Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions in India:Analysis in Input-Output Framework

Analysis of carbon emission mechanism based on regional perspectives is an important research method capable of achieving energy savings and emission reductions. Xinjiang, an important Chinese energy production base, is currently going through a period of strategic opportunities for rapid development. Ensuring stable socio-economic development while achieving energy savings and meeting emission reductions targets, is the key issue currently facing the region. This paper is based on the input-output theory, and conducts a structural decomposition analysis on the factors affecting energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang from 1997 to 2007; this analysis employs a hybrid input-output analysis framework of “energy - economy - carbon emissions”. (1) Xinjiang’s carbon emissions from energy consumption increased from 20.70 million tons in 1997 to 40.34 million tons in 2007; carbon emissions growth was mainly concentrated in the production and processing of energy resources, the mining of mineral resources, and the processing industry. (2) The analysis of the direct effects of the influencing factors on carbon emissions showed that the change in per capita GDP, the final demand structure, the population scale, and the production structure were the important factors causing an increase in carbon emissions, while the decrease in carbon emission intensity during this period was the important influencing factor in stopping the growth of carbon emissions. This showed that while the sizes of Xinjiang’s economy and population were growing, the economic structure had not been effectively optimized and the production technology had not been efficiently improved, resulting in a rapid growth of carbon emissions from energy consumption. (3) The analysis of the indirect effects of the influencing factors of carbon emission showed that the inter-provincial export, fixed capital formation, and the consumption by urban residents had significant influence on the changes in carbon emissions from energy consumption in Xinjiang. (4) The growth of investments in fixed assets of carbon intensive industry sectors, in addition to the growth of inter-provincial exports of energy resource products, makes the transfer effect of inter-provincial “embodied carbon” very significant.

This paper explores the anatomy of Danish energy consumption and emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO,) and nitrogen oxides (NO,). Changes in emissions between 1966 and 1988 were investigated using input-output structural decomposition analysis. Production-based emissions have undergone substantially greater changes than have private consumption emissions, and the increased level of final demand explains most of this development. Although the level of CO 2 emissions has risen proportionally to energy consumption, the NO, emissions level has increased relatively more and the SO, emissions level has declined considerably. There are several reasons for these developments, the main reason being changes in fuel mix in the energy-supply sector. Energy conservation has been implemented throughout the economy–with the important exception of transportation fuel. In most sectors and all demand categories, there has been a shift towards less energy-intensive composition of inputs and commodities. Both effects have considerably reduced emissions, but this has been outweighed by economic growth, which has required energy for further production throughout the whole period studied.

Over the last decades, Morocco has been facing increasingly severe water scarcity. To quantify water use in Morocco, we refer to the water footprint (WF) concept, including both direct and indirect water use. WF considered covers internal WF and exported virtual water (VW). We used the input-output structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to quantitatively analyze the drivers of changes in Morocco’s sectoral WF from 1995 to 2015. The considered mechanisms governing WF changes are the technological, economic system efficiency, and structural effects. The WF growth experienced in Morocco primarily resulted from final demand changes. The technological effect acted as an additional increase factor. Nevertheless, the economic system efficiency effect contributed to the water conservation process. Unfortunately, it was not sufficient to reverse the expansion of Morocco’s WF resulted from other driving factors. Agriculture is the dominant economic sector in WF changes, regardless of any driving factor and any period considered. The study provides insight into Morocco’s water policy limits and helps develop policies towards sustainable water resources planning and management. That is by suggesting that final demand structure adjustment and technological innovation in the agricultural sector should be at the center of Morocco’s strategies in addressing water scarcity.

i88 China Review International: Vol. 5, No. 1, Spring 1998 Xiannuan Lin. China's Energy Strategy: Economic Structure, Technological Choices, and Energy Consumption. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers , 1996. xvii, 203 pp. Hardcover $65.00, isbn 0-275-95306-8. This book offers important insights into a fascinating feature of China's economic growth during the reform era—the declining energy intensity of the Chinese economy. The book crisply proceeds through summarizing the issue, propounding an input-output model of energy consumption, explaining the results produced by the model, and pursuing the model's insights in a case study of the iron and steel industry. As they grow, developing economies usually exhibit increasing energy intensity (the ratio of commercial energy consumption to GDP), a trend followed by China for thirty years after the founding of the People's Republic. The uniformity of this trend across China and other developing countries led outside observers reasonably to expect that growing energy and electric power shortages in China in the late 1970s would constrain economic growth. For example, the CIA (1980) predicted that electric power shortages would restrict China's economic growth to 3 percent per year in the first half of the 1980s.1 The Chinese economy dramatically disproved these predictions. From 1981 to 1987, the time period studied in this book, the Chinese economy grew about 10 percent per year. As the book stresses, this growth was not fueled by an equal growth of commercial energy consumption. Instead, the energy intensity of the Chinese economy "decreased by almost 22 percent" between 1981 and 1987 (p. 3). This unexpected decline has been the topic of much speculation and recent research . In the 1980s, the decline was often attributed to the shift in emphasis from heavy industry to light industry. In the 1990s various researchers have more carefully examined the available data to develop a more sophisticated understanding of this remarkable decline. This study adds to the research by decomposing the change in energy consumption, using China's 1981 and 1987 input-output tables. Input-output analysis provides a wealth of information about the interconnections between an economy's production and consumption sectors. As this book shows, much can be learned about energy consumption from looking at the changes in production technology and in the structure of final demand. Chapter 1 introduces the issue of falling energy intensity in the Chinese economy, explaining why this phenomenon warrants attention. Then it succinctly© 1998 by University states the research goals of the study and emphasizes their importance. This chapofHawai 'i Presster serves as a most accessible introduction to the topic for nonspecialists. Chapter 2, using tables and charts, describes energy consumption in China for 1981 and 1987 by production and consumption sector and by energy source. This gives the Reviews 189 reader a working knowledge ofthe data that the autiior's model explores in greater depth. Chapter 3, which presents the basic model of the book, may prove mildly frustrating to those readers who carefully try to follow the matrix algebra of the model.2 All readers can trust in the actual implementation ofthe model and should quickly grasp the basic technique: calculate the energy required to produce 1987 final demand using 1981 technology; then compare this to actual energy use in 1987. Using the 1981 and 1987 input-output tables, the key equation ofthe model (equation 8 on p. 49) shows that die change in energy use in China between 1981 and 1987 can be decomposed into a "final-demand shift" and a "production -technology change." The final-demand shift equals the extra energy required to produce 1987 intermediate output using 1981 technologyplus the increase from 1981 to 1987 in energy directiy used by final consumers. The production -technology change is the difference between intermediate energy used to produce 1981 final demand using 1987 technology and actual intermediate energy used to produce 1981 final demand using 1981 technology. The model elaborates on this basic idea, further decomposing the final demand shift and the production technology change by final demand sectors and by production sectors. Table 3.4 on page 54 concisely summarizes the elements ofthe model. Chapters 4 and 5 detail the findings yielded by...

Structural decompositions of energy consumption between 1995 and 2009: Evidence from WIOD

With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, global concerns regarding climate change have intensified, with carbon dioxide widely recognized as the primary driver of global warming and climate disruption. It is necessary to investigate how to develop industries to meet the constant GDP growth and minimum carbon emissions. This study investigates the optimization of industrial structure under China’s ‘Dual Carbon’ Goal in Guangdong Province from 2012 to 2017, employing a multi-objective programming model. Using the input–output table, carbon emissions across 42 industries are calculated based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon emission factor method. According to Hirschman’s theory of industrial interdependence, the economic and carbon emission linkage coefficients between these industries are obtained by calculating the Ghosh inverse matrix and the Leontief inverse matrix to analyze the economic forward and backward linkage of the industries, as well as the carbon emission forward and backward linkage. The impact of industry input and output on the urban economy and the resulting carbon emission problems are discussed, and industries are divided into encouraged and restricted industries. Using a multi-objective programming model, the expected final demand, changes in final demand, and expected carbon emissions of these industries under the ‘Dual Carbon’ Goal, with the target of maintaining the same economic growth rate and promoting carbon reduction, are analyzed. The results show that most industries in Guangdong Province need to reduce final demand, including the highest carbon-emitting industries and industries that are relatively restricted by scale in development. The policy implications of optimizing the industrial structure to reduce carbon emissions are provided.

Analysis of changing hidden energy flow in Vietnam

Based on 2002–2010 comparable price input-output tables, this paper first calculates the carbon emissions of China’s industrial sectors with three components by input-output subsystems; next, we decompose the three components into effect of carbon emission intensity, effect of social technology, and effect of final demand separately by structure decomposition analysis; at last, we analyze the contribution of every effect to the total emissions by sectors, thus finding the key sectors and key factors which induce the changes of carbon emissions in China’s industrial sectors. Our results show that in the latest 8 years five departments have gotten the greatest increase in the changes of carbon emissions compare with other departments and the effect of final demand is the key factor leading to the increase of industrial total carbon emissions. The decomposed effects show a decrease in carbon emission due to the changes of carbon emission intensity between 2002 and 2010 compensated by an increase in carbon emissions caused by the rise in final demand of industrial sectors. And social technological changes on the reduction of carbon emissions did not play a very good effect and need further improvement.

How energy consumption, industrial growth, urbanization, and CO2 emissions affect economic growth in Pakistan? A novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach

It is crucial to study the carbon emissions worldwide induced by urban consumption activities. Taking consumption-oriented city Beijing as an example, we constructed a nested multi-regional input-output model (MRIO), and measured carbon emissions and value-added in local, domestic, and international systems. Furthermore, the structural decomposition analysis (SDA) and structural path analysis (SPA) was applied to analyze cross-system driving forces and key paths of carbon emission changes. The conclusions show: (1) Beijing's consumption leads to the highest carbon emissions in the domestic system but the highest value-added in the local system. There is spatial inconsistency in carbon emissions and value-added. (2) The intermediate commodity input-output effect (ICIOE) of intra-domestic provinces is the main driving factors contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions. In contrast, the ICIOE of inter-domestic provinces is the main factor leading to the rise. (3) In the top 10 types of key paths for Beijing’s consumption-based carbon emissions (CBCE) growth, electric power and construction sectors in domestic systems are key sectors. Chemical products and transport equipment in foreign systems are key sectors for Beijing’s CBCE decrease. Our findings suggest Beijing enhancing cross-system cooperation to achieve carbon reduction targets. JEL classification numbers: R15. Keywords: Consumption-based carbon emissions, Multi-regional input-output, Structural decomposition analysis, Structural path analysis.

This paper aims to verify the long run structural changes in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Brazil which presents the particularity of high emissions in the agriculture and livestock sectors, and low emissions in energy sectors. We use an additive Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) to verify the sectorial changes in emissions derived from the effects of economic intensity, final demand structure effect and technological change by component i.e., household consumption, exports, gross fixed capital formation, government consumption, inventory change and total final demand. The database is composed of a series of input-output matrices at constant prices for the period 2000–2017, with comparable production structure of 42 sectors. Our results show that agriculture had the most remarkable effects on emissions, followed by industry sectors for all SDA effects and components except for inventory change. Finally, we discuss relationships between energy, GHG emissions and production structure towards development policies to reduce emissions and improve energy use.

The UK has been one of the few countries that has successfully decoupled final energy consumption from economic growth over the past 15 years. This study investigates the drivers of final energy consumption in the UK productive sectors between 1997 and 2013 using a decomposition analysis that incorporates two novel features. Firstly, it investigates to what extent changes in thermodynamic efficiency have contributed to overall changes in sectoral energy intensities. Secondly, it analyses how much of the structural change in the UK economy is driven by the offshoring of energy-intensive production overseas. The results show that energy intensity reductions are the strongest factor reducing energy consumption. However, only a third of the energy savings from energy intensity reductions can be attributed to reductions in thermodynamic efficiency with reductions in the exergy intensity of production making up the reminder. In addition the majority of energy savings from structural change are a result of offshoring, which constitutes the second biggest factor reducing energy consumption. In recent years the contributions of all decomposition factors have been declining with very little change in energy consumption after 2009. This suggests that a return to the strong reductions in energy consumption observed between 2001 and 2009 in the UK productive sectors should not be taken for granted. Given that further reductions in UK final energy consumption are needed to achieve global targets for climate change mitigation, additional policy interventions are needed. Such policies should adopt a holistic approach, taking into account all sectors in the UK economy as well as the relationship between the structural change in the UK and in the global supply chains delivering the goods and service for consumption and investment in the UK.

Recent research has shown a huge impact of non-renewable energy (NRE) production on environmental health. In this context, this work analyzes the effects of GDP growth and long- and short-term consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy (RE and NRE, respectively) on carbon emission in BRICS and OECD economies. The quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) model was employed on the panel data from 1980 to 2016. Findings suggest a negative GDP-carbon emission correlation and a positive NRE-carbon emission correlation in the considered economies. Furthermore, carbon emission decreases with increase in gross capital formation, whereas trade openness does not have any significant effect on carbon emission. It has been determined that the application of the error correction method (ECM) has less effect on energy consumption as compared to the past levels and changes in energy consumption. In the long-term, a positive correlation of carbon emission and energy consumption is observed, whereas limited short-term effects of energy consumption on carbon emission are observed. Therefore, an RE-based energy production approach is recommended in the selected region for the future projects.

China is a large economy being troubled by excessive energy consumption, serious environmental pollution and carbon emission problems. To reduce energy consumption, pollutant and carbon emission, understanding their trend and their relationships with the socioeconomic development is essential. Among various sectors, transportation sector is energy-intensive and emits a large amount of air toxics and CO2, and therefore deserves primary attention. This study took carbon emission as a proxy of environmental degradation and employed an analytical framework composed of input-output analysis, ecological network analysis and structural decomposition analysis to scrutinize production- and consumption-based energy consumption and carbon emission (ECCE), to analyze effects of final demand elasticity on them, mutualism relationships between transportation sector and other sectors, and pulling/ driving force of trans- portation sector on the ECCE of the whole economy, and to explore the drivers affecting ECCE of transportation sector. Results comprise the increase trend of ECCE of transportation sector, the noticeable relevance of transportation sector to ECCE, the domination of control relationship and the increase of competition relationship between transportation sector and other sectors, the significant effects of final demand structure, per capita final demand, production structure and sectoral carbon emission density on ECCE. According to these results, as for transportation sector, adjusting the energy structure, improving the transportation efficiency and coordinating the relations between the transportation and its relevant sectors are suggested. The analytical framework facilitates ECCE policy devising in transportation sector for China's target of energy conservation and emission reduction and are instructive for other countries' ECCE actions.

To determine whether energy consumption changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) among children with cerebral palsy (CP). We retrospectively evaluated net nondimensional energy consumption during walking among 101 children with bilateral spastic CP who underwent SDR (59 males, 42 females; median age [5th centile, 95th centile] 5y 8mo [4y 2mo, 9y 4mo]) compared to a control group of children with CP who did not undergo SDR. The control group was matched by baseline age, spasticity, and energy consumption (56 males, 45 females; median age [5th centile, 95th centile] 5y 8mo [4y 1mo, 9y 6mo]). Outcomes were compared at baseline and follow-up (SDR: mean [SD] 1y 7mo [6mo], control: 1y 8mo [8mo]). The SDR group had significantly greater decreases in spasticity compared to matched controls (-42% SDR vs -20% control, p<0.001). While both groups had a modest reduction in energy consumption between visits (-12% SDR, -7% control), there was no difference in change in energy consumption (p=0.11) or walking speed (p=0.56) between groups. The SDR group did not exhibit greater reductions in energy consumption compared to controls. The SDR group had significantly greater spasticity reduction, suggesting that spasticity had minimal impact on energy consumption during walking in CP. These results support prior findings that spasticity and energy consumption decrease with age in CP. Identifying matched control groups is critical for outcomes research involving children with CP to account for developmental changes.