Energy saving and environment protection solution for the submarine pipelines based on deep learning technology

Fungi are cosmopolitan organisms capable of colonising different types of soils in different ecosystems of the planet. Soils represent the main source of isolation of fungi studied in Antarctica, in which different species ranging from endemic to cosmopolitan species adapted to the cold are found. Despite the extreme conditions, different types of soils occur in Antarctica, such as those present in the Antarctic Peninsula, as well as those characterised as ultraligotrophic in continental Antarctica. These soils vary in their physicochemical characteristics such as the presence of organic matter with varying concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and minerals. In recent years, some fungal communities have been characterised in the soils of different regions of Antarctica, such as morainic, sulphur-rich, thermal, ornithogenic, oligotrophic, and ultraoligotrophic soils. Owing to their high genetic, biochemical, and physiological plasticity, fungi are able to survive, colonise, and disperse in different types of Antarctic soils and act in different ways in the region. Their main ecological functions are decomposition and nutrient cycling in extreme environments such as those in Antarctica. This chapter aims to present the current picture of the diversity of fungi present in the different types of Antarctic soils, their possible functions and ecological relations, as well as their potential in possible biotechnological applications.

Speciation of 238U, 210Po and 210Pb in six different types of Syrian soil (Entisols, Inceptisol, Aridisol, Mollisols, Vertisols and Rock outcrops) was studied using a four-step sequential extraction procedure. The binding nature of 238U, 210Po and 210Pb was correlated with soil properties including soil particles, pH, EC, OM, sand, silt and clay. The results showed that the exchangeable and carbonate fractions of 238U did not exceed 10%. In addition, the 238U, 210Po and 210Pb fractions bonded to organic matter increased as the soil clay content decreased. The highest 210Po fraction was found to be bonded to soil Fe/Al/Mn-oxides for Entisols soils (56%) and silica for Aridisol soils (53%). Soil clay content showed a linear correlation with 210Po concentrations in soils ranging from 0.34 to 0.91. The results are considered useful in assessing the risks resulting from soils contaminated by naturally occurring radioactive material from the phosphate and oil industry.

The demand for more reliable methods of predicting the stress-strain relationship of large particle soils, and for more realistic assessment of the influence of grain characteristics on the shear behavior of cohesionless materials, makes it very important that the geotechnical profession develop a reliable modeling technique to accurately evaluate the effects of test and specimen variables. Large size particles in a soil matrix make it difficult to determine the strength parameters using conventional laboratory equipment. The relevant properties of the prototype materials (which contain large size particles) could be evaluated by using laboratory-reconstructed specimens with smaller particle sizes. Traditionally, shear strengths of different types of cohesionless soils were compared using a constant relative density or void ratio. It was found that because of the differences in the range of limiting densities, soils with a constant relative density or void ratio but with different grain sizes would undergo different behavior during shear. At a constant void ratio or a constant relative density, some soils may experience volume increase; others may undergo a volume decrease; still others may experience no volume change during shear. Thus, comparing the shear strengths of different types of soils (that is, different grain size materials) based on the soils' relative densities or void ratios may led to inaccurate conclusions. The model should be based instead on the soils' response under the applied loads rather than their states of compaction. This paper presents a new model (percent dilatation) whereby the shear strength of cohesionless soils, comprised of different particle sizes, can be compared and studied based on their behaviors during shear. The percent dilatation (PD) model was developed using data from 178 drained static triaxial tests, designed and conducted to study the effects of soil density, confining pressure, moisture content, and grain characteristics (size, gradation, shape, and particle angularity) on the shear strength of cohesionless soils.

Long‐term observations of soil water content as well as determination of physical and chemical properties of different types of soils in Croatia were made in order to provide the necessary background information for landmine explosive detection. Soil water content is the key attribute of soil as a background in neutron backscattering technique (NBT) landmine detection application. If the critical value of the soil water content is reached, the detection of landmine explosives is not possible. It is recommended that soil moisture content for NBT application does not exceed 0.1 kg.kg−1 [1]. Nineteen representative samples of different soil types from different parts of Croatia were collected in order to establish soil bank with the necessary physical and chemical properties determined for each type of soil. In addition soil water content was measured on daily and weekly basis on several locations in Croatia. This procedure also included daily soil moisture measurements in the test field made of different types of soils from several locations in Croatia. This was done in order to evaluate the behavior of different types of soils under the same weather conditions.

Natural slopes are non-homogeneous in nature, which behave differently than homogeneous slopes. The non-homogeneity in slopes exist in various ways, which include change in stratifications and/or shear strength parameters (cohesion, friction angle) with depth, presence of saturated–unsaturated zones, etc. This study is performed to show the effect of non-homogeneity due to different types of soils on the stability of two-layered slopes. Homogeneous and two-layered non-homogeneous models of soil slope are prepared with three different fine-grained and coarse-grained types of soils. Both the limit equilibrium method and finite element methods were used to evaluate the stability of the slopes and the results are presented in terms of safety factors along with the corresponding critical slip surfaces. Slopes with coarse-grained soil showed translational type of failure, while rotational failure was observed for fine-grained slopes.

This paper presents an experimental study on flexural testing of three different types of soils molded at three different water contents and two different compaction energies. For this purpose, a custom designed simple beam test setup was developed in the laboratory for inducing the controlled pure bending to the soil under evaluation together with a charged coupled device video camera mounted on to a moving triaxial base plate. Based on the analysis and interpretation of bending moment (BM)-curvature (κ) relationships of tested soil beams, effects of soil type, molding water content, and compaction energy on the flexural behavior could be obtained. For the varied molding water contents and for the range of plasticity indices varied, with an increase in plasticity index of the soil and molding water content, a trend of increasing tensile strain at crack initiation was observed. In comparison, flexural tensile strength at crack initiation was observed to decrease with an increase in molding water content. Further, flexural rigidity at crack initiation was found to be higher for soils having low plasticity index and moist compacted at low-molding water contents. The developed test setup is capable of inducing distortion levels of 0.105 and can be useful in assessing flexural characteristics of different types of fine-grained soils.

Evaluation of different types of soil subgrade using glass powder for Low-Volume Roads (LVRs)

The requirements for field research for Polish conditions demand proper dependences. Dependences based on more than 30 localizations for different genetic types of soils were derived for the area of Poland. Direct results from CPT, DMT and profiles from boreholes have been collected at the test sites for individual localization. For interpretation of results, dependences and diagrams of CPTU versus DMT were created. Correlations on the background of results from literature for different types of soils for numerous research areas were collected, with established dependences for Polish grounds conditions. Additionally some recommendations for the interpretation of the results from CPTU and DMT tests for analysed soils have been proposed.

Comparison of single and sequential extraction procedures for the study of rare earth elements remobilisation in different types of soils

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants of a considerable economic role; therefore research on this plant is required, especially because of the continuous and increasing demand for such products. Literature sources lack information on the improvement of growth conditions for sweet basil with no requirement for preparations containing chemicals, which is of particular importance in organic farming, in which the application of synthetic pesticides and artificial fertilizers are banned. Biofertilizers (UG Max, EM1, PRP SOL) were tested in two-year pot experiments with different types of soil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the application of biofertilizers and organic additives in basil grown on different types of soil. The addition of straw to mineral soil provided an effect comparable to cultivation in organic soil, in which greater dry mass of leaved shoots of basil was obtained than in mineral soil. The application of all tested biofertilizers, particularly UG Max, in growing basil on mineral soil provides a similar yield of dry mass of leaves as that grown on organic or mineral soil with an addition of straw.

The purpose of this paper is to present an Integrated Life Cycle Bridge Information Modeling that can be used throughout different phases of the bridge life cycle including: design, construction, and operation and maintenance phases. Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) has become an effective tool in bridge engineering and construction. It has been used in obtaining accurate shop drawings, cost estimation, and visualization. In this paper, BrIM is used as an integrated tool for bridges life cycle information modeling. In the design phase, BrIM model can be used in obtaining optimum construction methods and performing structural advanced analysis. During construction phase, the model selects the appropriate locations for mobile cranes, monitors the status of precast components, and controls documents. Whereas, it acts as a tool for bridge management system in operation and maintenance phase. The paper provides a detailed description for each use of BrIM model in design, construction, and operation and maintenance phases of bridges. It is proven that BrIM is an effective tool for bridge management systems throughout their life phases.

Carbon footprint of drinking water over treatment plant life span (2025–2075) is probably dominated by construction phase

The results of the study of the morphological properties of underwater soils in the deltas of the Volga, Don and Kuban rivers are shown. This paper is based on field descriptions of profiles of underwater soils found in deltas. Genetic horizons have been identified, their basic properties (pH, Eh, electrical conductivity, grain size composition, organic carbon content) have been studied and the main types of soils, which are formed under different types of sedimentation and under different types of aquatic vegetation, have been described. Names of horizons and types of soils are given due to the classification of underwater soils (aquazems) of the Volga delta, that had been proposed previously. The diversity of underwater soils of three deltas has been studied, and the properties of the same soil types formed in different deltas have been compared. The features of underwater soils formation are described; the difference between the factors of underwater and terrestrial soil formation is discussed. It is shown that the number of occurring soil types depends on the diversity of the emerging types of aquatic landscapes and the contrast of the conditions of migration and accumulation of matter. Necessary conditions for the forming of underwater soils and the possibility of relating bottom sediments to soil formations are discussed. Our results are indicative of the need of studying bottom sediments with soil-like profile from the standpoint of soil science and the inclusion of aquazems into the modern Russian soil classification.

Regardless of potential benefits of design for safety (DFS) concept for lifecycle safety management in construction industry, DFS adoption as an early intervention has been slower than expected. While existing research mainly con­centrates on construction and operation phases, the role of design phase in construction safety management is always ignored. To validate the influence of DFS concept on lifecycle safety performance, this research conducted an incident case analysis (ICA) based on 442 cases collected from lifecycle subway projects, and a subway design-incident classification model (SDICM) was developed to help identify their relationship to DFS concept. Network theory was applied to study the interdependence of 22 subsystems obtained from China’s code for metro design in lifecycle safety performance. Research findings show 236 out of 442 accidents are linked to DFS. Compared with construction phase, operation phase is more susceptible to design work. Station Building (SB), Section Construction (SC), Platform Screen Doors (PSD), Vehicle Systems (VES) and Power Supply Systems (PSS) are identified as having the highest number of accidents. The results of network analysis are consistent with ICA and demonstrate the safety interdependence of subsystems. This research can help improve the cognizance of DFS, and the identified subsystems should be given priority in the design phase.

Adsorption is an important mechanism for contaminant transport in groundwater, which results in retardation of contaminant migration. Different types of soils have different amounts of ammonium N adsorption, and ammonium N will experience different types of soil as it migrates through the actual soil environment. To better explore the integrated adsorption effect of ammonium N as it moves through the soil, layered soil was considered as a whole in this study. Under the condition that ammonium N is not transformed, the relationship between the distribution coefficient of ammonium N in layered soil and that in a single soil layer was explored through batch and column experiments. The results showed that the integrated distribution coefficient of ammonium N in mixed soil was in good agreement with the linear superposition relationship between the distribution coefficient and mass of each single soil layer. In the one-dimensional column simulation experiment, a mathematical model of pollutant migration in soil was used to simulate the migration of ammonium N in the soil and verify parameters of the model. The model-fitted ammonium N concentration values were in good agreement with the measured values. The overall retardation factor of layered soil was linearly sum up of the retardation factor of a single soil layer by the thickness of each layer. The distribution coefficient of ammonium N in layered soil was integrated to the cumulative value of the product of the distribution coefficient and the thickness ratio of each single soil layer. When the difference in the density of the soil layers was small, the relationship between the integrated distribution coefficient of the layered soil and the distribution coefficient of a single layer could be adequately described by using the linear superposition relationship of the layered distribution coefficient and thickness.