Electricity generation and GHG emission reduction potentials through different municipal solid waste management technologies: A comparative review

Municipal solid waste management planning considering greenhouse gas emission trading under fuzzy environment

Greenhouse gas emission reduction by means of fuel switching in electricity generation: Addressing the potentials

Improper treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) and continuous increase in waste generation in India has increased greenhouse emissions as well as other pollutant emissions. In the present study, we analyse greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSW management sector in India. We calculate GHG emissions for different treatment processes and then analyse the GHG emissions for waste management scenarios which reflect recycling, biological treatment and waste-to-energy (WtE). Our results show that annual GHG (CO2-eq) emissions from urban MSW management in India is ~38 million tonnes/year out of which 94% is from open dumping alone. Increasing recycling to 50% from the current rate of 17.5% could reduce the GHG emissions by 17%. Similarly increasing biological treatment process, such as composting and anaerobic digestion, of biodegradable waste to 50% could reduce the GHG emissions by 12%.

Life-cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management options: A case study of refuse derived fuel production in the city of Brasilia, Brazil

Eco-efficiency for greenhouse gas emissions mitigation of municipal solid waste management: A case study of Tianjin, China

In the 21st century, global warming and climate change are among the greatest environmental challenges and humanitarian crisis. Globally, annual greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions from solid waste disposal sites is estimated to be approximately a quarter of total anthropogenic methane emission. Integrated solid waste management, therefore, provides significant opportunities to control environmental pollution and minimize the negative impacts of global climate change. This chapter illustrates the current status of global GHGs emission in relationship with population growth and solid waste generation. Mathematic models used to quantify GHGs generated from the waste sector as the zero-order model (i.e., SWANA, German EPER and IPCC Default Method) and the first-order model (i.e., TNO, LandGEM, IPCC First-Order Decay; FOD) are explained including application to certain inventory in selected countries. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which involves the cradle-to-grave concept, environmental burden from global warming and selected case studies are described and applied to assess GHGs emissions from various solid waste management options such as recycling, composting, sanitary landfilling, anaerobic digestion, incineration, mechanical biological treatment (MBT), source reduction, and utilization and application of biochar. Existing solid waste management practices and innovative options to achieve GHGs mitigation and community adaptation including resiliency are presented. Lessons learned and best practices in solid waste management from Thailand (i.e., Bangkok Kamphaeng Sean West: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project) and from other countries (i.e., GHGs mitigation project: MBT plant in Gaobeidian, Hebei province, People’s Republic of China; municipal solid waste composting project in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Federal Republic of Nigeria; and gasification, landfill gas and anaerobic digestion in Bali, Indonesia) are further discussed.

The increasing pressure on the environment and the exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources has led to the emergence of a new type of clusters – green clusters. In green clusters, the purpose of combining entities into a cluster is not only to increase their competitiveness, but also to increase the efficiency of using natural resources and reduce the impact on the environment. Companies of various types of activities get united into green clusters; this article considers green clusters in the field of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The authors described two green clusters in project in the field of MSW management in two large cities – Yekaterinburg (Russia) and Almaty (Kazakhstan). The main difference between these clusters is the ratio between waste management practices. Further, using the IPCC methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the authors analysed GHG emissions per tonne of MSW in both clusters. The calculations have shown that the green cluster of Yekaterinburg is more stable and efficient – the carbon content of 1 tonne of processed MSW in Yekaterinburg is 22.4 % lower than it is in Almaty (329.5 kg CO2eq/tonne of MSW in Yekaterinburg and 424.1 kg CO2eq/tonne of MSW in Almaty). To reduce the MSW green clusters’ climatic impact, it is necessary to organize a full-fledged separate collection of different types of waste at the household level; to stimulate waste recycling activities; to reduce the use of non-recyclable packaging, including the implementation of extended producer responsibility; to reduce energy utilization, especially at the waste incineration plants; to stimulate the use of organic waste shredders. The practical examples discussed in this article and the conclusions obtained can be useful to decision makers regarding the design and development of green clusters in the field of MSW management in large cities. The study relies on the research data of the project ‘Enhancement of the State Regulation Policy for Intensifying Clusterization of Industrial Regions’ supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The proximity principle - disposing of waste close to its origin - has been a central value in municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Japan for the last 30 years and its widespread adoption has helped resolve numerous "Not in My Backyard" issues related to MSW management. However, MSW management costs have soared, in large part because of aggressive recycling efforts and because most MSW is incinerated in a country that has scarce landfill capacity. In addition, smaller, less sophisticated incinerators have been closed because of high dioxin emissions. Rising costs combined with the closure of smaller incinerators have shifted MSW management policy toward regionalization, which is the sharing of waste management facilities across municipalities. Despite the increased use of regionalized MSW facilities, the proximity principle remains the central value in Japanese MSW management. Municipal solid waste management has become increasingly regionalized in the United States, too, but different driving forces are at work in these two countries. The transition to regionalized MSW management in Japan results from strong governmental control at all levels, with the central government providing funds and policy direction and prefectures and municipalities being the primary implementing authorities. By contrast, market forces are a much stronger force with US MSW management, where local governments - with state government oversight - have primary responsibility for MSW management. We describe recent changes in Japan's MSW programs. We examine the connections between MSW facility regionalization, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the proximity principle, coordination among local governments, central government control, and financing mechanisms.

Comparative assessment of waste disposal systems and technologies with regard to greenhouse gas emissions: A case study of municipal solid waste treatment options in China

Life cycle greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of battery electric vehicle

Variations of GHG emission patterns from waste disposal processes in megacity Shanghai from 2005 to 2015

ABSTRACTIncreasing population in many countries consumed natural resources and generates secondary product. These secondary products may be in the form of pollutants and liberated in the atmosphere. In this paper, an analysis was performed for green house gas (GHG) emission from municipal solid waste disposal for Faridabad city, India. Land filling and waste-to-energy methods were considered for GHG emission and analysis was performed based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model. GHG emission and linear pinch analysis (LPA) were performed based on the 50% collection efficiency in Faridabad city over a period of 10 years (2015–2025). Two scenarios of emission forecasting, such as land filling and waste to energy (incineration), were incorporated in this study. Hybrid analysis was presented for emission forecasting and emission reduction to develop a sustainable municipal solid waste management system for Faridabad. A target of 20% and 30% reduction in GHG emission was formulated with the help of LPA. The result shows that GHG in Faridabad city has been continuously changed from 2015 to 2025.The result represented here could be a decision support matrix for municipalities to develop integrated municipal solid waste management system for upcoming smart cities in India. Moreover, another novelty of this study reflects that cities having approximate same population, waste characteristics, and waste management technology could adopt this model for saving of GHG inventory and target-based reduction.

Seoul, a densely populated megacity, generates a significant amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) and contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Enhancing waste sector strategies has become a critical component of national climate action plans to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. This study aims to estimate the potential reduction in GHG emissions under current and alternative MSW management systems in Seoul using the Waste Reduction Model (WARM). Scenario-based analysis was employed to compare the business-as-usual (BAU) with three alternative scenarios. Seoul’s MSW generation is expected to keep rising, reaching approximately 4,412 kt/yr by 2040. Scenario analysis showed the GHG reduction in 2040 under BAU scenario is estimated at -3,554 kt CO<sub>2</sub> eq/yr. However, Scenario 3 (S3), which reflects ambitious efforts on MSW management, could achieve GHG reduction up to 76% higher than BAU. This study highlights that source reductions and recycling are the most effective methods for reducing GHG emissions, particularly from high-impact materials such as mixed paper and food waste. The results of this study provide a data-driven foundation for designing future solid waste policies and setting targets to support Seoul’s carbon neutrality goals.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management and recycling has become an emerging issue in developing countries. Shanghai, the largest megacity in China, is well-known nationwide due to leading China's MSW separation and recycling. Therefore, this paper introduces the Shanghai mode for MSW management and its current situation to enrich existing MSW management studies. Results show that the total generation volume of MSW and amount of MSW generation per capita were 9.00 million tons and 372.16 kg in 2017, increased approximately eight-fold and four-fold compared with the data in 1978, respectively. The MSW treatment rate reached 100% since 2014, with incineration rate increased to 48.56% in 2017. The cost of MSW management after implementing MSW sorting regulation is increased to 985 CNY/ton, including 390 CNY/ton of MSW sorting cost. Then three key features and innovative MSW management modes, namely, mandatory MSW sorting legislation, Green Account program, and the Combined Network program are introduced. Meanwhile, two main challenges are urgent to be responded, including inadequate collecting vehicles and limited wet waste treatment capacity. Finally, policy recommendations on strengthening MSW recycling process, constructing complete terminal treatment industry, and making systematic policies were provided to respond existing challenges.

Waste-to-energy systems can provide a functional demonstration of the economic and environmental benefits of circularity, innovation, and reimagining existing systems. This study offers a robust quantification of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potential of the adoption of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology on applicable large-scale dairy farms in the contiguous United States. GHG reduction estimates were developed through a robust life cycle modeling framework paired with sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Twenty dairy configurations were modeled to capture important differences in housing and manure management practices, applicable AD technologies, regional climates, storage cleanout schedules, and methods of land application. Monte Carlo results for the 90% confidence interval illustrate the potential for AD adoption to reduce GHG emissions from the large-scale dairy industry by 2.45-3.52 MMT of CO2-eq per year considering biogas use only in renewable natural gas programs and as much as 4.53-6.46 MMT of CO2-eq per year with combined heat and power as an additional biogas use case. At the farm level, AD technology may reduce GHG emissions from manure management systems by 58.1-79.8% depending on the region. Discussion focuses on regional differences in GHG emissions from manure management strategies and the challenges and opportunities surrounding AD adoption.