Eliade on Buddhism

The Library World Volume 8 Issue 4

Reviewed by: The Genesis of Lachmann's Method S. J. V. Malloch Sebastiano Timpanaro . The Genesis of Lachmann's Method. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2006. Pp. 252. $47.50. ISBN 978-0-226-80405-7. Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most. Timpanaro's study of the procedure for editing classical texts that has come to be known as "Lachmann's Method" made significant contributions to the history of classical scholarship (by demonstrating the pre-Lachmannian origin of the "Method," by establishing Lachmann's contribution, and by sketching its development before and after Lachmann) and to textual studies (by examining the validity of the "Method" and more generally the application of stemmatics to editing). Although it should be well known to classicists in its various Italians editions (the latest comes "con una Presentazione e una Postilla di Elio Montanari" [Torino 2003]) and in the German edition of 1971, the book may not be accessible to a younger generation of scholars who have no Italian or German, or familiar to scholars working in fields other than classical studies. In the last years of his life Timpanaro himself was largely responsible for this situation since he reacted to strong criticism of parts of the book by declining to revise or republish it, or to allow an English translation. Timpanaro's wife and literary executor gave Most permission to produce an English edition, which he has based on Timpanaro's personal copy (with annotations) of the last Italian edition of 1985 (which he confusingly dates to 1986 twice on p. 27). The result is a lucid translation that will ensure a new and wider audience and offer readers already aquainted with the book an occasion to revisit it. In editing the text and contributing an introduction, Most nods to Timpanaro's subject and to his penchant for a genealogical approach (cf. 16). For readers interested in the development of Timpanaro's arguments between the first (1963) and the last edition, Most has quoted the variants in Additional Materials B; some of these are extensive, some minor, some rather curious, such as Timpanaro's sharpening of his criticism of Maas in his Italian edition of 1981 (162). In a valuable introduction Most describes Timpanaro's family background and intellectual interests, examines the book's aims, content, and originality, and speculates on formative personal and scholarly influences. But, most usefully, he contextualizes the book's subject matter by outlining [End Page 110] how written texts were transmitted and how a procedure like Lachmann's Method sought to rationalize and standardize the choice between the many manuscripts produced by transmission (7–10). In addressing the book's impact, however, Most is surprisingly disappointing. He states that Timpanaro's historical exposition has stood the test of time, but that his theoretically orientated discussion of the limits of the validity of Lachmann's Method has caused "considerable discussion, controversy, and disagreement" (25); in justifying his translation, Most adds that, despite being criticized, the systematic parts of the work are still pertinent to those interested in textual editing (26). Relevant here is Additional Materials A. This consists of a hitherto unpublished text by Timpanaro that is in large measure an apologia in response to M. D. Reeve's decisive refutation of several of Timpanaro's arguments on Bipartite Stemmas in Appendix A ("Stemmatic Method: 'Qualcosa che non funziona'?," in The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture, ed. P. Ganz, Bibliologia 3 [1986] 57–69). It makes for grim reading as Timpanaro starts by admitting that Reeve has cut his arguments to shreds, by forswearing future work on bipartite stemmas, and by consigning La Genesi to the dustbin of history (207–8). The negativity aside, the document deserved reprinting for Timpanaro's second thoughts and engagement with Reeve (though, as he admits, it will not rescue his earlier treatment, 208). In any case, Timpanaro's recognition of Reeve's criticisms required that the book's reception be given more attention than the summary remarks quoted above and the comment that attends the welcome selective bibliography of scholarship postdating 1986, which will allow readers to gauge "how Timpanaro's views are regarded today" (27). Consideration of the book...

"PALLE" IN NEW CLOTHES: THE TRANSLATION OF A DANISH PICTURE BOOK One hundred seventy- five Danish children's books, excluding those by Hans Christian Andersen, have been available to children who read English. Through 1974, twentythree books have been published first in Danish and then translated to English and published in both the United States of America and Great Britain. One book in particular -- Palle Aleñe i. Verden -- serves as an example of the variations in translation. One might assume naively that the translated edition is an accurate rendering of the original. At least the author, illustrator, and translator should be identified, and a notation, giving credit to the original title and publisher, should appear somewhere in the book. The reader should rightly expect that the text is an accurate retelling of the original story and that the illustrations are the same. Names of characters and places should presumably be the same, and the only difference between the British and American editions would be the spelling. The text should retain the integrity of the original, with no expansion, change, or deletion of episodes. The illustrations should be the same size and in the same juxtaposition with the text. The translations of Palle Aleñe i. Verden, however, prove that these assumptions are fallible. Palle Aleñe i Verden is the title of a children's picture book publisEeH originally in Copenhagen by Gyldendal in 1942. In Denmark, the book has been published in three editions, one with slight changes in text and illustration and one with major alterations. In addition, the story has been available to American children in two forms, Nils All Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947) and Paul is Alone in the World (St. Louis: McGraw Hill, 1964), and to BritisTT children, Paul Alone in the World (London: Oxford University Press, 1947T^ Jens Sigsgaard; author, psychologist, and educator; based his book on a study of interviews with 1,000 Danish youngsters to ascertain what they would like the most. The majority wanted to eradicate Hitler, but the more child-like responses were to have money, to fly to the moon, and to get chocolate from a candy shop. As a result of this survey , Sigsgaard designed the plot. The children's book is about a boy awakening to find that his father and mother are gone and discovering that he has access to anything he wants in the city. He drives a streetcar and causes an accident. He takes money from a bank but discovers he doesn't need it. He flies an airplane to the moon. There are no people in his dream world, however, and when he awakens, he realizes that his experiences were just that -a dream. The Danish book has gone through eight printings. The first edition was printed in 1942 and reprinted in 1946 and 1949, for a total of 75,000 copies. Another edition with a new illustration opposite the last page of text was printed in 1954, 1964, 1966, and 1969; but the edition with significant revisions appeared in 1974. The two later Danish editions in 1954 and 1974 were revised in response to changing times. Some Danish psychologists criticized the final picture of a child crying in his bed, so the author and illustrator made slight changes: the boy plays with other children on a playground in the conclusion of the 1954 printing. By 1974 the text and illustrations were outdated, so the author and illustrator changed certain aspects to modernize it. In the 1974 edition, oatmeal is converted to hot-dogs, the boy wears blue jeans instead of short pants, and he drives a bus instead of a streetcar. No English translation of this later edition has been published, but more than 165,000 copies have been printed in Denmark alone, and the book has been translated into thirty languages. While the first American and British editions are based on the first printing of the Danish first edition, the second American edition is based on the Swedish translation. The first Swedish translation was published by Albert Bonniers in 1946, and a later one on which the second American edition is based was published in Sweden in...

The Children and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen, KHM) by the Brothers Grimm are not only an integral part of German culture but have also become a global success over the last two centuries. Currently, the collections of the Grimm brothers include translations into over 100 languages, some of which were written during the lifetime of the Brothers Grimm. English editions in particular carry a considerable influence on the global reception of the tales, since most of the tales are received in a translation instead of the original language. However, many readers of the Grimms’ tales are not aware of this. It is often disregarded that a translation can rarely be described as identical to the original and is subject to different factors such as the translation tradition, the target culture, or the translator’s own ideas. The following essay investigates how and why the tales were edited in English translation to be modified as children’s literature.

Trilingual Glossary of Demographic Terminology: English-Japanese-German/Japanese-English-German German-Japanese-English

Belfast performance poet Gearoid Mac Lochlainn's third book, Sruth Teangacha I Stream of Tongues (2002), is a pivotal book in poets career. A dual-language edition of selected poems accompanied by an audio disc of Mac Lochlainn's performative readings, Sruth Teangacha includes many poems from his first two books, Babylon Gaeilgeoir (1997) and Na Scealaithe (1999), which were published in Irish alone. Both a culmination of his work to date and a new departure in self-presentation, Mac Lochlainn's Sruth Teangacha widens his audience to include readers of English and readers with limited pro ficiency in Irish. In a fascinating, if brief, essay in his concluding Author's Notes, Mac Lochlainn grapples with what he calls the Catch 22 facing writers in Irish: dilemma of having to choose between being read by Anglophones in English translation or of not being read by them at all.1 Unlike writers in a dom inant language, who can blithely regard translation as welcome supplementary recognition, writers in minority indigenous languages like Irish must square hazard of invisibility with predicament of being read by many in colo nial tongue that has almost supplanted their language, and which they have spurned as a literary vernacular. Given radical inequality between glob al hegemony of English and contracted domain of Irish, wider audience that translation secures for Gaelic poet may be seen as gained at cost of further assimilation into a mainstream largely inimical to language.2 The crossover into dual-language publication is a moment of danger in career of any Gaelic poet: history of Gaelic-English contact has made him or her acutely aware of traditional association of translation with defection and

C. G. Jung's Liber Novus, his title for the long privately held work known familiarly as The Red Book, forms the subject of a dialogue between its editor, Jung historian Sonu Shamdasani, and Jungian analyst John Beebe. Conducted in the third month after the work's first publication in facsimile and English translation, their conversation touches on the book's importance within Jungian studies and its unexpected popularity with a wider audience as Jung's first best-seller. They discuss how a close reading of this book's text can help to dispel misconceptions about Jung and about the empirical ground of his later psychology. They note that the self-experiment with individual vision that Liber Novus records, without recourse to psychological jargon or preconception, reveals Jung's recognition of a need to sacrifice the hero archetype and accept responsibility for what he regarded as his complicity with the egoistic spirit that had shaped the lead-up to World War I. A sense of duty, driven by what he felt was necessary to reconnect with his soul, gave him the energy to participate actively in the imaginations that emerged through encounters with figures that appeared in his dreams and waking reveries. In a personal variation of medieval theology's imitatio Christi, Jung's “I” was led to make a fantasized descent to Hell and to take up “the lament of the dead.” The meanings of the sacrifices involved are explored to reveal their role in helping Jung to realize the nature of human individuation beyond mere ego development.

Background: Many physicians in Turkey are both clinicians and researchers, and publishing their research contributes to better patient care as well as to career advancement. Objective: To identify the barriers faced by Turkish physicians to writing research papers and getting them published. Methods: Respondents were asked, through eight multiple-choice questions, about the difficulties they faced in writing research papers and in getting them published in journals. We also searched published literature for accounts of similar difficulties and answers to the question ‘What is your purpose in writing scientific publications?’ Results: A total of 18% (155 of 871) of physicians completed the questionnaire. About the difficulties faced in writing, 82 out of the 155 participants, or 57%, reported problems in finding financial support; 58 (40%), in obtaining required permissions and clearances; 65 (45%), in acquiring relevant skills, especially those related to data analysis or statistics; and 42 (29%), in language-related skills. About the difficulties in getting their papers published in journals, 85 (60%) said that they tried to overcome the difficulties by searching for appropriate solutions on the internet; 66 (47%) sought help from experienced colleagues; and 47 (33%) needed professional help in English translation and editing. Need for financial support was reported by a significantly (p = 0.04) larger proportion of associate professors or full professors (69%) than that of residents (47%) and fellows (45%). Conclusion: The main problems that Turkish physicians face in preparing scientific manuscripts were lack of  financial  support, inadequate knowledge of data analysis and statistics, and the paperwork involved in obtaining required approvals and permissions—problems that were common to the departments of internal medicine and of surgery. The primary motivation for writing and publishing was career advancement, especially through promotion to a higher academic rank.

French Colonialism - French Colonialism 1871–1914. Myths and Realities. By Henri Brunschwig. With an Introduction by Ronald E. Robinson. English translation and edition, London, Pall Mall Press, 1966. Pp. x + 228. 42s. - Volume 7 Issue 3

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Historical study flourished in early modern Europe, as scholars and counselors adapted venerable genres and modes of analysis and devised new methods and techniques. Their works intended to advance political ends by augmenting their readers’ strategic acumen, familiarizing them with recent events, or deciphering broad providential patterns at work. Early modern England witnessed the importation of every significant form of historical work produced in this period, and these methods came to occupy a central, if variegated, place in its political culture. Above all, the interpretive model of ‘politic history’ and the techniques of continental antiquarianism became powerful ways to intervene in English politics, and editions, translations, and adaptations were disseminated by those both endorsing and challenging royal policy. At the same time, other readers plumbed their histories for empirical information, hoping that their mastery of foreign lands would earn them advancement within the regime.

In a foreword in 1919 to the first Indian edition in English of Indian Home Rule (as many early English translations of Hind Swaraj were titled), Gandhi wrote: if I had to revise it, there is only ...

Luigi Donato Ventura, a Trilingual Self-translator

This book provides an in-depth and comprehensive survey of the current state-of-the-art of the international atomic timescale and its underpinning relationship to practical and legal timescales. The authors are two of the leading figures in French time metrology. Claude Audoin, formerly Director of the Laboratoire de l'Horloge Atomique at Orsay, has had a long and distinguished career in the development of atomic frequency standards and atomic clocks. Bernard Guinot, formerly Director of the Bureau International de l'Heure (now absorbed by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM), has a lifetime's experience in the development of timescales. The work reviewed here is a revised and updated translation of Les fondaments de la mesure du temps (Paris: Masson, 1998). It is written at a level appropriate for an experienced graduate student or postdoctoral scientist entering either the field of time and frequency metrology or that of precise astronomical observation, whilst having sufficient depth to be useful as a work of reference for the established researcher in these fields. The first third of the book discusses the physical foundations of time metrology and introduces key concepts in the use of physical oscillators as clocks. The historical account of the complex process by which mean solar time came to be replaced by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) will be particularly informative for newcomers to the field. About half of the volume is devoted to atomic frequency standards, with an exposition of the physics of caesium beam clocks and caesium fountains and a review of other commonly used standards such as the hydrogen maser, rubidium cell and stored ion clock. Although thorough, this 127-page chapter does not replace Audoin's earlier work with Jacques Vanier, The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards (Bristol: IOP Publishing, 1989, out of print), which will remain the Bible for physicists working on clock development. The present time is one of great excitement in the development of atomic frequency standards. At the time the French edition was published, the first caesium fountain frequency standard, at the BNM-LPTF in Paris, had recently demonstrated 1.5 × 10-15 relative frequency uncertainty. Two such standards, at PTB and NIST, are now contributing to International Atomic Time (TAI). Clocks based on optical transitions in ions or atoms are just beginning to become a reality, thanks to Ted Haensch's breakthrough with the femtosecond optical frequency comb generator, which arrived on the scene just in time to receive a mention in this English edition. In a rapidly evolving field, any general survey is bound to be overtaken by events. Primary caesium frequency standards are designed to realize the SI definition of the second. The relationships between the SI second, TAI and UTC, as well as the national approximations to UTC generated by national standards laboratories such as NPL, the timescale available from GPS and timescales used in astronomy, are carefully set out. Finally, the practical applications of these timescales and frequency standards are reviewed, ranging from ultraprecise determinations of fundamental physical constants to positioning and navigation. The problem of longitude is as pressing as in Harrison's day, but for the foreseeable future, clockmakers will continue to have the upper hand over astronomers! Despite betraying the occasional Gallicism, the English translation reads with the clarity of the French original. The reader is guided painlessly through the multiplicity of acronyms with which the topic abounds. Audoin and Guinot have produced a book that will stand the test of time. Stephen N Lea

Book Review Oto-Rhino-Laryngology for the Student and Practitioner . By Dr. Georges Laurens. Authorized English translation of the fourth revised French edition by H. Clayton Fox, F.R.C.S. (Irel.) with a forewood contributed by Sir J. Dundas-Grant, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S. The second English edition with 589 illustrations. New York: William Wood & Co. 1922. pp. 350.