Energy use – in terms of efficiency

Economic growth and increasing population density have an influence on the large need for electrical energy in Indonesia. The amount of energy needed is directly proportional to economic growth and population density. This condition could threaten energy security in Indonesia if all stakeholders still depend on non-renewable energy. Coal, oil, and natural gas, which are continuously exploited for generating electricity, will eventually run out and will no longer be able to meet Indonesia's electrical energy needs. Apart from that, the use of non-renewable energy also has a negative impact on the environment. Indonesia is a country that is rich in renewable energy sources that can be used as a source of energy for generating electricity, but there are still obstacles in processing and using them, so they are not optimal. This paper aims to analyze the potential and challenges of providing electrical energy in Indonesia. The method used is a descriptive method using primary and secondary data and literature studies. The results of this study show that the potential for renewable energy that can be processed and developed for electricity generation is quite large, namely from energy sources originating from geothermal, hydropower, mini-hydro and micro-hydro, bioenergy, solar power, wind energy, and ocean waves. The survey results show that 52% of the public agree with the use of renewable energy, and 43% agree with the use of nuclear energy as a source of renewable electrical energy. The reason for choosing nuclear energy is the reliability of the energy supply. A strategy for developing renewable electrical energy can be formulated based on the opportunities and challenges currently faced to achieve energy security in Indonesia. Efforts to develop renewable electrical energy need to be carried out with the cooperation of all relevant stakeholders so that the sustainability of electrical energy in Indonesia can be realized.

The share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the global energy system is systematically increasing, making them the most important element of the energy transformation. Their use enables rational management of limited resources, reduction of environmental pollution, and has a significant inhibitory effect on energy poverty by improving energy efficiency. The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty in the European Union countries in 2010, 2015, and 2022. A taxonomic measure of development based on the Weber median was used to examine the relationship between the results achieved by individual EU member states in terms of the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty. The research results clearly indicate the existence of disproportions between the countries of the “old” EU and the countries that joined it in 2004 and later. These disproportions concern both the use of energy obtained from renewable sources and energy poverty. In the countries of the “old” Union, a positive moderate relationship was identified between the use of renewable energy and energy poverty, which means that a higher share of the use of energy from renewable sources in these countries reduces energy poverty. In the countries of the “new” Union, however, this relationship was very weak (2010) or non-existent. Since the renewable energy sector is subject to government policy and regulations, the results presented in this paper should be of interest to decision-makers. A stable, long-term policy should provide an appropriate investment climate that provides support for renewable energy projects and reduces the level of energy poverty.

Nowadays, the use of renewable energy in the European Union, as well as around the world seems to be unavoidable due to many factors. One of the main reasons are environmental benefits related to greenhouse gases emissions avoidance. Another very important result is the increase of the EU energy security through energy supplies diversification and the decentralization of production. Moreover, the use of renewable energy reduces the need for conventional raw materials such as oil, gas, or coal. The problem of depletion and regeneration of resources does not exist while using renewable energy sources. All these advantages are becoming increasingly important for the European Union, especially in times of rising prices of raw materials, often gas crises or economy decarbonisation process. Nevertheless, the economic crisis sparked a debate all across the European Union, on the costs related to electricity production from renewable energy sources. The fight against unemployment, public debt and the declining competitiveness of the EU economy, which is also connected with high electricity costs, forced a number of countries (even the leaders in the industry) to reduce support for these energy sources, which also caused the slowdown in their development.

Global climate change demands a rapid transition to renewable energy for sustainable development and carbon neutrality. However, existing frameworks often overlook the dynamics of renewable energy use across production, consumption, final production, and income perspectives of the economy, thereby limiting understanding of global energy transitions. This study addresses this gap using a multi regional input-output (MRIO) model to analyze renewable energy use globally from 2000 to 2021 through multiple perspectives. Our findings reveal significant disparities in renewable energy use across countries. The United States is the largest renewable energy user by four perspectives in 2021, while per capita renewable energy use reveals pronounced disparities, with heavily populated countries like China and India having notably low use levels. Furthermore, resource-exporting countries, as primary suppliers for global renewable energy, promote renewable energy use, making a substantial contribution to the energy transition. Sectoral analysis highlights the significance of electricity, gas, and water industries in renewable energy use. This study provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing renewable energy use, offering valuable insights to policymakers to accelerate equitable and sustainable energy transitions.

The Indonesian Government, through the National Energy Council, has set a roadmap for achieving zero emissions energy by 2060, with targets for increasing renewable energy use each year. Despite aiming for a 23% target by 2025, the current annual increase in new renewable energy in Indonesia is only 0.55%, far below the required 0.9%. This calls for more progressive policy planning to achieve the new energy target. Challenges include the dispersed nature of Indonesia's renewable energy potential, limited grid capacity, and domestic industry capability. This study examines the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on Indonesia's economic growth from 1990 to 2023. Employing a quantitative approach with the Error Correction Model (ECM) statistical test, the research explores short-term and long-term relationships among variables. Findings reveal that non-renewable energy consumption (CONRE) positively and significantly impacts economic growth by 6.15%, while renewable energy for electricity (REFE) also has a positive and significant effect of 7.19%. However, renewable energy from water resources (REWR) shows no significant positive impact in the long term, at only 0.19%. In the short term, CONRE positively and significantly affects economic growth by 6.43%, whereas REFE and REWR exhibit insignificant impacts of 0.075% and 0.071% respectively. The study suggests the government should optimize renewable energy potential to achieve more environmentally friendly energy policies, considering factors beyond those studied, such as societal innovation and creativity in identifying energy source potential and gaps.

Promoting Efficient and Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria: Policy, Legislative and Regulatory Challenges

Within the context of South Asian nations, this study investigates how factors such as FDI, ecological footprint, green finance, utilization of renewable energy sources, and Information and Communication Technology all have a role in determining the quality of the environment. In order to investigate the dynamic interrelationships that exist among these elements, this study makes use of panel data and in order to evaluate the nature of the connection that exists between the variables that are the subject of this investigation, the research performs slope homogeneity tests as well as cross-sectional dependency tests. The research indicates that the ecological footprint, green financing, FDI, use of renewable energy, and ICT are all collectively responsible for the increase in carbon emissions and the deterioration of environmental conditions. However, the use of renewable energy sources has been shown to have an effect that is inversely proportional to the release of carbon emissions. The study utilizes a mixed order of integration (0,1) in order to derive short-run and long-run correlations among South Asian countries. The results indicate that several factors are exerting an influence on the quality of the environment. However, it is seen that the consumption of renewable energy is having an inverse impact on carbon emissions.

Renewable energy has become a crucial factor for circular economies, sustainable development, and the environment given the limited non-renewable energy reserves and global environmental degradation mainly resulting from non-renewable energy use. This study explores the effect of educational attainment and economic growth on renewable energy use in a sample of selected emerging markets over the 2000–2018 period through causality and cointegration analyses. Causality analysis points out a significant unidirectional causality from indicators of educational attainment and economic growth to renewable energy use. In other words, educational attainment indicators and economic growth are significant determinants of renewable energy in the short run. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis ascertains a positive influence of indicators of educational attainment and economic growth on renewable energy use in the long run. The findings of both analyses indicate that educational attainment and economic growth have a significant impact on renewable energy use in the short and long term. Therefore, the policies fostering educational attainment can be used as instruments to increase the share of renewable energy use in total energy consumption.

Review of renewable energy use in Lithuania

Measuring the effects of energy transition: A structural decomposition analysis of the change in renewable energy use between 2000 and 2014

Global climate change caused by Greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, poses incomparable threats to the environment, development, and sustainability. This research investigates the potential of economic growth, renewable energy use, and technological innovation to achieve environmental sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Time series data from 1980 to 2019 were utilized by applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach followed by the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The DOLS estimate findings show that the long-run coefficient of economic growth is positive and significant with CO2 emissions, indicating a 1% increase in economic growth is related to a 1.3% rise in CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the coefficient of renewable energy use is negative and significant, which indicates that increasing renewable energy use by 1% is associated with CO2 emissions reduction by 0.15% in the long run. In addition, the estimated long-run coefficient of technological innovation is negative but not significant, implying that a 1% increase in technological innovation results in a 0.07% reduction in CO2 emissions. The empirical findings reveal that economic growth increases CO2 emissions in Bangladesh while increased renewable energy use and technological innovation help to achieve environmental sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions. The estimated results are robust to alternative estimators such as fully modified least squares (FMOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR). In addition, the pairwise Granger causality test is utilized to capture the causal linkage between the variables. This article provides policy recommendations aimed at a low-carbon economy, promoting renewable energy use, and financing technological advancement, to achieve emission reduction and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh.

Role of economic growth, renewable energy, and technological innovation to achieve environmental sustainability in Kazakhstan

The strategic objective of world climate policy is the decarbonization of industries, aiming to achieve “net-zero” emissions by 2050, as outlined in the European Green Deal and the Paris Agreement. This transition entails increasing the utilization of renewable energy sources (RES) in industrial energy consumption, thereby transforming economies from reliance on fossil fuels to sustainable alternatives. However, this shift poses a significant challenge for many EU countries, with varying degrees of success in adaptation. This paper investigates the process of decarbonizing industries by analyzing trends in the adoption of RES in EU countries and evaluating their progress toward climate targets. Utilizing time series analysis of production, total energy usage, and the proportion of renewables in industrial energy consumption, the study compares two groups of countries: longstanding EU members and newer additions. The aim is to forecast the trajectory of RES integration in industry and assess the feasibility of meeting the targets outlined in the European Green Deal. The findings reveal a considerable gap between the set targets and projected outcomes, with only a few countries expected to meet the EU’s 2030 goals. This is highlighted by disparities in RES shares across member states, ranging from 0.0% to 53.8% in 2022. Despite notable increases in the absolute use of renewable energy, particularly in central and eastern European nations, substantial challenges persist in aligning industrial sectors with EU decarbonization objectives.

Municipal energy-planning and development of local energy-systems

Türkiye's limited use of renewable energy increases reliance on fossil fuels, widening the trade deficit and heightening energy security risks. This dependency also restricts economic growth, job creation, and worsens environmental damage due to higher carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study examines the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption (REC and NREC) on CO2 emissions in Türkiye from 1965 to 2023, using the asymmetric bootstrap nonlinear cointegration test. Results show that, in the long term, NREC significantly raises CO2 emissions more than REC, while in the short term, only NREC affects emissions. Based on these findings and Türkiye's renewable energy potential, key policy implications are identified. In conclusion, increasing domestic renewable energy production is a vital solution for reducing the trade deficit and energy security risks, aligning with the broader goal of a low-carbon future.