Embedded systems in real time applications, design & architecture

Improved likelihood ratio test based voice activity detector applied to speech recognition

This paper presents an investigation for analysing the load carrying capacity of journal bearing in a variety of conditions using a proposed neural network (NN). The NN structure is very suitable for this kind of system. The network is capable of predicting the pressures of the experimental system. The network has parallel structure and fast learning capacity. It can be outlined from the results for both approaches, NN could be used to model journal bearing systems in real time applications.

Advanced control and optimization of a thermo-energetic installations

Multi-core CPUs with multiple levels of parallelism (i.e. data level, instruction level and task/core level) have become the mainstream CPUs for commodity computing systems. Based on the multi-core CPUs, in this paper we developed a high performance computing framework for AC contingency calculation (ACCC) to fully utilize the computing power of commodity systems for online and real time applications. Using Woodbury matrix identity based compensation method, we transform and pack multiple contingency cases of different outages into a fine grained vectorized data parallel programming model. We implement the data parallel programming model using SIMD instruction extension on x86 CPUs, therefore, fully taking advantages of the CPU core with SIMD floating point capability. We also implement a thread pool scheduler for ACCC on multi-core CPUs which automatically balances the computing loads across CPU cores to fully utilize the multi-core capability. We test the ACCC solver on the IEEE test systems and on the Polish 3000-bus system using a quad-core Intel Sandy Bridge CPU. The optimized ACCC solver achieves close to linear speedup (SIMD width multiply core numbers) comparing to scalar implementation and is able to solve a complete N-1 line outage AC contingency calculation of the Polish grid within one second on a commodity CPU. It enables the complete ACCC as a real-time application on commodity computing systems.

Multimicroprocessor systems for real time applications: (eds) Gianni Conte and Dante del Corso, D Reidel Publishing Company (1985) 299 pp

With the term “real-time data processing,“ we denote applications that have special emphasis on the following: • Algorithms that can be executed within a guaranteed response time window, and • Processes (that is, the performance of an algorithm) with overlap ping time windows which must nevertheless be kept in logical and timely order.

Historically, image systems for real time applications have been classified as either point trackers (including edge trackers and centroid trackers) or trackers. Point trackers track the location of features detected by feature extraction techniques while the trackers track the location of the best match between the scene and a reference image. The term correlation tracking as used here ecompasses both maximum cross and minimum distance similarity detection techniques.

A real-time operating system (RTOS) provides a platform for the design and implementation of a wide range of applications in real-time systems, embedded systems, and mission-critical systems. This paper presents a formal design model for a general RTOS known as RTOS+ that enables a specific target RTOS to be rigorously and efficiently derived in real-world applications. The methodology of a denotational mathematics, Real-Time Process Algebra (RTPA), is described for formally modeling and refining architectures, static behaviors, and dynamic behaviors of RTOS+. The conceptual model of the RTOS+ system is introduced as the initial requirements for the system. The architectural model of RTOS+ is created using RTPA architectural modeling methodologies and refined by a set of Unified Data Models (UDMs). The static behaviors of RTOS+ are specified and refined by a set of Unified Process Models (UPMs). The dynamic behaviors of the RTOS+ system are specified and refined by the real-time process scheduler and system dispatcher. This work is presented in two papers; the conceptual and architectural models of RTOS+ is described in this paper, while the static and dynamic behavioral models of RTOS+ will be elaborated in a forthcoming paper.

Background/Objectives: This paper offers a clear traffic control system to pass emergency vehicles easily. In this paper to accomplishment the raise of current innovation called Automated Efficient Traffic Control System: waiting time of emergency vehicles and also used to control the traffic lights. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This makes the utilization of Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID). This makes it very tough to take away or get broken. We use RFID readerTK-5530, and PIC16F877A. A device Micro-chip to take a gander at the RFID Tag related to the vehicle. Findings: If RFID tag takes a look at fits in with the stolen automobile the Information is transmits the usage of GSM SIM300 to the police manager further, whilst ambulance is coming near to the intersection, it will touch to activity controller inside of the intersection switch on the unpractised light. Conclusion: The module makes utilization of Zigbee detachable on CC2500 and PIC16F877A. Device Micro-chip for remote correspondences among the rescue vehicle or visitor controller. It is used to sense ambulance in multidirectional and also sense the ambulance to reach the junction to junction communication with the priority of the vehicle.Keywords: Ambulance Detection, Data Collection of Vehicles, Micro Controller based System, Traffic Management

A large body of human image processing techniques use skin detection as a first primitive for subsequent feature extraction. Well established methods of colour modelling, such as histograms and Gaussian mixture models have enabled the construction of suitably accurate skin detectors. However such techniques are not ideal for use in adaptive real time environments. We describe methods of skin detection using a Self-Organising Map or SOM, and show performance comparable (94% accuracy on facial images) to conventional techniques. We also introduce the AXEON Learning Processor as the basis for a hardware skin detector, and outline the potential benefits of using this system in a demanding environment, such as filtering Internet traffic, to which conventional techniques are not best suited.

A wide application of real time systems is safety critical systems. These systems should be highly reliable. Fault tolerance is one of the approaches to achieve reliability. In this paper, a fault tolerance model for real time systems is proposed. This model incorporates the concept of time stamped fault tolerance. This model is based on distributed computing along with feed forward artificial neural network methodology. The proposed technique is based on execution of design diverse variants on replicated hardware, and assigning weights to the results produced by variants. Thus the proposed method encompasses both the forward and backward recovery mechanism, but main focus is on forward recovery. The main essence of the proposed technique is the inclusion of time for decision mechanism

Artificial neural network (ANN) is a simplified model of the biological nervous system consisting of nerve cells or neurons. The application of ANN to food process engineering is relatively novel. ANN had been employed in diverse applications like food safety and quality analyses, food image analysis, and modeling of various thermal and non-thermal food-processing operations. ANN has the ability to map nonlinear relationships without any prior knowledge and predicts responses even with incomplete information. Every neural network possesses data in the form of connection weights interconnecting lines between the input to hidden layer neurons and weights of hidden to output layer neurons, which has a significant role in predicting the output data. The applications of ANN in different unit operations in food processing were described that includes theoretical developments using intelligent characteristics for adaptability, automatic learning, classification, and prediction. The parallel architecture of ANN resulted in a fast response and low computational time making it suitable for application in real-time systems of different food process operations. The predicted responses obtained by the ANN model exhibited high accuracy due to lower relative deviation and root mean squared error and higher correlation coefficient. This paper presented the various applications of ANN for modeling nonlinear food engineering problems. The application of ANN in the modeling of the processes such as extraction, extrusion, drying, filtration, canning, fermentation, baking, dairy processing, and quality evaluation was reviewed. HIGHLIGHTS 1. This paper discusses application of ANN in different emerging trends in food process. 2. Application of ANN to develop non-linear multivariate modeling is illustrated. 3. ANNs have been shown to be useful tool for prediction of outcomes with high accuracy. 4. ANN resulted in fast response making it suitable for application in real time systems.

Fast object detection in digital grayscale images The problem of specific object detection in digital grayscale images is considered under the following conditions: relatively small image fragments can be analysed (a priori information about the size of objects is available); images contain a varying undefined background (clutter) of larger objects; processing time should be minimised and must be independent from the image contents; proposed methods should provide for efficient implementation in application-specific electronic circuits. The last two conditions reflect the aim to propose approaches suitable for application in real time systems where known sophisticated methods would be inapplicable. The research is motivated by potential applications in the food industry (detection of contaminants in products from their X-ray images), medicine (detection of anomalies in fragments of computer tomography images etc.). Possible objects to be detected may include compact small objects, curved lines in different directions, and small regions of pixels with brightness different from the background. The paper describes proposed image processing approaches to detection of such objects and the results obtained from processing of sample food images.

This paper presents a novel application of a hybrid learning approach to the optimisation of membership and nonmembership functions of a newly developed interval type-2 intuitionistic fuzzy logic system (IT2 IFLS) of a Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) fuzzy inference system with neural network learning capability. The hybrid algorithms consisting of decoupled extended Kalman filter (DEKF) and gradient descent (GD) are used to tune the parameters of the IT2 IFLS for the first time. The DEKF is used to tune the consequent parameters in the forward pass while the GD method is used to tune the antecedents parts during the backward pass of the hybrid learning. The hybrid algorithm is described and evaluated, prediction and identification results together with the runtime are compared with similar existing studies in the literature. Performance comparison is made among the proposed hybrid learning model of IT2 IFLS, a TSK-type-1 intuitionistic fuzzy logic system (IFLS-TSK), and a TSK-type interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2 FLS-TSK) on two instances of the datasets under investigation. The empirical comparison is made on the designed systems using three artificially generated datasets and three real world datasets. Analysis of results reveal that IT2 IFLS outperforms its type-1 variants, IT2 FLS and most of the existing models in the literature. Moreover, the minimal run time of the proposed hybrid learning model for IT2 IFLS also puts this model forward as a good candidate for application in real time systems.

In this paper, the implementation of a new pupil detection system based on artificial intelligence techniques suitable for real-time and real-word applications is presented. The proposed AI-based pupil detection system uses a classifier implemented with slim-type neural networks, with its classes being defined according to the possible positions of the pupil within the eye image. In order to reduce the complexity of the neural network, a new parallel architecture is used in which two independent classifiers deliver the pupil center coordinates. The training, testing, and validation of the proposed system were performed using almost 40,000 eye images with a resolution of 320 × 240 pixels and coming from 20 different databases, with a high degree of generality. The experimental results show a detection rate of 96.29% at five pixels with a standard deviation of 3.38 pixels for all eye images from all databases and a processing speed of 100 frames/s. These results indicate both high accuracy and high processing speed, and they allow us to use the proposed solution for different real-time applications in variable and non-uniform lighting conditions, in fields such as assistive technology to communicate with neuromotor-disabled patients by using eye typing, in computer gaming, and in the automotive industry for increasing traffic safety by monitoring the driver’s cognitive state.