Energy production, consumption, policies and recent developments in Turkey

As a renewable energy hydropower for sustainable development in Turkey

Turkey is an energy importing country, more than half of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Domestic oil and lignite reserves are limited and lignites are characterised by high ash, sulfur and moisture content. Due to increasing energy consumption, air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern for future in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuel resources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems to be serious and the sole alternative for Turkey. This article presents a review of the present energy situation and sustainability, technical and economical potential of renewable energy sources and future policies for energy sector in Turkey. Throughout the paper several problems relating to energy sources, environment and sustainable development are discussed from both current and future perspectives.

Turkey's energy consumption is low compared to its young population. However, energy consumption is rapidly increasing as a result of economic growth in recent years, a trend which is expected to continue. Accordingly, guaranteeing adequate energy supply for its growing economy remains at the top of the governmental agenda. While energy consumption is increasing, Turkey is becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuel imports, especially in oil and natural gas. Increasing awareness toward the environmental issues, energy prices and lack of diversification are the most immediate threats. All these are significant threats to Turkish energy security and thus have become a greater focus of attention. In response, Turkish energy policy is developing into a multi-dimensional one, considering the primary goals of securing energy supply and increasing the level of diversification and decreasing environmental effects. Accordingly, these considerations have tended to endorse renewable energy. Renewable energy resources are emerging as one of the most efficient, indigenous and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Its geographical location allows extensive use of most types of renewable sources. This paper analyzes the current and possible future contribution of renewable energy in Turkish energy policy, considering supply security, diversification and environmental concerns.

Indispensable role of coal as an energy source in Turkey with focus on biodesulphurization studies and advances

Turkey has a large economy and, thus, it expects a very large growth in energy demand. Today, Turkey’s economy is mainly dependent on oil, natural gas, and electricity. On the other hand, Turkey’s energy production meets nearly 35% of its total primary energy consumption. Turkey is an energy importing country. Turkey presently has considerable renewable energy sources. The most important renewable sources are hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Turkey has about 1% of the total world hydroelectric potential and its significant potential for geothermal power production is ranked seventh in the world. This paper presents the energy situation and potential of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.

This research aims to evaluate the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on sustainable energy development (SED) by developing the role of mediating variables such as usage of renewable energy resources (URR) and sustainable energy supply (SES). We use qualitative and quantitative technique such as Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the data of collection from experts, economists, executives in Vietnam in 2020. The study has proved the corporate social responsibility (CSR) affecting directly to the sustainable energy development (SED). Besides, the findings suggest a positively significant impact of both sustaining energy supply (SES) and the usage of renewable energy resources (URR) on sustainable energy development (SED). Thus, the research brings the whole view of corporate social responsibility affects to the sustainable energy development (SED) through the URR and SES. This study contributed empirical work in the literature of corporate social responsibility, renewable energy, sustainable energy supply (SES) and sustainable energy development (SED). The outcomes of this study can be used by policy makers, economists, top management in the governmental office and even the corporate. A mediating role of SES as a value-added contribution to this study and can be consolidated and strengthened more in coming research. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Energy Development, Renewable Energy Resources, Sustaining Energy Supply.JEL Classifications: M14, Q21, Q25, Q43, Q56DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10774

Power generation has a significant contribution in total emissions of CO2, the main culprit in global warming, all over the world as well as in Turkey. Therefore, ratification of Kyoto Protocol by Turkish Parliament necessitates revising the share of different energy resources in electricity generation to be able to reduce CO2 emissions. This study is an attempt to propose a solution to this problem. To this end, Turkey’s future long-term electrical energy demand is first estimated. Predicated on this future demand, we established an optimization model for the planning of electricity production by the year 2023, which is the 100th anniversary of the republic of Turkey. In this model, availability of CO2 capture and storage units is assumed, which constitute a prominent tool for reducing the CO2 emissions of fossil fuel fired power plants. The optimal solution has produced a distribution of energy sources between coal, natural gas, hydroelectricity and nuclear energies.

The growing global concern for climate change and the need for sustainable energy solutions have driven nations to explore renewable energy alternatives. This research focuses on a developing country heavily reliant on imported electricity and evaluates the potential of renewable energy resources. Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM), this study prioritizes sustainable energy resources crucial for energy security and environmental sustainability, given the country’s dependence on traditional and imported power and its potential for renewable energy development. This study employs AHP to evaluate and rank various sustainable energy options, emphasizing their technological, economic, environmental, and social impacts. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive and systematic approach to integrating diverse expert opinions and utilizing AHP; the development of a robust decision-making model that accommodates the diverse criteria and sub-criteria (SCs) influencing the prioritization of energy resources; and its bridging of the gaps through the integration of varied criteria and SCs, region-specific concerns, and stakeholders’ engagement by creating a comprehensive and inclusive prioritization strategy. The key findings highlight solar energy as the most viable sustainable energy resource, followed by wind and hydro energy. These results underscore the significant potential for solar energy development, considering its current technological advancements, economic affordability, social acceptance, and environmental friendliness. This study not only provides a prioritized list of sustainable energy resources but also offers a methodological framework adaptable for similar assessments in other regions facing energy transition challenges. Readers will find a detailed explanation of the AHP methodology, the criteria used for evaluating energy resources, and the implications of the findings for policy and decision making. This research is particularly relevant for policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders interested in sustainable energy development and strategic planning in similar contexts.

Exponential growth in population, economic growth, rapid Industrialization to become a developed Nation, increasing domestic demand of energy and drying up of conventional sources of energy has led us to look for an alternative source of energy. Till date the main source of energy required for growth and development is coal, which is exhaustible, non renewable as well as harmful for the environment. Hence, we are forced by changing environment to move towards green energy which is the solution to the emerging problem of exhausting conventional energy sources and increased carbon footprints. It is environment friendly too for human race to pass on to next generation for continued development. Renewable energy is also called ?Green Energy? or ?Clean Energy? because it does not pollute the environment. As we all are aware that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed rather it transforms from one form to another. Green energy includes solar energy, wind energy, biogas energy etc which are already existing in different form in environment. Rajasthan is endowed with abundant green energy potential to transform it in form useful for the state growth and development. However, there is scarcity of carbon sources in state. Many developed countries are behind India in harnessing the potential of green energy for sustainable development. Rajasthan, ranked first with 19% share of installed renewable energy capacity in India. This paper provides a brief overview of the availability and current status of renewable energy in Rajasthan and its role in sustainable development of state which is taking Rajasthan from energy deficit state to energy surplus state among other states of our country. It will also help the researchers and investors to explore the vast possibility of implementation of modern technology to harness abundant green energy and to map out for the expansion of green energy generation at faster pace to reduce the carbon foot print and coal dependency.

The growing population and industrialization have resulted in an increased demand for energy, which has worsened environmental problems such as pollution and climate change. Renewable energy sources are considered a promising solution due to their environmental benefits and limited potential. This study examines the use of neural networks and time series analysis to predict electricity generation rates from renewable energy sources in Turkey. We use the LSTM, NNAR, and ELM models, all of which utilize the backpropagation algorithm for neural network forecasting. Additionally, we apply ARIMA, Holt’s trend, linear regression, mean, and exponential smoothing models for time series analysis. We evaluate the performance using the mean absolute error and root mean square error on the training and test data. The study showed that LSTM models outperformed the ARIMA (1,2,1), ARIMA (2,2,1), ARIMA (3,2,1), and NNAR methods in forecasting accuracy. Although the NNAR model initially had the lowest error, its linear predictions made it less suitable for practical applications. This study highlights the effectiveness of neural networks and time series analysis in predicting renewable energy sources. The ARIMA (1,2,1), LSTM and ARIMA (3,2,1) modeling methods are useful for optimizing the planning and management of Turkey's renewable energy future, contributing to a more sustainable energy landscape.

A judicious use of energy is a fundamental factor to achieve sustainable development.The limited character of energetic fossil resources and the pollution generated by burning fossil fuels for electricity production generate the need to replace them with other sources of energy.Despite the fact that fossil fuels would continue to play a prevailing role in the energy supply for decades to come, renewable energy resources have the potential of contributing to the increasing global energy demands, while simultaneously emerge the most efficient solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in the world.In this framework, the main scope of the present study is to provide an analysis of the current state of world natural resources used to produce energy and energy consumption degree across different regions of the world.At the same time, this paper aims to compare the environmental impacts in water, air, soil and ecosystem produced by a range of conventional and renewable energy sources, which is necessary to be reduced for building a genuine low-carbon society.

Chapter 1.6 - The Place of Coal Production and Consumption in Turkey's Economy

An investigation on renewable energy education at the university level in Turkey

This paper deals with policies to meet increasing energy demand for electricity from domestic energy sources in Turkey. A major dilemma now faced by Turkey is how to invest in new electric power capacity while at the same time adhering to foreign debt ceilings under lending rules set by the IMF. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. Sustainable development requires a balance between nature and mankind; through this balance, it programs for the life and development of both present and future generations without depleting natural resources. It is a concept that has social, ecological, economic, spatial, and cultural dimensions. In this meaning, as touched earlier, the Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish initials "GAP") had originally started as a land and water resources development effort and was later transformed into a multisectoral and integrated development project by the GAP Administration.

Sustainable development has been the focus of many analyses in economics. Nevertheless, only a few attempts have so far been made to identify the underlying relationship between sustainable energy development and sustainable social development. This article fills this research gap and enables a better understanding of the essence of sustainable development to help draw applicable conclusions. The aim is to assess sustainable energy and social development in EU countries and to examine their shared relationship in this area. To this end, this study uses a taxonomic method and correlation analysis. The analysis period covers the years 2014–2020. The research builds directly on the assumptions of the concept of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on energy and social aspects. The article is composed of two parts. The first, based on a literature review, discusses the essence of sustainable energy development and social sustainability. The second outlines the research methodology, including the underpinnings of synthetic measures and the results of the conducted empirical research.