit from WSNs. Advances in ultra-low power tiny wireless (bio-)sensor devices allow deployment on (and in) a human body during daily life. This forms a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) to measure, process, and transmit a variety of physical and physiological data. The combination of WBANs and ambient WSNs provides an infrastructure for pervasive health applications such as elderly care, remote healthcare monitoring of patients with chronic diseases such as COPD, and post-surgery recovery monitoring. Such technology enables patients to live more independently and still receive sufficient care. It also reduces the cost of medical care. Exploiting well-known general-purpose protocol stacks in WSNs benefits from maturity and technology availability, but suffers from being sub-optimal for specific applications. The protocols need to be adapted to specifications of the target application to fulfill the application requirements. Mobility of individual nodes and of clusters of nodes (WBANs), heterogeneity of sensing characteristics and of quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, and dynamics in the network and its context are special characteristics of pervasive health application. Energy consumption of nodes should be minimized to extend the life-time of the networks and to reduce maintenance cost. This thesis makes the following contributions. An application-aware Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, a data prioritization mechanism for data dissemination, and an adaptive intra-WBAN communication protocol are proposed, all aiming to prepare communication protocols for pervasive health applications. The performance of the protocols is studied through real-world experiments with a large-scale ambient WSN and several persons with WBANs. The experiments are complemented with computer simulations to evaluate the protocols in a wider range of use-cases. Models, tools and methods needed to assess performance of the proposed protocols, including a mobility model for WBANs, are developed. We consider WSNs that exhibit high mobility in the form of moving clusters of nodes (WBANs). The MAC layer needs to efficiently manage medium access in the presence

Pattern transformation-invariant schemes for wireless sensor networks based on an edge detection gradient-based mechanism

Body Area Network (BAN) is widely used in medical healthcare systems. Under WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technology many applications are developed in Body Area Network (BAN). In medical applications the sensor network is widely used now days. Applications like Healthcare Monitoring System, Smart Hospitality, and Continuous patient monitoring system are under Body Area Network (BAN) technology. Sensors are attached on the body of patient by which values are to be taken, analyzed for healthcare system. WBAN offers wide variety for evaluation of healthcare in medical systems. Various sensors can be connected to the on clothing or on-body and also implanted under skin. There sensors are used to calculate the parameters from the body of patient. And the values are taken from sensors is given to the analyzing device or hardware by the wired or wireless devices such as Bluetooth, Zigbee etc. BAN gives wide availability of healthcare devices all the time. Projects are done in Body Area Network (BAN) from 1976. A wearable computer, sensor network based medical monitoring system, Europian Mobihealth etc. are some of the examples of project in WBAN. Wireless Body area network is now often used in Mobile Health Application and it is emerging technology which gives facilities for human health applications.

With the quick development of body sensor networks (BSNs), BSNs data are increasing exponentially. At present, the data is stored in a disorder way, thereby leading to difficult to utilize. To make them be used expediently, this paper presents a body-oriented cloud storage model. This paper firstly designs some metadata which contain BSNs contexts, time, sensor position, sensor type and health state, to describe the physiological data in BSNs. Then, the physiological data are encapsulated with the metadata in a coordinator of BSNs. At last, all of them are stored in repositories based on the body-oriented cloud storage model. We experimentally compare the performance of the proposed model to that of traditional one. The results show it can reduce the storage space and make BSNs data utilized expediently.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an emerging field of research which has been progressing rapidly in recent years. WBAN is a network utilized for continuous monitoring of physiological state of the subject, where the patient can perform his regular activities while his body parameters get measured continuously and are accessed by the physician remotely. This chapter provides a thorough survey of current WBAN technologies in the healthcare sector. Besides the recording of physiological parameters, discussions have been provided on remote data transmission to a server called Virtual Doctor Server (VDS). During this transmission, WBAN network uses various technologies namely Ultra Wide Band WBAN, Technology Enabled Medical Precision Observation 3.1 (TEMPO 3.1), J2ME and Bluetooth. Details of several existing WBAN related projects have been discussed along with their applications. The next section of the chapter deals with the use and design of medical sensors in WBAN. Performance comparison between WBAN and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) has also been provided.

In this paper, we have reviewed and presented a critical overview of “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” in the field of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In addition, we have theoretically analysed the importance of energy efficiency and reliability and how it affects the stability and lifetime of WBANs. WBAN is a type of wireless sensor network (WSN) that is unique, wherever energy-efficient operations are one of the prime challenges, because each sensor node operates on battery, and where an excessive amount of communication consumes more energy than perceiving. Moreover, timely and reliable data delivery is essential in all WBAN applications. Moreover, the most frequent types of energy-efficient routing protocols include crosslayer, thermal-aware, cluster-based, quality-of-service, and postural movement-based routing protocols. According to the literature review, clustering-based routing algorithms are the best choice for WBAhinwidth, and low memory WBAN, in terms of more computational overhead and complexity. Thus, the routing techniques used in WBAN should be capable of energy-efficient communication at desired reliability to ensure the improved stability period and network lifetime. Therefore, we have highlighted and critically analysed various performance issues of the existing “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” for WBANs. Furthermore, we identified and compiled a tabular representation of the reviewed solutions based on the most appropriate strategy and performance parameters for WBAN. Finally, concerning to reliability and energy efficiency in WBANs, we outlined a number of issues and challenges that needs further consideration while devising new solutions for clustered-based WBANs.

Wireless body area network (WBAN) being a sub-domain of wireless sensor network (WSN) is a new emerging technology for healthcare applications. A WBAN consists of low-power tiny wireless nodes placed on or around the human body that continuously observe vital health signs of a patient. These sensors are capable of sending information of physiological parameters taken from human body to other devices for diagnosis procedures and prescription. WBAN provides ubiquitous healthcare services and enables greater mobility without restricting human normal activities, as the medical personnel can observe the patient health conditions based on the data received through the wireless network. This research work provides a WBAN based healthcare monitoring system that can provide the electrocardiogram (ECG), heartbeat, and human body temperature information. The wireless transmission of the received data from human body is performed by using Zigbee IEEE802.15.4 communication standard. The physiological data will be communicated to remote medical server where data is stored and analyzed. In case any disease is diagnosed, medical personnel can provide immediate assistance to the patients.

Recent advances in wireless communication have led to the introduction of a novel network of miniaturized, low power, intelligent sensors that can be placed in, on, or around the body. This network is referred to as Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). The main purpose of WBAN is to physiologically monitor patient's vital signs and consequently route the related data towards a base station. Since the environment of such a network is principally the human body, data routing mechanisms used in traditional wireless networks (e.g. WSN, WANET) need to be revised, and more restrictions have to be addressed in order to adapt it to WBAN routing challenges. Compared to those dedicated to on-body WBAN, in-body WBAN routing protocols have more constrains and restrictions and are expected to be efficient and robust. As better as we know, only few routing protocols have been proposed in literature and the research field stills underexplored. Therefore, in this paper we present an overview of the main existing routing protocols proposed for wireless in-body sensor networks (WIBSN).

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have significantly impacted healthcare applications by giving the possibility of monitoring the patient’s physiological parameters using different sensors. The use of WSN and the wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) offers possible solutions for monitoring the health parameters in remote areas. On the other hand, the use of wireless communication medium and information security is the primary concern in WBANs. Because WBANs use the different small sensors placed on the human body to collect the physiological data. They need resource and computational restrictions, thus, building the use of complex and advanced encryption algorithms infeasible. It is essential in the WBAN to monitor and transmit the data to provide reliable and secure communication. Wrong and incomplete information can create difficulties in patient health which can be sometimes more dangerous. This gives the motivation to make such security protocols or algorithms to achieve high security in WBANs. So, the research has been currently focused on reliable communication between the doctor and patient, routing algorithms, and the data’s security by using various new technologies. This paper discusses the different security threats and solutions for designing healthcare applications and routing and layer attacks. Furthermore, the paper has been focused on the Data Distribution Service Models for data security. The paper also includes artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in healthcare implemented by various companies.

Air pollution, climate change, and chemical exposure constitute the world's most significant environmental health concern, resulting in the early deaths of 6. 5 million people annually. Reducing child mortality from preventable causes, primarily pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses, would have contributed to the united nation's sustainable development goals (SDG). Some significant goals are sustainable cities, industry innovation, green and resilient infrastructure, good health, and well-being. Non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) is a severe but preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Despite being the most frequent and fatal hospital-acquired infection (HAI), NV-HAP is not tracked, documented, or avoided in most hospitals. The success of NV-HAP prevention and monitoring initiatives relies on reliable, up-to-date surveillance data. Surveillance offers the information needed to target, analyze, and quantify the efficacy of preventative activities by identifying patients at the highest risk for NV-HAP. However, pneumonia monitoring is complex due to the clinical criteria's subjective, imprecise, inconsistently recorded, and labor-intensive nature. Non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia must be monitored and standardized, which demands cutting-edge technologies and the deployment of advanced sensors. In the framework of this research, initially, a wireless body area networks (WBANs) architecture has built by making use of wearable biosensors, and then real-time sensor data were uploaded to a cloud platform. Researchers have devised a wireless sensor network (WSN) to track volatile organic compounds (VOC) and other atmospheric characteristics in real time to curb the spread of NV-HAP. The ESP32 Internet of Things (IoT) and Raspberry Pi 4B graphical processing unit platforms host the finalized WBAN and WSN network. To reduce the mortality rate of NV-HAP, this research aims to investigate clinics' and hospitals' indoor and outdoor air quality. The developed biosensor-assisted IoT enabled framework is used in hospitals to keep tabs on the conditions of individual patient rooms, treatment areas, and critical care units in real time. The research found the suggested technique achieves better results than existing state-of-the-art methods regarding computing cost, communication overhead, storage cost, and energy utilization.

In humanware applications, resource constrained sensor devices are tactically placed on human body to form Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). Then the WBAN is used for monitoring biometrics and movements of human body. Keeping in mind the resource constrained devices, WBANs are treated just like wireless sensor networks when considering a solution for key management. However, WBANs differ from traditional wireless sensor networks in scale, topology and security requirements. Also, the WBANs can also use random values from biometric measurements for the generation of keys. These differences render the key management schemes of WSNs inefficient and overly complex for WBANs scenario. Therefore, we propose a key management scheme that is efficient and fulfills the security requirements of WBAN.

Objective: To review different key agreement schemes which are used to establish Wireless body area network (WBAN) on the basis of identified attacks and also evaluate the schemes on performance parameters. Method: In this paper, an overview of WBAN, its architecture, difference between WSN and WBAN, IEEE 802.15.6 specifications of WBAN, attacks in the environment and security essentials are discussed at first. It further divides the key agreement schemes into four classes and provides an extensive review of the schemes on the basis of distinct parameters viz. data confidentiality, node authentication, data integrity, mutual authentication, unforgeability, unlinkability, forward/backward secrecy, scalability, freshness, dos attack and node capture attack. Schemes are searched using the keywords- (“Traditional Key Agreement Scheme” OR “Physiological Key Agreement Scheme” OR “Signal Based Key Agreement Scheme” OR “Hybrid Key Agreement Scheme” OR “Security in Key Agreement Scheme”) AND (“Wireless Body Area Network” OR “WBAN” OR “Body Area Network” OR “BAN” OR “Body Sensor Network” OR “BSN” OR “Medical Body Area Network” OR “MBAN”). The papers are shortlisted around long stretches of 2003-2021 with a focus on recent work from IEEE Xplore, Springer, Science Direct, ACM, MDPI and Google Scholar databases. Schemes are analyzed against the mentioned attacks and the result of the comparative analysis is shown using tables and chart tools graphically. Findings: The wide coverage of the schemes in this review provides in-depth exposure to the shortcomings of the different schemes against the listed attacks which will provide a road map to the researchers to develop secure schemes in the future. Moreover, maximum schemes do not consider all the three aspects of performance viz. memory efficiency, computational efficiency and energy efficiency which are the foremost parameters in resource scarce environment of WBAN. Novelty: This review is unique as it analyzes the distinct key agreement schemes under specific attacks found in the literature while other review papers discuss the general aspects of the security threats and corresponding counter measures in WBAN environment. It also provides the performance analysis of the key management schemes which are missing from other review works. Keywords: WBAN; IOT; Bio sensors; Security; Privacy; Attacks; Encryption; Key agreement schemes; IEEE 802.15.6

Personal health status is becoming a matter of concern while pressure of work growing gradually in everyday life, in the meantime, the ageing population needs more attention. Thanks to many challenging problems of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) solved, exploring work of human body monitoring based on WSNs achieved great progress, we called it wireless body sensor networks(BSNs). In this paper, we propose a novel health-monitoring system based on BSNs; we named it SENS-U. It consists of wireless multi-parameters monitoring terminals and two medical care centers; with human body, they form a remote human in loop 4 vital signs and ECG monitoring system.

Decoding motion aftereffects from activity patterns in human visual cortex

Context-aware anonymous authentication protocols in the internet of things dedicated to e-health applications