Energy-efficient communication in battery-constrained portable devices

In this work we present a system for distributed video surveillance based on the Client-Server model. The system we present can be accessed via portable devices. In many real-world scenarios is useful, or sometimes necessary, to have portable devices that can receive real-time data from a selected camera, to prevent or to manage anomalous activities. The system provides reliable, high speed, secure and real-time communication among all its components, which are the Repository, the Node and the Portable Device. Both Repository and Node can act as a server. The Repository can provide services to both Nodes and Portable Devices, while the Nodes provide services only to the Portable Device. The portable device can only act as a client, using the services offered by the other two parts. In our system, a portable device is assumed to know only the location of the Repository which permits to get the list of nodes connected with one or more camera(s). When a portable device gets the list, it can choose which node intends to connect to, to get the images of its connected camera(s). The security of the interaction among Node-Repository and Node-Portable Device is guaranteed by using the SSL/TLS protocol. The interaction among nodes and portable devices is secured by using an invisible digital watermarking algorithm on each image, before that image is sent from a node to a portable device. The latter extracts the watermark from the image and verifies the identity of the node.

Portable oxygen devices simplify and facilitate patient therapy. This study was designed to compare S(pO2) and patient satisfaction with a portable oxygen concentrator or a combined system consisting of a fixed device with continuous-flow oxygen dispensation and a portable device with pulse dispensation for ambulation. This crossover trial assessed 25 subjects with COPD (92% men, mean age of 72.2 ± 7.4 y, mean FEV1 of 34.14 ± 12.51% of predicted) at 4 hospitals in Madrid. All subjects had previously used the combined system, consisting of a fixed oxygenation system and a portable system for ambulation, with 16 (64%) using stationary and portable concentrators and 9 (36%) using a stationary reservoir and portable liquid oxygen bag. Oxygenation settings at rest and while walking were determined at baseline. Subjects were maintained on the previous combined system for 1 week and then switched to the portable oxygen concentrator for 1 week. Mean S(pO2) over 24 h was calculated using the software in the oximeter, and compliance was monitored (Visionox). Low S(pO2) (< 90%) was significantly more frequent during use of the portable concentrator alone than with the combined system (37.1% vs 18.4%, P < .05). The portable system alone was preferred by 43% of subjects, and the combined system was preferred by 36%, whereas 21% were not sure. Subjects preferred using a single portable oxygenation system both at home and during ambulation. Portable systems alone, however, did not supply the same levels of oxygenation as the combination of fixed and portable systems. Before the widespread adoption of portable systems as a single device, additional studies are needed to determine best-practice protocols for adjustment of daytime and nighttime oxygenation settings. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02079753).

The real-world effectiveness of the artificial intelligence model based on electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) signals from portable devices for detection of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) requires further exploration. In this prospective, single-centre study, we assessed the diagnostic performance of AI-ECG for detecting LVSD using a six-lead hand-held portable device (AliveCor KardiaMobile 6L). We retrained the AI-ECG model, previously validated with 12-lead ECG, to interpret the 6-lead ECG inputs. Patients aged 19 years or older underwent six-lead ECG recording during transthoracic echocardiography. The primary outcome was the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for detecting LVSD, defined as an ejection fraction below 40%. Of the 1716 patients recruited prospectively, 1635 were included for the final analysis (mean age 60.6 years, 50% male), among whom 163 had LVSD on echocardiography. The AI-ECG model based on the six-lead portable device demonstrated an AUROC of 0.924 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.903-0.944], with 83.4% sensitivity (95% CI 77.8-89.0%) and 88.7% specificity (95% CI 87.1-90.4%). Of the 1079 patients evaluated using the AI-ECG model based on the conventional 12-lead ECG, the AUROC was 0.962 (95% CI 0.947-0.977), with 90.1% sensitivity (95% CI 85.0-95.2%) and 91.1% specificity (95% CI 89.3-92.9%). The AI-ECG model constructed with the six-lead hand-held portable ECG device effectively identifies LVSD, demonstrating comparable accuracy to that of the conventional 12-lead ECG. This highlights the potential of hand-held portable ECG devices leveraged with AI as efficient tools for early LVSD screening.

Water absorption kinetics in different wettability conditions studied at pore and sample scales in porous media by NMR with portable single-sided and laboratory imaging devices

Peak cough flow (PCF) measurements can be used as indicators of cough effectiveness. Portable peak flow meters and spirometers have been used to measure PCF, but little is known about their accuracy compared to pneumotachograph systems. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of four portable devices (Mini–Wright and Assess peak flow meters, SpiroUSB and Microlab spirometers) in measuring PCF with a calibrated laboratory based pneumotachograph system. Twenty healthy volunteers (mean (SD) age 45 (16) years) coughed through a pneumotachograph connected in series with each portable device in turn, and the differences in PCF readings were analysed. In addition, mechanically generated flow waves of constant peak flow were delivered through each device both independently and when connected in series with the pneumotachograph. Agreement between PCF readings obtained with the pneumotachograph and the portable devices was poor. Peak flow readings were on average lower by approximately 50 L min−1 when measured using the portable devices; 95% limits of agreement spanned approximately 150 L min−1. The findings highlight the potential for inaccuracy when using portable devices for the measurement of PCF. Depending on the measurement instrument used, absolute values of PCF reported in the literature may not be directly comparable.

Artificial intelligence (AI) can detect left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) from electrocardiograms (ECGs). Wearable devices could allow for broad AI-based screening but frequently obtain noisy ECGs. We report a novel strategy that automates the detection of hidden cardiovascular diseases, such as LVSD, adapted for noisy single-lead ECGs obtained on wearable and portable devices. We use 385,601 ECGs for development of a standard and noise-adapted model. For the noise-adapted model, ECGs are augmented during training with random gaussian noise within four distinct frequency ranges, each emulating real-world noise sources. Both models perform comparably on standard ECGs with an AUROC of 0.90. The noise-adapted model performs significantly better on the same test set augmented with four distinct real-world noise recordings at multiple signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), including noise isolated from a portable device ECG. The standard and noise-adapted models have an AUROC of 0.72 and 0.87, respectively, when evaluated on ECGs augmented with portable ECG device noise at an SNR of 0.5. This approach represents a novel strategy for the development of wearable-adapted tools from clinical ECG repositories.

A portable accelerometer-based device which used to detect small displacement is designed, and a novel method of acceleration signal processing for small displacement measurement is provided. The system consists of a low-cost tri-axial accelerometer, a microprocessor, and a wireless data transfer module. Accelerometer is sensitive to noise so that it is essential to design a Butterworth low-pass infinite impulse response digital filter for denoising. After signal processing, small displacement calculation method is used to obtain movement detection and estimation. Our experiments show that the method of signal processing for the accelerometer embedded in portable devices is effective, and the portable accelerometer-based device can be used to get small displacement of measured object.

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the accuracy of a portable device for measuring nasal and bronchial fractional exhaled nitric oxide (nFeNO and FeNO) as an alternative method to replace a high-cost multiple flow device in subjects with allergic rhinitis (AR) . Methods: It was a descriptive and comparative study. The healthy subjects (control group), subjects with AR (AR group) and those with AR and asthma (AR-A group) were enrolled in this study. They underwent nasal and bronchial FeNO measurements by both fixed flow NObreath ® connected to nasal mask (for nFeNO) and without mask (for FeNO) and multiple flows HypAir FeNO ® . Results: There were 153 subjects recruited during the study period, including 63 healthy subjects and 90 subjects with AR and AR-A. There were no statistically significant differences in anthropometric characteristics between study groups. The concentrations of nasal FeNO and bronchial FeNO measured by a portable device in subjects with AR were higher than in healthy subjects: 76.0 ± 50.7 ppb vs 36.0 ± 28.1 ppb ( P &lt; 0.01), and 32.3 ± 15.4 ppb vs 9.2 ± 5.6 ppb ( P &lt; 0.001). There was a weak correlation between nasal FeNO measured by portable devices and multiple flow devices. Conclusions: The portable device is useful in measuring nasal FeNO in subjects with AR. The advantages of a low-cost and accurate portable device may help it be used in primary care in the management of subjects with allergic rhinitis and asthma

Lomefloxacin hydrochloride (LMFX) and sodium salicylate (SS) are important targets for real-time detection due to their widespread uses in daily life; accurate and portable monitoring of LMFX and SS is crucial for human health concerns accordingly. Developing a precise and smart platform for determination of the above analytes remains a significant challenge. Herein, a high-sensitivity platform incorporating a luminescence electrospinning film, self-designed smart-phone app, and portable 3D printing device has been developed to identify LMFX and SS. In this work, two heterometallic coordination polymers with two-dimensional layer structures have been synthesized based on 2,2'-oxidiacetic acid ligand (H2oda), namely, [LnPb(oda)2(CH3COO)]n [Ln = Eu (IMU-1); Tb (IMU-2)]. IMU-1 and IMU-2 were ratio-dependent luminescence probes, which could selectively and sensitively sense with LMFX and SS, respectively. Additionally, the synthesized electrospinning films incorporating IMU-1 and IMU-2 were employed to identify LMFX and SS. Both films could rapidly photograph and color-capture through a portable 3D printing device, along with a self-designed smart-phone app that enabled convenient and quick determination of the concentrations of the above analytes. Remarkably, the mechanism exploration indicated that electron transfer from ligands to analytes affected the antenna effect and further utilized the intrinsic luminescence of analytes along with the luminescence quenching of Ln3+ ions. Furthermore, a strategy for constructing ratio-based fluorescent probes by exploiting the luminescence of analytes and Ln3+ ions in host coordination polymers is proposed. This work provides a new insight by combining luminescence probes, portable devices, and a smart-phone app for real-time detection of drugs and food additives.

Workshop Synthesis: Conducting Travel Surveys using Portable Devices- Challenges and Research Needs

Recently, because the portable devices became popular, it is easily to see that each person carries more than just one portable device and the use of the smartphone stretches as time goes by. After the smartphone has propagated rapidly, the total usage of the smartphone applications has also increased. But still, each application store has a different platform to develop and to apply an application. The application store is divided into two big markets, the Android and the Apple. So the developers have to develop their application by using these two different platforms. Developing into two different platforms almost makes a double development cost. And for the other platforms, the weakness is, which still have a small market breadth like Bada is not about the cost, but about drawing the proper developers for the given platform application development. The web application is rising up as the solution to solve these problems, reducing the cost and time in developing applications for every platform. For web applications don`t need to make a vassal relationship with application markets platform. Which makes it possible for an application to operate properly in every portable devices and reduces the time and cost in developing. Therefore, all of the application markets could be united into one big market through a protocol which will connect each web applications market. But, still there is no standard for the web application store and no current web application store is possible to interlock with other web application stores. In this paper, we are trying to suggest a protocol by developing a prototype and prove that this protocol can supplement the current weakness.

Battery-powered electronics devices have become well-verse in the current society. The rapid growth of the use of portable devices such as portable computers, personal data assistants, cellular phones and Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEVs) creates a strong claim for fast deployment of the battery technologies at an extraordinary rate. The design of a battery-power-driven device requires many battery-management features, including charge control, battery-capacity monitoring, remaining run-time information and charge-cycle counting. Compare to other batteries, lithium battery has the highest power density, energy density and the longest cycle life. The main objective is to develop a battery management system model to ensure that optimum use is made of the energy inside the battery powering the portable device and that the risk of damage to the battery is prevented. Modeling a battery management system by studying the charging and discharging characteristic curve of the lithium-ion battery is being proposed in this research project.

The demand for large numbers of ventilators and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has increased recently after the global spread of the Corona epidemic (known as COVID-19), and the equipment available in hospitals and health centers has become insufficient. Providing a large number of these expensive devices in a short period of time is difficult, and providing suitable places for them is not easy. Hence the need to apply the concepts of reverse engineering in the design and manufacture of low-cost portable devices for use by patients, wherever they are. This chapter provides the main components of the mechanical ventilator and how it works as a first stage to apply the concepts of reverse engineering to the design and construction of a low-cost portable device as well as a cardiopulmonary resuscitation system. Wireless sensor network technologies were applied in order to access the device and adjust its main parameters by the specialist according to the patient’s condition. This device can be used at home, ambulances, health centers and remote hard-to-reach places. The main parameters of the device can be adjusted directly by the operator or remotely by a specialist according to the patient’s condition. Experimental results on the first prototype, when compared to available portable devices, indicate its ability to assist a patient with difficulty breathing. The prototype efficiently responds to the input settings provided by the paramedic or specialist, depending on the patient’s condition. The respirator prototype is small and weighs 4.7 kg, equipped with a wireless guidance system for CPR, and its cost does not exceed 800 USD.KeywordsVentilationBag volume maskLow-cost ventilatorPortable ventilatorCPRReal-time monitoring

There is currently no objective portable screening modality for narrow angles in the community. In this prospective, single-centre image validation study, we used machine learning on slit lamp images taken with a portable smartphone device (MIDAS) to predict the central anterior chamber depth (ACD) of phakic patients with undilated pupils. Patients 60 years or older with no history of laser or intraocular surgery were recruited. Slit lamp images were taken with MIDAS, followed by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT; Casia SS-1000, Tomey, Nagoya, Japan). After manual annotation of the anatomical landmarks of the slit lamp photos, machine learning was applied after image processing and feature extraction to predict the ACD. These values were then compared with those acquired from the ASOCT. Sixty-six eyes (right = 39, 59.1%) were included for analysis. The predicted ACD values formed a strong positive correlation with the measured ACD values from ASOCT (R2 = 0.91 for training data and R2 = 0.73 for test data). This study suggests the possibility of estimating central ACD using slit lamp images taken from portable devices.

The rapid growth in portable devices has been well documented and all indications are that the growth will continue at a torrid pace. This increase in growth has been accompanied by an increase in the power and functionality of the various devices and, consequently, increased requirements of their power devices. The authors describe how the use of long run-time, high energy storage, lightweight rechargeable batteries can be used for such applications. This paper first looks at rechargeable zinc-air battery technology in comparison with other rechargeable battery technologies. The paper then presents details of designing a portable computer based on rechargeable zinc-air secondary batteries. The information is equally applicable to any portable electronic device.