Electro-gravity entanglement

Martian dust can be lifted to about 100 kilometres by known processes such as dust storms (e.g. Heavens et al, J. Atmos. Sci. 76, 2019). Dust has been observed at higher altitudes, but this is attributed to capture of interplanetary dust (Andersson et al, Science 250, 2015).During its flight from Earth to Jupiter, a star camera on the Juno spacecraft observed dust in the size range of 1-100 um, contributing to the Zodiacal light and sharing orbital elements with Mars (Jørgensen et al, JGR: Planets 126, 2020). The origin of this dust was speculated to be Mars itself but a mechanism that allows the dust to reach escape velocity (~5 km/s) has not yet been identified. While dust can theoretically be lofted to hundreds of kilometres by electric forces on, for instance, the Moon (Wang et al, Planet. Space Sci. 184, 2020), the Martian atmosphere (thin as it is) makes this more difficult.In this work we investigate the possibility of dust escaping Mars by electric forces. In order to reach the escape velocity a dust particle must overcome the forces of gravity and atmospheric drag. Beyond altitudes reached by meteorological phenomena, only electric forces can accelerate the particles. Recently observations by the Perseverance rover (Chide et al, Nature 647, 2025) showed discharges during dust events, indicating that the Martian atmosphere can have breakdown fields (about 15 kV/m at ground level).In our model a dust particle of a prescribed size, charge, and updraft velocity is released at a given altitude into an atmosphere with an altitude dependent electric field. The resulting electric, drag, and gravity forces are calculated to find the particle’s velocity and altitude as a function of time. We test limit cases of electric charge and fields for relevant particle sizes to see what velocity is reached and how far a particle can be lifted.

The Theory of Monodispersion of Liquids by Gravitational and Electric Fields

Chapter One - Coulomb's Law and Stationary Electric Field

The recent pioneering experiments of the [Nature 412, 52 (2001)] and [Science, 293, 274 (2001)] groups have demonstrated the dynamical tunneling of cold atoms interacting with standing electromagnetic waves. It has been shown [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 253201 (2002)], that the tunneling oscillations observed in these experiments correspondingly stems from two- and three-Floquet quantum state mechanism and can be controlled by varying the experimental parameters. The question where are the fingerprints of the classical chaotic dynamics in a quantum dynamical process which is controlled by 2 or 3 quantum states remains open. Our calculations show that although the effective $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ associated with the two experiments is large, and the quantum system is far from its semiclassical limit, the quantum Floquet-Bloch quasienergy states still can be classified as regular and chaotic states. In both experiments the quantum and the classical phase-space entropies are quite similar, although the classical phase space is a mixed regular-chaotic space. It is also shown that as the wave packet which is initially localized at one of the two inner regular islands oscillates between them through the chaotic sea, it accumulates a random phase which causes the decay of the amplitude of the oscillating mean momentum, $⟨P(t)⟩$, as measured in both experiments. The extremely high sensitivity of the rate of decay of the oscillations of $⟨P(t)⟩$ to the very small changes in the population of different Floquet-Bloch states, is another type of fingerprint of chaos in quantum dynamics that presumably was measured in the NIST and AUSTIN experiments for the first time.

Quantum science and technology have seen rapid progress in recent decades, finding applications in computation, information processing, communication, and sensing. Accurate characterization and manipulation of quantum states is essential to the successful implementation of these applications. Moreover, optimal quantum state estimation is closely related to fundamental questions, such as limits on how fast information can be extracted about quantum systems. In this thesis, we present several contributions to efficiently estimating and transforming quantum states. We discuss optimal quantum state estimation, both in the regime of few available quantum systems as well as the asymptotic regime. We numerically investigate how assuming a pure-state can affect the performance of tomographic methods, and where adaptive quantum state tomography is in fact advantageous. While collective measurements have been formally considered as optimal solutions to various problems in quantum information, their implementation has been largely neglected due to experimental challenges. We present a proof-of-concept experiment realizing Massar and Popescu's optimal collective measurement for quantum state estimation, utilizing two-photon interference and polarization-dependent loss to achieve non-maximally entangled state projections. We demonstrate that collective strategies can outperform the best separable measurements. Furthermore, we introduce and experimentally implement a fast and automated optical polarization compensation scheme using liquid crystal variable retarders and rotating quarter-wave plate tomography. Desired accuracy thresholds can be achieved within a few compensation steps. Finally, we use a matrix-model approach to investigate the realization of spatial unitary transformations via sequences of thin phase gratings and free-space propagation. We numerically demonstrate that the grating parameters and propagation distances can be optimized to achieve various two-beam and three-beam unitary transformations, such as Pauli gates and the discrete Fourier transform. Through experimental and numerical approaches, this thesis offers new perspectives on methods for quantum state estimation and unitary transformation.

Quantum networks are composed of quantum nodes which coherently interact by way of quantum channels. They offer powerful capabilities for quantum computation, communication, and metrology. A generic requirement for these realizations is the capability to generate and store quantum states among multiple quantum nodes, and to disseminate these resources throughout the network via the quantum channels. In this thesis, I describe a series of experiments whereby single excitations in atomic ensembles are strongly coupled to optical modes and provide efficient means for the coherent control of entangled states between matter and light. By following the seminal proposal by Duan et al., we have generated measurement-induced entanglement of an excitation between two cold atomic ensembles. Using this system, we investigated the relationship for the global bipartite entanglement and local correlations in its subsystems. In addition, we achieved functional quantum nodes for entanglement distribution. Two pairs of remote ensembles at two quantum nodes were prepared into entangled states in a heralded and asynchronous fashion by the conditional controls of the entanglement. The quantum states of the ensembles were then distributed into polarization entangled states of photons. We also prepared an analogous quantum state and transferred the nonlocal coherence between two pairs of heralded entangled atomic ensembles, providing a step towards entanglement connection. Beyond such probabilistic approaches, we demonstrated an experiment where entanglement between two quantum memories is created by the reversible and deterministic mapping of an entangled state of light via dynamic electromagnetically induced transparency. This experiment opens novel prospects of integrating hybrid quantum systems by way of reversible quantum interfaces between light and matter. Then, we extended our work to multipartite quantum systems. We theoretically investigated the characterization of multipartite mode-entangled states by way of quantum uncertainty relations, and introduced theoretical tools to verify the entanglement orders in multipartite systems. In particular, we achieved entanglement for one delocalized photon among multiple optical modes (N > 2). Finally, we have achieved measurement-induced entanglement of spin waves among four quantum memories. The individual atomic components for the entangled W state of the four ensembles were then coherently converted into four propagating entangled beams of light via superradiant emissions. We observed the statistical and dynamic transitions for the multipartite entangled spin waves. Experiments described in this thesis thereby represent significant advances of experimental and theoretical capabilities to generate, store, transfer, and characterize entanglement of matter and light over quantum networks.

In quantum state discrimination, the observers are given a quantum system and aim to verify its state from the two or more possible target states. In the local quantum state marking as an extension of quantum state discrimination, there are N composite quantum systems and N possible orthogonal target quantum states. Distant Alice and Bob are asked to correctly mark the states of the given quantum systems via local operations and classical communication. Here we investigate the local state marking with N systems, N = 4, 5, 6, and 7. Therein, Alice and Bob allow for three local operations: measuring the local observable either σ z or σ x simultaneously, and entanglement swapping. It shows that, given arbitrary four systems, Alice and Bob can perform the perfect local quantum state marking. In the N = 5, 6 cases, they can perform perfect local state marking with specific target states. We conjecture the impossibility of the local quantum state marking given any seven target states since Alice and Bob cannot fulfill the task in the simplest case.

Since the first communication systems were developed, the scientific community has been witnessing attempts to increase the amount of information that can be transmitted. In the last 10--15 years there has been a tremendous amount of research towards developing multi-antenna systems which would hopefully provide high-data-rate transmissions. However, increasing the overall amount of transmitted information increases the complexity of the necessary signal processing. A large portion of this thesis deals with several important issues in signal processing of multi-antenna systems. In almost every particular case the goal is to develop a technique/algorithm so that the overall complexity of the signal processing is significantly decreased. In the first part of the thesis a very important problem of signal detection in MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems is considered. The problem is analyzed in two different scenarios: when the transmission medium (channel) 1) is known and 2) is unknown at the receiver. The former case is often called coherent and the later non-coherent MIMO detection. Both cases usually amount to solving highly complex NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. For the coherent case we develop a significant improvement of the traditional sphere decoder algorithm commonly used for this type of detection. An interesting connection between the new improved algorithm and the H-infinity estimation theory is established, and the performance improvement over the standard sphere decoder is demonstrated. For the non-coherent case we develop a counterpart to the standard sphere decoder, the so-called out-sphere decoder. The complexity of the algorithm is viewed as a random variable; its expected value is analyzed and shown to be significantly smaller than the one of the overall exhaustive search. In the non-coherent case, in addition to the complexity analysis of the exact out-sphere decoder, we analyze the performance loss of a suboptimal technique. We show that only a moderate loss of a few dbs in power required at the transmitter will occur if a polynomial algorithm based on the semi-definite relaxation is used in place of any exact technique (which of course is not known to be polynomial). In the second part of the thesis we consider a few problems that arise in wireless broadcast channels. Namely, we consider the problem of the information symbol vector design at the transmitter. A polynomial linear precoding technique is constructed. It enables achieving data rates very close to the ones achieved with DPC (dirty paper coding) technique. Additionally, for another suboptimal polynomial scheme (the so-called nulling and cancelling), we show that it asymptotically achieves the same data rate as the optimal, exponentially complex, DPC. In the last part of the thesis we consider a quantum counterpart of the signal detection from classical communication. In quantum systems the signals are quantum states and the quantum detection problem amounts to designing measurement operators which have to satisfy certain quantum mechanics laws. A specific type of quantum detection called unambiguous detection, which has numerous applications including quantum filtering, has recently attracted a lot of attention in the research community. We develop a general framework for numerically solving this problem using the tools from the convex optimization theory. Furthermore, in the special case where the two quantum states are of rank 2, we construct an explicit analytical solution for the measurement operators. At the end we would like to emphasize that the contribution of this thesis goes beyond the specific problems mentioned here. Most algorithmic optimization techniques developed in this paper are generally applicable. While it is a fact that our results were originally motivated by wireless and quantum communications applications, we believe that the developed techniques will find applications in many different areas where similar optimization problems appear.

Quantum states can be understood as either (i) describing quantum systems or (ii) representing observes' knowledge about quantum systems. These different meanings are shown to imply different transformation properties in relativistic field theories. The rules for the reduction of quantum states and the transformation properties of quantum states under Lorentz transformations are derived for case (ii). The results obtained are applied to a quantum system recently presented and analyzed by Aharonov and Albert. It is shown that the present results, combined with Aharonov and Albert's, amount to a proof of Bohr's view that quantum states represent observes' knowledge about quantum systems.

Geometry and non-adiabatic response in quantum and classical systems

The study of scalar field theories like the chameleon field model is of increasing interest due to the Universe’s accelerated expansion, which is believed to be caused in part by dark energy. These fields can elude experimental bounds set on them in high-density environments since they interact with matter in a density-dependent way. This paper analyzes the effect of chameleon fields on the quantum gravitational states of ultra-cold neutrons (UCNs) in qBounce experiments with mirrors. We discuss the deformation of the neutron wave function due to chameleon interactions and quantum systems in potential wells from gravitational forces and chameleon fields. Unlike other works that aim to put bounds on the chameleon field parameters, this work focuses on the quantum mechanics of the chameleonic neutron. The results deepen our understanding of the interplay between quantum states and modified gravity, as well as fundamental physics experiments carried out in the laboratory.

This paper describes a quantitative analysis of the trapping probability for the DNA trap, which is a method of trapping and concentrating DNA in a tapered microchannel by electric and hydrodrag force fields. In order to calculate the trapping probability, a series of connections of triangle-shaped taper stages was used. The fluorescent intensity of trapped DNA molecules at each stage was measured. The trapping probability per stage was calculated from the distribution of the fluorescent increase rate along with the stage number. The trapping probabilities were measured as a function of DNA size, electric field, and average hydraulic velocity. The electric field that gives a trap probability of 0.5 was found to be proportional to the average hydraulic velocity for all DNA sizes. For all measured conditions and accuracy, the trapping probability was found to be determined only by the ratio of the electric field to the average hydraulic velocity. These results reveal that the DNA trap is not simply caused by balance between the dielectrophoresis and hydrodrag forces.

When we move the Hall component in a uniform gradient magnetic field under the constant current, the Hall electromotive force it outputs depends only on the amount of its displacement in the magnetic field. According to this characteristic, this paper analyses the basic principles, the selection of uniform gradient magnetic field and the output of displacement expression data. This paper makes a research from the four aspects. With improvement and innovation, we try to design a sensor which can measure miniature vibration. Introduction Nowadays, as the deepening of the scientific research, we have become increasingly demanding for the accuracy of measurements. That, how to measure small vibrations conveniently and quickly, is a research aspect that receives much concern. Hall displacement sensor, compared with other displacement sensors, has features such as quick response, simple structure and low cost, and some disadvantages about the measurement as well. To achieve the effect small vibrations to be measured, we will improve and research the sensor, based on its disadvantages. Fundamental principles Hall effect When a magnetic field is present to the semiconductor that is perpendicular to the direction of the current, the electrons and holes inside the semiconductor will experience a force, which is called the Lorentz force, and the electrons and holes will accumulate on one face of the material, establishing an electric field. The force from the electric field opposes the Lorentz force. When the electric field reaches a certain value, the electric force and the Lorentz force experienced by the holes and electrons are balance. The electric field opposes the migration of further charge, so a steady electrical potential is established, making the subsequent electron and holes can pass without deflection. This is called the Hall effect. As is shown in the Fig.1. Suppose the conductor is a cuboid, whose length, width and height are a, b, and c respectively, the electricity flows in from surface cd vertically, and that the magnetic field intensity is B vertical to surface ab, the voltage between the two boards front and back is therefore Hall voltage Fig.1: Hall effec International Power, Electronics and Materials Engineering Conference (IPEMEC 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 969 According to the formula of Hall voltage U, with a fixed electric current I, as long as the magnetic field gradient is constant, the value of Hall voltage across the Hall element will show a positive liner relationship with its displacement within the Hall element. Hall element. Produce Hall element using the principle of Hall Effect. The performance curve of Hall element is as follows: The purpose is to find appropriate electric current and magnetic field, so that with a fixed electric current and constant magnetic field gradient, the Hall element will work with in interval AB in the phase diagram. The working status of Hall element is also associated with temperature. For the sake of measuring accuracy, SS495A1 Hall element is chosen, whose working temperature is between -40C and 150C with strong flexibility, matching the requirement of measurement and design. . Fig.2: Characteristic Choosing the magnetic field As is shown in the first step, in order to make the instrument reflect tiny vibration, a liner relationship between Hall voltage and displacement is in need. Thus, we need to select a magnetic field with constant gradient. This essay develops the study according to an experiment – correction verify procedure, fitting Hall voltage and displacement of Hall elements in magnetic field of various shapes, through which we find that magnetic field of bar magnet is pretty close. Consequently, we made further improvement based on this idea, and finally choose to fix two angel-shaped iron on the two sides of the bar. The specific measuring method is as follows: Fig.3 Measuring method Fitting this set of data using MATlAB, we have Fig.4:

Study effects of particle size in metal nanoink for electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing through analysis of droplet impact behaviors

The generation and separation of electric charge and the growth of electric fields in thunderstorms are accounted for by the rebound of a small fraction of the cloud droplets impacting on the undersides of small pellets of soft hail, thereby carrying away some of the polarized charge induced by the prevailing vertical electric field. It is shown that just those droplets making grazing incidence with the millimetre-sized hail pellets are able to separate sufficient charge to create large-scale fields of 4000 V cm -1 within 10 min if, during this time, the precipitation intensity builds up from zero to 20 mm h -1 to produce a total precipitation of about 2 mm. The growth rate of the electric field is determined largely by the precipitation intensity, which is related to the size, density and hence the falling speed of the hail pellets. The field, starting from the initial fine-weather value, grows exponentially but slowly at first, then more rapidly as the hail pellets grow and because the mechanism is self-accelerating, but eventually slows down as the electrical forces on the charged hail pellets and rebounding droplets counteract the gravitational forces and slow down their rate of separation. Calculation of the trajectories of the droplets that make grazing contact with the hail pellets of different sizes and densities, ρ i , allow the collision cross sections and impact angles, θ , to be determined. Charge separation is proportional to cos θ and is most effective when 0.1 < ρ i ≤ 0.5 g cm -3 . Very light hail pellets with ρ i < 0.1 g cm -3 become ‘suspended’ in the electric field before this reaches breakdown strength, whereas the faster-falling particles of ρ i > 0.5 g m -3 force the droplets to rebound very close to the electrical equator of the hail pellet where they carry away little charge. It is shown that thunderstorm cells of radius 2 km would be able to produce a succession of lightning flashes at intervals of about 30 s as long as the updraught and precipitation rate are maintained. Very intense lightning activity, with flashes at intervals of less than 10 s, would require storm cells exceeding 5 km in radius, but is more likely to be produced by large multicellular storms.