Energy: Solid Waste Advanced Thermal Technology

EIA study identifies nuclear's growing electricity share

Coal: Energy for the future

ABSTRACTVarious liquid and gaseous alternative fuels have been proposed to replace the kerosene as aircraft fuel. Furthermore, new combustion technologies were developed to reduce the emissions of aero-engine. A staged fuel injection arrangement for a lean burn combustion system was applied to improve the operability of an aero-engine by achieving high flame stability at reduced combustion emissions. Originally, both circuits (pilot and main) are fuelled by kerosene; moreover, the pilot injector is operating at low power (engine idle and approach) and the pilot flame is anchored in an airflow recirculation zone. In the case of the performed research, the pilot injector was modified to allow the use of gaseous fuels. Thus, the burner model allows a flexible balancing of the mass flows for gaseous and liquid fuel. The present paper describes the investigation of ignitability for the proposed staged combustor model fuelled by gaseous and liquid fuels. A short overview on physical properties of used fuels is given. To investigate atomisation and ignition, different measurements systems were used. The effectiveness of two ignitor types (spark plug and laser ignitor) was analysed. The ignition performance of the combustor operating on various fuels was compared and discussed in detail.

"The article considers two options for autonomous power supply using both traditional and non-traditional fuels. The efficiency of using renewable energy sources is described depending on the climate, geographical location and method of energy production. The relevance of this topic is caused by increasingly high environmental requirements for production. Moreover, decentralization with the use of unconventional sources allows the energy system to be more flexible in an autonomous mode, taking into account the time of day, the intensity of solar, wind and hydropower. The use of renewable energy sources is also possible in combination with solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Combined systems are very convenient for power supply of small objects. These can be settlements remote from centralized power supply, autonomous industrial facilities, peasant farms, livestock farms. One of the energy supply options is more suitable for the northern region of the country with a long cold period and the presence of large coal reserves, there is an opportunity for the consumer to receive gas, as well as heat and electric energy when using coal as a feedstock, a kind of local gas network. The second method will ensure the disposal of animal waste and organic waste. Keywords: alternative energy sources, biogas, gaseous fuel, coal processing, autonomous power supply."

All-solid-state passive direct methanol fuel cells with great orientation stability and high energy density based on solid methanol fuels

Monolith and foam catalysts performances in ATR of liquid and gaseous fuels

Addressing the advantages and limitations of using Aethalometer data to determine the optimal absorption Ångström exponents (AAEs) values for eBC source apportionment

This article is the first in a series of articles aimed at introducing common methods for evaluating gaseous, liquid, and solid conventional and alternative fuels. The paper presents an overview of the monitored elements and their non-hydrocarbon compounds for individual liquid and gaseous fuels. Methods for determining these analytes are also presented. The significance of these determinations is also discussed. The emphasis is given mainly on standardized parameters and tests, but in some cases, we discuss also non-standardized tests or analyses not required by standards. The main goal of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview of elements and their non-hydrocarbon compounds monitored for individual fuels, the reason why these analytes are monitored, and what methods are used for this monitoring. Practically all liquid fuels discussed in this article are monitored for sulfur content. The limit value for sulfur content is 10 mg/kg, with the exception of paraffinic diesel fuel and some synthetic liquid fuels. Phosphorus content is monitored in all fuels containing a higher proportion of biocomponents. Examples such fuels are ethanol, FAME, E85, E95, and rapeseed oil. For fuels containing ethanol, the oxygen content (E5, E10) and alcohol content (E5, E10, E85 and E95), or ether content (E5, E10, E85) are also monitored. Among the minor elements, lead (E5, E10, E95), manganese (E5, E10, B7, and B10), copper (ethanol, E95), alkali metals (FAME) and alkaline earth metals (FAME and rape oil) are monitored. As with liquid fuels, the sulfur content of gaseous fuels is also monitored. Of the sulfur compounds, the sum of sulfur and carbonyl sulfide content is monitored for CNG, LNG, and their bioequivalents. For LPG for internal combustion engines, sulfane is determined qualitatively, whereas for LPG for heating purposes, the sulfur content is quantified. In the case of LPG for heating purposes, the ammonia content is determined qualitatively, and in the case of biogas according to ČSN 65 6514, the content of nitrogenous impurities except to nitrogen, and the sum of the content of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen are also evaluated.

This study is dedicated to investigations of the working process in a dual-fuel low-emission combustion chamber for a floating vessel’s gas turbine. As the object of the research, a low-emission gas turbine combustion chamber with partial premixing of fuel and air inside the outer and inner radial-axial swirls was chosen. The method of the research is based on the numerical solution of the system of differential equations which represent the physical process of mass and energy conservation and transformations and species transport for a multi-component chemically reactive turbulent system, considering nitrogen oxides formation and a discrete ordinates model of radiation. The chemistry kinetics is presented by the 6-step mechanism of combustion. Seven fuel supply operating modes, varying from 100% gaseous fuel to 100% liquid fuel, have been analysed. This analysis has revealed the possibility of the application of computational fluid dynamics for problems of dual-fuel combustion chambers for the design of a floating vessel’s gas turbine. Moreover, the study has shown the possibility of working in different transitional gaseous and liquid fuel supply modes, as they satisfy modern ecological requirements. The dependencies of the averaged temperature, NO, and CO concentrations along the length of the low-emission gas turbine combustion chamber for different cases of fuel supply are presented. Depending on the different operating modes, the calculated emission of nitrogen oxides NO and carbon monoxide CO at the outlet cross-section of a flame tube are different, but, they lie in the ranges of 31‒50 and 23‒24 mg/nm3 on the peak of 100% liquid fuel supply mode. At operating modes where a gaseous fuel supply prevails, nitrogen oxide NO and carbon monoxide CO emissions lie in the ranges of 1.2‒4.0 and 0.04‒18 mg/nm3 respectively.

Biorefining of biomass to liquid fuels and organic chemicals

Synthetic Liquid Fuels Obtained by Thermolysis of Animal Waste

Utilization of fuel oil from biomass (i.e., bio-oil) reduces emission of greenhouse gases. This paper discusses the different pyrolyis processes, physiochemical properties of pyrolysis products, upgrading techniques for safe storage and application in transportation and industrial activities. The production of bio-oil is challenging and requires inclusion of modern technologies. Pyrolysis plays a key role in the production of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels from biomass. About 60–65% yield of bio-oil produced through the pyrolysis process using fluidized bed reactor has been reported. Among the all pyrolysis technologies vacuum pyrolysis was found a well suitable not only for bio-oil production, but also for improving the physicochemical properties of biochar such as surface area, porosity (macro/micro), functional groups, etc. In bio-oil upgrading, catalytic cracking process was observed as a most promising technique for the upgrading of bio-crude in to liquid fuel. Pyrolysis based synthetic fuels are considered as one of the key to saving the potential greenhouse gas emission up to 60—80% as compared to fossil fuels.

Critical requirements in combustion research

The CO2 reduction processes have been discussed as a way of designing an ecologically totally closed technology. An electric current and molecular hydrogen are the two related available agents that can be discussed as ecologically pure reductants. The most important products are liquid and gaseous fuels, the products of large-scale organic synthesis, monomers, and amino acids. For CO2 reduction, the necessary energy consumption and H2 costs were calculated. For complex organic molecules, amino acids for instance, the energy consumption does not make up the main portion of the costs. The biocatalytic systems of CO2 reduction based on cryoimmobilized cells are described. Conversion of CO2 into L-lysine with electrochemical decomposition of water was effected on the laboratory scale. A general unit for diverse technological processes can be a bioelectrosynthetic Index Entries: Bioelectrosynthesis; CO2 reduction; liquid fuels; amino acids; immobilized cells; economic estimates. modulus, an electrochemical hydrogen generator coupled with a biocatalytic converter of hydrogen and oxygen. The systems for bioelectrosynthesis of motor fuels and essential amino acids have been economically estimated and characterized. The possibilities of combining the solar energy transformation and H2–CO2 conversion have been discussed.

Biogas Energy Resources in Pakistan Status, Potential, and Barriers