Efficient statistical parallel interference cancellation for DS-CDMA in Rayleigh fading channels

A hybrid Interference cancellation (HIC) technique employing both Parallel and Successive Interference Cancellation (PIC/SIC) is proposed for Overloaded Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) system under imperfect synchronization. Two types of receivers are proposed to efficiently mitigate the multiuser interference (MUI). In type I receiver, the MUI within group-1 users are first cancelled using Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC). Then the multistage Successive Interference Cancellation (m-SIC) is performed on the resultant output of PIC to efficiently cancel the interference of group-2 users on group-1 users. The type II receiver is designed by performing PIC immediately followed by SIC and this combined process is repeated till a major chunk of multi user interference is cancelled. The BER performance of type II receiver is proved to be better than other cancellation techniques such as PIC, SIC and the proposed type I receiver.

In this paper, an adaptive parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver is introduced for asynchronous multicarrier code division multiple access based (MC-CDMA) communications systems. The multiple access interference (MAI) estimates are obtained using the bit estimates from the previous stage and the adaptive weights for the bit estimates. The adaptive weights are updated by minimizing the mean squared error between the received signal and its estimate based on the adaptation of the normalized least mean square (LMS) algorithm. The results from the simulations show that the performance of conventional PIC (CPIC) and adaptive PIC (APIC) can be different depending on the combining schemes used.

The improved variable group hybrid interference cancellation (I-VGHIC) proposed by Ang and Krzymien (see Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Comms., Osaka, Japan, 1999) outperforms both the parallel (PIC) and successive (SIC) interference cancellation in AWGN and flat Rayleigh fading channels. Due to the adaptive nature of the I-VGHIC, its processing delay varies according to the signal power spread of the users seen at the base station. The processing delay of the I-VGHIC is shown to be smaller than that of the SIC when the number of users is large. A method of limiting the I-VGHIC processing delay is proposed. There is no performance loss in the AWGN channel. However, in Rayleigh fading channel, there is a trade off between the BER performance and processing delay.

An effective design of multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver using blind adaptive (BA) despreader and pre‐respreader interference estimator for uplink CDMA is proposed and analysed. A novel algorithm is designed, which exploits constant modulus (CM) property of the users' transmitted signals and inherent channel condition to perform adaptive despreading based on minimum error variance criteria. This is carried out by BA weighting of each chip signal for accurate tracking of the desired user's signal power and hence for more improved data detection at the output of each stage of PIC. Furthermore, the despreader weights are used within the adaptive pre‐respreader interference estimation and cancellation to obtain online scaling factors during every symbol period, without any knowledge of users' channels or the use of training sequences. It is found that this way of estimation is optimal in minimum mean squared error sense, and hence, significant reduction in interference and noise variance is observed in detection and estimation of the desired users' signals compared with conventional PIC. Bit error probability of the proposed PIC is obtained using Gaussian Approximation method. Extensive simulation results are shown, which demonstrate impressive performance advantage in fading environments, high system loading, and severe near far conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A low complexity Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) technique is proposed to suppress Multi-Access Interference (MAI) and minimize near-far effect for multi-user communication using Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA). Interference signal is estimated using a relationship between cyclic correlation of the received signal and user's code of the interferer without requiring any knowledge of the channel condition. The user's codes for the multi-user DS-CDMA communication are constructed by using a set of m-sequences. The cyclic correlation is performed using Fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWHT) which exhibits low computational complexity, i.e., it does not require any multiplication/division operations. In addition to low complexity, the proposed technique does not require complicated channel condition estimation and has no convergence issues. The uncoded Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the proposed interference cancellation is calculated and compared with the conventional one over three different types of channels: AWGN, slow Rayleigh fading, and multipath channels.

Multiple access interference (MAI) is inevitable in all kinds of CDMA mobile communication systems. In order to decrease MAI efficiently parallel interference cancellation (PIC) was proposed, however, it would be injured by mistake decision. Thus a wide variety of partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) algorithms have been constructed so as to solve this problem. Under such background this paper applied basic fuzzy theory to PIC and generated a new PPIC algorithm — fuzzy parallel interference cancellation based on estimated signal-to-interference ratio (SIR-FPIC). Matlab simulation results showed that SIR-FPIC algorithm was able to lower the system bit error rate compared with conventional PIC and improve the reception capability.

We study the improvement technique for multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) DS-CDMA multiuser receivers, which cancel only a fraction of the estimated multiple access interference (MAI) at each receiver stage. This technique takes into account the fact that the MAI estimate, especially in the earlier stages, contains substantial error, and a relatively conservative strategy of using the estimate may lead to better system performance (i.e., lower average bit error rate). We start with simulating the BER performance as a function of the fraction of cancellation, which shows that the fraction can make a significant difference and a best fraction can be far less than one. Then the PIC with partial cancellation and the standard PIC are compared under various near-far effects, channel SNR, and number of users. The simulations indicate how the partial cancellation technique can provide significant improvement over the standard PIC.

In the conventional zero-forcing ordered successive interference cancellation (ZF-OSIC) or minimum mean square error ordered successive interference cancellation (MMSE-OSIC) detection algorithm of vertical Bell-Labs layered space-time (V-BLAST) architecture, there exists an undesirable processing delay due to the calculation of the matrix pseudo-inverse and power reordering in detecting the symbol in each layer. The parallel interference cancellation (PIC) algorithm has a lower processing delay but poorer performance. Based on the features of SIC and PIC algorithms, an integrated PIC and OSIC detection (IPOD) algorithm is proposed which can lower the complexity as well as the processing delay of the whole algorithm with little performance loss. Moreover, there is an alterable parameter in IPOD algorithm which can be changed to obtain different trade off between complexity and performance. Thus, the proposed algorithm is more feasible for practical applications.

In order to achieve the full potential of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, joint iterative detection and decoding (JIDD) methods are often used. In addition, minimum mean-square-error parallel interference cancellation (MMSE-PIC) technique is usually employed for JIDD-based MIMO systems due to the good trade-off between complexity and performance. In spite of this, the operations of matrix inversion still bring great pressure to the complexity of the system. In this paper, we propose complexity reduced MMSE-PIC detection methods for JIDD schemes. The presented methods combine the Newton iteration method with MMSE-PIC for JIDD systems to reduce the computational complexity of matrix inversion. The simulation results reveal that the proposed methods can reduce the complexity without obvious performance degradation.

This paper proposes a new application of fuzzy inference mechanism to the interference cancellation in a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) communication system over a non-perfect power control channel. Multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is an effective method to cancel the multiple access interference (MAI) for equal-power channels; nevertheless, there is a significant degradation in performance for non-equal power ones. The effectiveness of interference cancellation is related to the reliability of the tentative decision involved in the interference estimates. We established a fuzzy logic system to adapt the weight of each interference cancellation path. According to the received signal's reliability, the weights of interfering users can be estimated by the fuzzy inference mechanism, so that the error propagation would be minimized. The simulation results show that the proposed adaptive fuzzy PIC scheme is robust to the interference and channel noise and is superior to the conventional PIC and constant weight PIC schemes under a severe near-far environment.

A Hybrid Interference Cancellation technique for overloaded CDMA with timing offset error

In this work, a novel particle swarm optimization (PSO) assisted Joint Channel Estimation and Partial Parallel Interference Cancellation (PSO-JCEPPIC) detector is adopted for multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output/Space Division Multiple Access (MIMO-SDMA) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed PSO-PPIC scheme tries to reduce the cancellation error in Conventional Parallel Interference Cancellation (CPIC) detection schemes used in MIMO SDMA-OFDM system. The PSO algorithm is employed in searching the optimal weights of the PPIC for multiple access interference cancellation. The proposed scheme is shown to provide a performance improvement as compared to MMSE and CPIC detectors especially in an overloaded scenario where the number of users is high as compared to the base station (BS) antennas. In this scenario, the channel coefficients become more difficult to be estimated, due to the high number of independent channel links and the constraint imposed by the MIMO channel matrix rank. The proposed PSO-JCEPPIC scheme presents an efficient solution to the multiuser detection and the MIMO channel matrix estimation dilemma in the previously mentioned scenario.

In closed-loop multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) systems, using a transmit power allocation scheme can increase capacity. However, the use of a space division multiplexing (SDM) scheme, which does not separate the MIMO channel into orthogonal channels, causes nonlinearity between the transmit power and the corresponding signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of each data stream at the output of the detector (e.g. utilizing a MMSE detector with parallel interference canceller at the receiver). This makes it difficult to obtain the optimal power allocation value for each data stream. This paper proposes a novel power allocation scheme with an iterative algorithm for MIMO systems to solve the above problem. Furthermore, we incorporate transmit antenna selection into our proposed power allocation scheme in order to attain further capacity enhancement. Several computer simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of our proposed techniques.

For a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, time-varying multipath fading of channel destroys the orthogonality among subcarriers and leads to serious intercarrier interference (ICI). The system performance degrades more severely as normalized Doppler frequency increases. In order to mitigate the effect of time-varying fading, a low-complexity iterative receiver with joint ICI cancellation and pilot-assisted channel estimation is proposed. The initial channel state information (CSI) is estimated by performing time-domain interpolation and least-square (LS) method on the received pilot symbols. The soft outputs are obtained from the decoders after low-complexity linear minimum mean-square error (LC-LMMSE) detection. In the following stages, the soft outputs are feedback to update the CSI estimation. Furthermore, a ¿linear statistics combining¿ (LSC) technique is used to improve the performance of the proposed equalizer by combining the outputs of LC-LMMSE and parallel interference canceler (PIC) with weighting coefficients estimated by maximizing the signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the output of LSC. The complexity of system is significantly reduced by restricting the interference to neighboring subcarriers and employing the LC-LMMSE by limiting the frequency-domain CSI into diagonal region. The simulation results show that the proposed iterative receiver with estimated CSI approaches the ICI-free bound even at very high mobility scenarios.

It is known that by extracting log-likelihood ratio (LLR) values from the received MIMO signals, a MIMO detector is able to exchange a posteriori soft information with a channel decoder to improve the error performance. A minimum mean-square error with parallel interference cancellation (MMSE-PIC) detector is considered to be a practical MIMO detector, but the computational complexity for the LLR computation is still at a high level for higher-order modulations. This paper presents a low-complexity LLR computation algorithm together with the hardware implementation for MMSE-PIC detectors. The complexity is evaluated using logic synthesis based on a 90-nm CMOS technology. For 256-QAM modulation, a 50% reduction in area is achieved. In addition, a 44% reduction in area can be achieved for a multi-mode MMSE-PIC detector that supports multiple modulations for signals up to 256-QAM.