Energy-efficient dynamic homomorphic security scheme for fog computing in IoT networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly as more and more household appliances, sensors and actuators are connected to the internet and communicate with each other. Because these IoT devices usually have only limited processing and communication capabilities, an efficient communication protocol is required to reduce the protocol overhead. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol provides such properties. MQTT is a publish/subscribe protocol, where each client can subscribe to a message topic in order to receive all messages published under that topic. The payload of a message (i.e., the content) can be encrypted to hide private information. However, to forward messages, the topic of a message needs to be read by the broker and thus cannot be encrypted and might reveal private information. This paper presents methods to avoid this problem. It features and evaluates a one-time password approach to provide a fully obfuscated communication method for MQTT topics. Thereby, the user tracking and the generation of profiles is prevented.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a prominent paradigm applied to several areas ranging from medicine to industrial networks. It aims at connecting to the Internet of million of daily used objects. Important challenges in this area consist in to propose mechanisms and protocols that meet security, device interoperability, quality of service and energy-efficiency requirements. Particularly, the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol has been prospected in order to provide efficient communication at the application layer for the IoT. This survey aims to present the fundamentals, tools and future directions related to MQTT protocol and its variation tailored for sensor networks, called MQTT-SN. We discuss such protocols comparing to other current IoT application layer protocols, such as Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Additionally, we present tools so as to support practical experimentation and simulation. Particularly, we carry out pactical experiments to observe the communication delay between MQTT and CoAP. Finally, the open issues and challenges in this area are examined.

The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is one of the most extended protocols on the Internet of Things (IoT). However, this protocol does not implement a strong security scheme by default, which does not allow a secure authentication mechanism between participants in the communication. Furthermore, we cannot trust the confidentiality and integrity of data. Lightweight IoT devices send more and more sensible data in areas of Smart Building, Smart City, Smart House, Smart Car, Connected Car, Health Care, Smart Retail, Industrial IoT (IIoT), etc. This makes the security challenges in the protocols used in the IoT particularly important. The standard of MQTT protocol strongly recommends implement it over Transport Layer Security (TLS) instead of plain TCP. Nonetheless, this option is not possible in most lightweight devices that make up the IoT ecosystem. Quite often, the constrained resources of IoT devices prevent the use of secure asymmetric cryptography algorithms implemented by themselves. In this article, we propose making a security schema in MQTT protocol using Cryptographic Smart Cards, for both challenges, the authentication schema and the trusted data confidentiality and data integrity. We carry out this security schema without modifying the standard protocol messages. And finally, we present a time results experiment using an example implementation model with JavaCard library.

Smart healthcare monitoring is very essential for people who are in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in hospitals which provides continuous monitoring of health parameters, which cannot be afforded outside the hospitals. Because of the ever-increasing population of the world, smart health care has become increasingly crucial. The traditional patient-doctor consultation has lost its usefulness. The effective way of monitoring the patient’s health within ICU has great potential to introduce Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The patient’s survival can be improved by the daily care of parameters such as heart rate, Hemodynamic, skin temperature, capillary refill, mental status, etc., which can be wirelessly monitored in smart way using BLE and MQTT. In addition, the Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP) protocol could also be used for alerting the doctors if the sensor values go to a critical level as per the threshold value. It uses BLE and MQTT in monitoring the health of an ICU patient and also it will compare the ZigBee technology, which is already used in monitoring health parameters in following criteria low power, performance, cost, availability etc., with the proposed method. ZigBee will not support android version which is very important to access the smart phones. But the proposed method can support android version with low power consumption.

Design and implementation of an open-Source IoT and blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading platform using ESP32-S2, Node-Red and, MQTT protocol

Online monitoring for sliver quality is an important part of the drawing process. This paper presents a high-speed drawing frame monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, which consists of drawing frame IoT terminal equipment, the cloud server and PC or mobile terminal equipments. Drawing frame IoT terminal equipment takes Cortex-A7 and Cortex-M4 of series of i.MX7 as its control cores. The A7 processor publishes IoT data as a communication gateway while the M4 processor collects sensor data and executes local on-line detection program. Two processors run Linux and FreeRTOS as operating system respectively, and the data exchange between them adopt rpmsg pattern. The communication gateway using MQTT publishes data of the IoT terminal to the cloud server for remoting monitoring and intelligent diagnosis, when the local on-line detection system aims at acquiring real-time status of the sliver on drawing frame. Users can check the real-time status of the drawing frame at the subscription end of IoT and on the computer or mobile phone end by subscribing message by theme. Experiments show that the system operates with reliability, and is good compatible with other devices because of the modular design. The adoption of this system can promote the digitization and the intelligentialize of the drawing frame.

Edge computing is proposed to solve the problem of centralized cloud computing caused by a large number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The IoT protocols need to be modified according to the edge computing paradigm, where the edge computing devices for analyzing IoT data are distributed to the edge networks. The MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol, as a data distribution protocol widely adopted in many international IoT standards, is suitable for cloud computing because it uses a centralized broker to effectively collect and transmit data. However, the standard MQTT may suffer from serious traffic congestion problem on the broker, causing long transfer delays if there are massive IoT devices connected to the broker. In addition, the big data exchange between the IoT devices and the broker decreases network capability of the edge networks. The authors in this paper propose a novel MQTT with a multicast mechanism to minimize data transfer delay and network usage for the massive IoT communications. The proposed MQTT reduces data transfer delays by establishing bidirectional SDN (Software Defined Networking) multicast trees between the publishers and the subscribers by means of bypassing the centralized broker. As a result, it can reduce transmission delay by 65% and network usage by 58% compared with the standard MQTT.

The interconnection of our vehicles increases the efficiency and responsiveness of driving systems and passengers' comfort. Knowing this specificity, systems must be able to exploit an incalculable amount of more or less essential data. This data requires a particular organisation and many existing protocols allow its hierarchy, its archival in an orderly way or its simplified propagation within the network. This problematic is the same as the one encountered in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) suitable for vehicles. This paper focuses on exchanges between vehicle groups with IoT linked by Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and their hot connectivity to ensure the highest availability of data in the network.

Ensuring the well-being of livestock and maximizing agricultural output both need vigilant monitoring. Biometric sensing in cattle is the focus of this article, which offers a thorough solution based on Multi-Sensor Fusion (MSF) connected to the Internet of Things (IoT). The technology uses a number of physiological sensors to record the animal's vitals in real-time a comprehensive overview of its health. With the help of the IoT architecture, sensors may easily connect to one another and share data remotely. Improved data exchange efficiency, reduced latency, and dependable device-to-device communication are all results of using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The suggested system integrates data from many sensors to provide more reliable health insights. Constant monitoring of vital signs (heart rate, temperature, and activity levels) enables prompt identification of abnormalities or indications of distress. The combination of data from several sensors allows for a more detailed assessment of the animal's health, which in turn allows for preventative measures and individualized treatment. The MQTT protocol, data may be sent in real-time to a central server or cloud platform, simplifying the flow of information. This data may be examined to provide valuable insights that can be used by vets and farmers to make timely decisions.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that consists of tiny sensors embedded with IoT devices used in e-Health, smart cities and assisted living. IoT devices are equipped with constrained power, memory, and computing capabilities, which creates new security challenges. By integrating sensors and wireless technologies, this cutting-edge technology automates numerous routine tasks in different domains. The main goal of advancing IoT in the existing healthcare system is to automate the monitoring of hospitals and patients’ health by spreading goodwill toward the IoT vision. IoT has gained popularity on practically all platforms that are available. This paper presents a remote patient health monitoring and diagnosis system that uses Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices with one time pad cryptography. The proposed plan offers end-to-end data secrecy for an IoT system using MQTT that enables e-health and mobility. Patients’ movements inside nursing homes and healthcare facilities are also managed safely without the need for periodic reconfigurations. Prior to communicating through the MQTT protocol, this secure crypto scheme encrypts the message on both the publisher and subscriber ends. According to the results, the proposed scheme is more efficient than delegation-based architecture in terms of security and lightweight communication. The proposed system established communication between patients and medical experts using IoT technologies to alleviate the hospital strain caused by congestion in medical treatment and enable an expressway of medical responses. According to our results the proposed scheme has low computational overhead compared to other solutions that use conventional encryption to guarantee robust protection against most of the IoT security attacks.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) monitoring system using message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol is a solution to solve UPS monitoring issues in a large infrastructure. This paper discusses the proof of the small size of message data by using the MQTT protocol on IoT-based communications. Based on IoT concept, the system described in this paper used Arduino microcontroller connected to the Internet via an Ethernet shield. The system used MQTT as a communication protocol that was designed for a lightweight communication. This system was intended to display UPS monitoring data in real-time on a web page stored on raspberry pi which roles as a web server, MQTT broker, MQTT subscriber and database. UPS parameter could be monitored using a web-based application. There were some differences in data obtained from sensor with the measurement results of measuring instruments specified for each parameter: the difference of input voltage was equal to 0.20%, while differences of output voltage, output power and output current reached 1.34%, 0.17% and 20%, respectively.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a platform where every day devices become smarter, every day processing becomes intelligent, and every day communication becomes informative. Numerous challenges prevent to secure IoT devices and their end-to-end communication in an IoT environment. In fact, the IoT security is still an open challenge. The purpose of this work is to examine a distributed strategy for mitigating Denial of Service (DoS) attacks against the fog node in an edge computing context in which the nodes exchange messages through Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The proposed strategy is based on a dynamic message sending frequency of the lightweight nodes. It is also mitigated data tampering and eavesdropping by using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework of interconnected computing devices mechanical and digital machines, internationally identifiable physical objects (or things) or people that are have unique identity and the ability to transfer data over a network without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction., their combination with the Internet, and their representation in the digital world. The accessibility and availability of cheap components of IoT devices enables a extensive range of applications and provide smart environments. These devices perform actuating and sensing tasks and identified through unique addresses. The IoT devices are connected to the Internet and expected to use the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) at the application layer as a main web transfer protocol. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) does not enforce the use of a particular security approach for its applications, but instead leaves that to the application designer. Therefore, IoT solutions can be based on application context and specific security requirements. MQTT is a Client Server publish/subscribe messaging transport protocol. It is lightweight, open, uncomplicated, and designed to make implementation more easier. These characteristics of MQTT make it perfect for use in most of the situations, including communication in Machine to Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT). In IOT there is major use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which connects virtual world to physical world. In this paper focus is given to application layer of IOT. In application layer two important protocols are MQTT and CoAP. Security mechanism is proposed in the paper for these protocols.

The increasing processing capabilities of massively deployed Internet of Things (IoT) and edge devices coupled with the rising demands for fast and autonomous decision-making pave the way for accurate Machine Learning (ML) model training in proximity to where data is collected, as proposed by the Federated Learning (FL) paradigm. The devices contributing to the local training (clients) are typically large in number and differ in terms of computing and battery capabilities, experienced link quality conditions and owned datasets. If clients are not properly selected by the entity in charge of aggregating the individual models (FL server) both the convergence speed and the accuracy of the resulting model can be affected. The interest in the literature for the optimization of the client selection policies is manifest, but less attention has been devoted to the design of the practical implementation of such policies with focus on the client discovery procedures. In order to fill this gap, an edge-based framework is proposed to improve the FL client discovery procedures by leveraging (i) the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol for FL clients-server interactions aimed to retrieve the capabilities of the potential clients and (ii) the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Lightweight-Machine-to-Machine (LwM2M) for the semantic description of such capabilities. A proof-of-concept is provided to assess the communication footprint incurred by the proposal.

The need for embedded devices to be able to exchange information with each other and with data centers is essential for the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT). Several existing communication protocols are designed for small devices including the message-queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol or the constrained application protocol (CoAP). However, most of the existing implementations are convenient for computers or smart phones but do not consider the strict constraints and limitations with regard resource usage, portability and configuration. In this paper, we report on an industrial research and development project which focuses on the design, implementation, testing and deployment of a MQTT module. The goal of this project is to develop this module for platforms having minimal RAM, flash code memory and processing power. This software module should be fully compliant with the MQTT protocol specification, portable, and inter-operable with other software stacks. In this paper, we present our approach based on abstraction layers to the design of the MQTT module and we discuss the compliance of the implementation with the requirements set including the MISRA static analysis requirements.