Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Simulation Program (ELVEC) User's Manual

Scenarios are described which have been generated in support of the Hybrid Vehicle Potential Assessment Task under the JPL Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Systems Research and Development Project. The primary function of the scenario generation is to develop a set of consistent and credible forecasts required to estimate the potential impact of hybrid vehicles on future petroleum consumption in the USA, given a set of specific electric, hybrid and conventional vehicle designs. The forecasts are limited to the next 32 years (1978 to 2010. The four major areas of concern are: population and vehicle fleet size; travel patterns and vehicle fleet mix; conventional vehicle technology (Otto baseline); battery technology; and prices. The forecasts have been generated to reflect two baseline scenarios, a Petroleum Conservation Scenario (Scenario A) and an Energy Conservation Scenario (Scenario B). The primary assumption in Scenario A is higher gasoline prices than in Scenario B. This should result in less travel per car and an increased demand for smaller and more fuel efficient cars (compared to Scenario B). In Scenario B the primary assumption is higher prices on cars (new as well as used) than in Scenario A. This should lead to less cars (compared to Scenario A) and a shift to other modes of transportation.

The continuous reduction of global energy reserves and the large amount of environmental pollution caused by energy use have had a great impact on mankind in recent years. This paper mainly compares and analyzes the difference between traditional energy and new energy, and then describes the contribution of new energy to promoting the development of lithium batteries. The development of new energy has an important impact on the electric vehicle industry. The environmental friendliness and sustainability of new energy make it an important choice to reduce carbon emissions and alleviate greenhouse effects. The development of new energy power generation has promoted the popularization and development of electric vehicles, and the rapid development of lithium batteries enables electric vehicles to have higher energy density and longer range. However, the development of new energy power generation and electric vehicles still faces some challenges, such as the lack of charging infrastructure and the further improvement of battery technology. In order to promote the development of sustainable transportation, it is necessary to increase the research and investment in new energy power generation and electric vehicles to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. This paper can provide references and suggestions on promoting sustainable transportation, improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental pollution.

With the development of electric vehicles, more and more people choose electric vehicles as their means of transportation. Microwave radar and terahertz radar can be used to build safety assurance system for electric vehicles. However, both of the two technologies have the disadvantage of low stability. Infrared LiDAR has the advantages of high resolution, low cost and high reliability, but it has not yet been widely applied in the safety assurance system for electric vehicles. In this paper, we propose a safety assurance system for electric vehicles based on infrared LiDAR. In the design, infrared sensors are used for obstacle detection, and an MCU (microprogrammed control unit) is used for control. The excellent performance of the electric vehicle equipped with the safety assurance system in avoiding obstacles proves the high efficiency and high reliability of the system proposed in this paper. This experiment can deepen students’ understanding of the circuit system and cultivate their ability to construct the system independently, which can be of important meaning in their education.

The development of electric vehicles as energy-efficient transport sets the direction of research in the field of renewable energy, such as solar radiation, expressed in the application of photovoltaic converters. NAMI Russian State Scientific Research Center carried out work on the application of the photoelectric Converter in the electric vehicle. Obtained from photoelectric converters of the data give the possibility of compensating for self-discharge and applicable to maintain the climate control, in addition to the low-voltage precharge and high-voltage batteries. The study examined the main climatic zones of the Russian Federation and the level of solar radiation, the possibility of accumulation of electricity using photovoltaic converters in the largest regional cities, developed technical solutions for the integration of a module of photoelectric converters in the basic design of the vehicle with a large storage of electrical energy (hybrids, electric vehicles). Results and solutions obtained during the research works, to extend the capabilities of energy electric and hybrid vehicles.

With the increasingly serious environmental problems, electric vehicles are becoming more and more popular. The major factor restricting the further development of electric vehicles is the limitation of driving range. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the energy recovery technology of electric vehicles. At the same time, with the increasing maturity of computer technology, it also provides us with more research methods.This paper first introduces the principle of energy recovery system and regenerative braking control strategy of electric vehicle based on computer.Secondly, computer modeling software is used to model the control strategy of braking energy recovery of electric vehicles. Finally, simulation software is used to analyze the model.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) Site Operator Program was initially established to meet the requirements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976. The Program has since evolved in response to new legislation and interests. The goals of the Site Operator Program include the field evaluation of electric vehicles (EVs) in real-world applications and environments; the advancement of electric vehicle technologies; the development of infrastructure elements necessary to support significant electric vehicle use; and increasing the awareness and acceptance of EVs by the public. The Site Operator Program currently consists of eleven participants under contract and two other organizations that have data-sharing agreements with the Program (Table ES-1). Several national organizations have joined DOE to further the introduction and awareness of electric vehicles, including: (1) EVAmerica (a utility program) and DOE conduct performance and evaluation tests to support market development for electric vehicles; and (2) DOE, the Department of Transportation, the Electric Transportation Coalition, and the Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas are conducting a series of workshops to encourage urban groups in Clean Cities (a DOE program) to initiate the policies and infrastructure development necessary to support large-scale demonstrations, and ultimately the mass market use, of electric vehicles. The current focus of the Program is the collection and dissemination of EV operations and performance data to aid in the evaluation of real-world EV use. This report contains several sections with vehicle evaluation as a focus.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The NASA-LeRC under the direction of DOE is responsible for the test and evaluation of electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion systems and components. In September 1978, a contracted effort was undertaken with the General Electric Company to design, fabricate, and deliver a propulsion system breadboard of the GE-NTEV (ETV-1). This breadboard is currently under test in the LeRC Road Load Simulator and its operational characteristics are the subject of this paper.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">THE ELECTRIC TEST VEHICLE-ONE (ETV-1) was built by General Electric Company and Chrysler Corporation for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to represent an electric vehicle designed and built from the ground up with present state-of-the-art technology. Two vehicles were built and are presently being evaluated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Some results of these JPL tests are also being presented at this conference. A duplicate set of propulsion system components were built, mounted on a breadboard, and delivered to NASA's Lewis Research Center for testing on the newly acquired Road Load Simulator (RLS). Lewis Research Center is responsible for the development, test, and evaluation of electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion systems and components for the Department of Energy. The breadboard is currently under test. This paper will describe driving cycle tests that have been completed on the system.</div>

In this paper, a power-split strategy based on a real-time average power method is developed for improving power output of battery and mode switching frequency of a multi-mode hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in electric vehicles. To achieve mode switching and power distribution for the multi-mode HESS, a rule-based strategy is designed based on the high-frequency power demand. Furthermore, a simple real-time average power method is adopted to process the high-frequency power demand. Then, the real-time average power is used as a variable logic threshold value for the power-split strategy. Since the power-split controller responds to the smooth average power rather than the high-frequency power demand, the high-frequency mode switching of the multi-mode HESS can be avoided. The ultra-capacitor works as an enhanced low-pass power filter and the battery can supply smooth and steady output power to the motor inverter. Comparative simulations between the developed power-split strategy and the rule-based strategy are performed. The advantages of the developed power-split strategy for improving the power output of the battery and the mode switching frequency of the multi-mode HESS in electric vehicles are indicated under three typical driving cycles. Moreover, the longer time duration of the real-time average power is designed, the smoother power output of the battery and the lower mode switching frequency of the multi-mode HESS can be achieved.

In recent years, with the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, cars have become a part of people’s pursuit of quality of life, which leads to the rapid growth of the number of cars, which has become an important factor of environmental pollution. If this continues, it will not only damage the environment, but also cause problems such as energy shortage. Therefore, the development of electric vehicles has become the focus of people’s attention and the driving force of future research. Taking the air-conditioning system of pure electric vehicle as the research object, the traditional switch control method of air-conditioning system is optimized, and the fuzzy—PID compound control method is proposed for frequency conversion control. Set up the compressor model, car compartment heat load model, heat exchange model, controller model and temperature calculation module of electric air conditioning system. Among them, the car compartment heat load model is established by quasi-steady heat transfer method, and the heat exchange model simulates the main thermodynamic process of air conditioning. A successful simulation model is built to study the capacity of super capacitor used in regenerative braking, so that the capacity of super capacitor can be fully used.

This eleventh annual report on the implementation of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-413, as amended by Public Law 95-238, and Public Law 96-185), referred to as the Act, complies with the reporting requirements established in Section 14 of the Act. In addition to informing Congress of the progress and plans of the Department of Energy's Electric and Hybrid Vechicles Program, this report is intended to serve as a communication link between the Department and all of the public and private interests involved in making the program a success. During FY 1987, significant progress was made toward fulfilling the intent of the Congress in the Act. There has been continuing interest shown by both the automobile manufacturing and supply sectors of our economy in electric and hybrid vehicles. The three major domestic automobile manufacturers are all devoting some effort towards electric vehicles. Their participation includes cost-shared contracts with the Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute as well as independently funded activities. Research and development efforts in batteries and propulsion components continue to achieve significant progress in providing industry with technology options that will result in vehicles that will be more economically competitive and more acceptable to the public.

This paper proposes a novel control scheme for hybrid energy storage system(HESS) in electric vehicles. The HESS above is composed of two parts: fuel cell (FC) and super capacitor(SC). FC, as the main power supply, provides a large proportion of required power. Whereas, SC, as the auxiliary energy storage source, plays a great role when starting and braking an electric vehicle(EV). Both energy sources are connected to the DC bus with DC-DC converters. Two converters share the very DC bus which is connected to the traction motor with a power inverter. To make sure the performances of the control system, a control method named generic model control is applied. Simulation results indicate the robustness and static performance of the proposed control scheme.

Energy-efficient operation of the thermal management system in electric vehicles via integrated model predictive control

Energy management strategy (EMS) is a key issue for hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in electric vehicles. By innovatively introducing the current speed information, the vehicle speed optimized fuzzy energy management strategy (VSO-FEMS) for HESS is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the pruned fuzzy rules are formulated by the SOC change of battery and super-capacitor to preallocate the required power of vehicle. Then, the real-time vehicle speed is used to optimize the pre-allocated results based on the principle of vehicle dynamics, so as to realize the optimal allocation of required power. To validate the proposed VSO-FEMS strategy for HESS, simulations were done and compared with other EMSs under the typical urban cycle in China (CYC-CHINA). Results show that the final SOC of battery and super-capacitor are optimized in varying degrees, and the total energy consumption under the VSO-FEMS strategy is 2.43% less than rule-based strategy and 1.28% less than fuzzy control strategy, which verifies the effectiveness of the VSO-FEMS strategy.

The objective of this paper is to help state agencies better understand the impact of electric and hybrid vehicles on the Highway Trust Fund and to develop a method for estimating proper annual registration fees for electric vehicles (EVs). In this study, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarize the background on electric and hybrid vehicles, current national and state policies and incentives, the trend of EV market in the U.S., and registration fees on electric and hybrid vehicles. As electric and hybrid vehicles do not contribute to fuel excise tax revenue, to compensate the lost tax revenues, some states charge additional annual registration fees to EV owners. To help the legislators determine the proper annual fees, a method was developed to assess the additional registration fees for EVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in Alabama. The collected data include number of registered electric and hybrid vehicles, fuel tax per gallon, and annual average mileage traveled by electric and hybrid vehicles in Alabama. The results of this study served as a key reference in the Rebuild Alabama Act that proposed an annual registration fee of $200 and $100 for EVs and PHEVs, respectively, which is effective since January 2020. The method in this study can be applied to other states for developing policies on registration fees for EVs and PHEVs to offset the fuel excise tax revenue loss.

Energy management of hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle based on hybrid SCSO-RERNN approach