Emissivities of Random Rough Surface over Layered Media

A new tapered wave integral equation method was derived to simulate the conical diffraction of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces. Both the full matrix inversion and the banded matrix iterative approaches are developed. By using the principle of reciprocity and energy conservation, all four Stokes parameters are calculated for polarimetric passive remote sensing of rough surfaces. We show in this paper that for a moderately rough surface, the third Stokes parameter can be as high as ±20°K. The tapered wave integral equation approach can deal with a rough surface with a large slope. The new method presented in this paper is compared with the previously published plane wave integral equation method and the extended boundary condition method. Very good agreement is obtained. Unlike the plane wave integral equation method and the extended boundary condition method, the tapered wave integral equation method does not have the kinks imposed by Floquet models and it requires a shorter surface length in most applications.

While recent studies have proven an unexpected liquid–vapor phase transition of adsorbed liquid films, a comprehensive description of the mechanisms of different types of phase change regimes over realistic representations of random rough surfaces is absent in the literature. The current comprehensive study investigates the effects of a gold random rough surface, liquid film thickness, and substrate temperature on the liquid–vapor phase change regime of an adsorbed sodium liquid film, considering the evaporator section of a wicked heat pipe (WHP) using a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. At first, to generate a realistic random rough surface, a new and promising method is proposed that is entirely based on MD simulations. Then, to simulate the evaporator section of a WHP, a unique configuration for eliminating the vapor domain is developed. The simulation results reveal that three distinct regimes, namely, normal evaporation, cluster boiling, and film boiling, could be identified, which are presented on two-dimensional diagrams with the substrate temperature and liquid film thickness as coordinates for the ideally smooth and random rough surfaces. The results also manifest that even though using the random rough surface could lead to different phase transition regimes, the type of regime depends mainly on the substrate temperature and liquid film thickness. Furthermore, this study displays two different modes for normal evaporation. Also, it is shown that the impacts of the liquid film thickness and substrate temperature on the mode of normal evaporation are much more significant than the surface roughness.

Effects of random road surface roughness and long-term deflection of prestressed concrete girder and cable-stayed bridges on impact due to moving vehicles

A rigorous three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic model is developed to analyze the scattering from anti-personnel (AP) nonmetallic mine-like target when it is buried near a clutter object under two-dimensional (2-D) random rough surfaces. The steepest descent fast multipole method (SDFMM) is implemented to solve for the unknown electric and magnetic surface currents on the ground surface, on the target and on the clutter object. A comprehensive numerical investigation of two clutter sources; the ground roughness and the nearby benign object, is presented based on using more than 800 random rough surface realizations which could not be achieved without using fast algorithms such as the SDFMM. The statistics of the scattered near-electric fields are computed using the Monte Carlo simulations for both polarizations. For the parameters used here, the results show that the average and the standard deviation of the target signature represent 5-7% and 3-3.5% of the total scattered signal, respectively, while they represent 16-20% and 7-12% of the signal for the clutter object, respectively. This study indicates the high possibility of a false alarm during the detection process when the target is located nearby a realistic object such as a piece of a tree root.

The physical optics approach and Lorentz transformations are combined to formulate scatter from a random rough surface in uniform motion. The perfectly conducting scatterer is excited by an elliptically polarized plane electromagnetic wave and the analysis ends in the velocity‐dependent expressions for the scattering cross section per unit area, the depolarization factor and the radial tilt. The direction of motion is considered parallel as well as normal to the scatterer's mean plane. The combined effect of roughness and motion on scattering and depolarization is investigated through a numerical example. The calculations reveal that parallel motion modifies scatter through aberration while normal motion results in scatter amplification. The depolarization factor and/or radial tilt might be used for motion estimation.

To study wave scattering from random lossy dielectric rough surfaces with large permittivities using the method of moments, a dense grid is needed for accurate results. A dense grid requires more CPU and memory. The physics‐based two‐grid (PBTG) method can reduce both CPU and memory requirements. In this paper, the PBTG is used in conjunction with the multilevel fast multipole method (FMM) to solve wave scattering from one‐dimensional random lossy dielectric rough surfaces. The proposed algorithm has the computational complexities of O(Ndg) for near‐field interactions and O(Ncg) for nonnear‐field interactions, where Ndg and Ncg are the number of sampling points on the dense and coarse grids, respectively. Using the proposed algorithm, wave scattering from Gaussian and non‐Gaussian rough surfaces is investigated and illustrated. Special emphasis is put on checking the accuracy of the algorithm and energy conservation.

When a random rough surface is illuminated by light or high-frequency radio waves, the specular reflected points make an ensemble, the statistical properties of which are of great interest not only for a general theory of scattering, but also for many practical applications, ranging from real-time monitoring of man-made surface roughness to sea roughness parameter measurements using sunlight flares at the surface. Apparently, M.S. Longuet-Higgins (see J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol.50, p.838-56, 1960) was the first to employ the theory of random functions for solving this problem. In particular, the explicit equations for the spatial density of extrema and saddle points were derived for Gaussian surfaces, and the fundamental relations between them were established. We use the general theory of random field excursions (Adler, R.J., 1981; Stoyan, D. et al., 1995) to obtain the statistical characteristics of specular points arising on random surfaces at normal incidence.

Simulation of 3-D random rough surface by 2-D digital filter and fourier analysis

Flow accelerated corrosion generates not only pipe-wall thinning but also roughness on an inside wall. In some flow conditions, the increase in roughness can increase the mass transfer coefficient by up to 80%. It is then very important to have an evaluation tool to monitor and quantify the roughness of a pipe. This study aims to estimate the roughness by using ultrasonic attenuation. The advantage of using ultrasonic attenuation is that it utilizes the signals measured by existing ultrasonic probes, and does not require significant changes to the equipment. To evaluate the inner rough surface, this study compares ultrasonic attenuations on random and periodic rough surfaces. We used an ultrasonic broadband probe on specimens with random and periodic rough surfaces in experiments. The results indicate a significant difference between the attenuation values estimated on random and periodic roughness. In addition, attenuation of amplitude at specific frequencies also was observed. These specific frequencies implied having the potential to estimate the pitch of periodic flaws on the rough surface.

In this paper, the model developed for predicting the scattering characteristics from statistically rough surfaces is based upon the integral-equation model with multiple scattering. Its objective is to examine the bistatic scattering characteristics from randomly rough surfaces along different azimuth angles. For a better understanding of the scattering behavior from randomly rough surfaces, information about scattering must be known omnidirectionally, not just in the specular or backscatter direction. Comparisons between the model prediction and the experimental measurements are made for both like and cross polarizations. This model prediction demonstrates good agreement with the experimental data. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 25: 271–275, 2000.

In this paper we study the depolarized backscatter enhancement phenomenon for electromagnetic wave scattering from rough surfaces. Some new experimental data on light scattering from rough metallic surfaces shows a phenomenon of backscattering enhancement existing in the antispecular direction under some conditions, such as the surface parameters, wave polarization and operating frequency. From a roughly random surface the backscattering enhancement is predicted due to the constructive interference of multiple surfaces scattering. The study is based upon the integral equation method modified to be able to predict the phenomenon of multiple scattering and backscattering enhancement. From the study we found the backscattering enhancement takes place on the specialized surface parameters large compared with the incident wavelength. Further we also conclude that the depolarized multiple scattering makes much contribution along the plane of incidence from random rough surfaces, but depolarized single scattering makes little contributions as our expectation. In comparison of model prediction of total multiple scattering strength with measured data along the specular plane, excellent agreement is obtained.

A statistical model of wave scattering from random rough surfaces

A novel forward method to establish the three-dimensional parametric scattering center models is developed to extract scattering centers from the combined target/rough surface models. Both scattering centers from the ship, including single-order and higher order scattering contributions, and from the multiple interactions between the ship and random rough sea surface would be described concisely with physically relevant parameters by this proposed method. Due to the statistical nature of the random rough surface for the Monte Carlo simulation, we acquire a large number of realizations for estimations of the amplitude and position parameters to overcome the problem that single realization cannot extract scattering centers effectively. This method is validated through parametric models of the ship in free space and on the sea surface, and a good agreement has been demonstrated between the constructed and simulated radar characteristics. Furthermore, we analyze the composite target/surface model's physics and feature stability in a visually spatial range and direct connections between scattering centers and scattering sources, which would be valuable to future target recognitions and classifications. Finally, we quantitatively calculate and analyze the coupling scattering centers from interactions between the ship and the ocean-like surface that provide more abundant contour information of the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image to facilitate contour detections.

Estimates are obtained for the pressure field reflected from random rough surfaces when the surfaces are insonified by a high‐frequency, omnidirectional point source. A geometric acoustics or ray‐tracing approach is taken together with the assumptions that there is no shadowing of the surface and that each ray undergoes a single reflection. A stationary phase approximation of the Helmholtz integral is used to estimate the field associated with each ray. The emphasis of the paper is on accounting for the phase differences, that is, the interference effects, between the possibly very many geometric rays from source to surface to receiver.Subject Classification: 20.30.

It has been demonstrated in previously published results that large fourth Stokes parameter may be generated from a rough surface over multi-layered media, where only the top interface is rough while the others are all ∞at boundaries. In this paper, we consider the four Stokes parameters in microwave emission from a two-layer rough surface. In this case, there are two rough boundaries. The rough surfaces vary in one horizontal direction so that the azimuthal asymmetry exists in the 3-D problem. Periodic boundary conditions were assumed. The results are compared with the previously published results from a rough surface over multi-layered media. It is shown that the \two-layer periodic rough surfaces can reduce the vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures remarkably; the interactions between the two rough surfaces also enhance the third and fourth Stokes parameters, which disappear in new structure for the large dips in the vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures presented in the former Sastrugi structure. In particular, the fourth Stokes parameter can be larger than that in previous layered structure. In addition, for the case of sinusoidal rough surface without large slope with snow's permittivities, the top boundary rough only layered structure cannot support the large third and fourth Stokes parameters any longer while