English stress, vowel length and modularity

This paper deals with two Spanish prefixation processes, namely auto- and co- prefixation, which affect the participants in the event expressed by the verbal bases to which they apply. From our point of view, these two prefixation processes provide new evidence for the claim that it is necessary to distinguish two levels of lexical representation in the study of the relation between lexical semantics, morphology, and syntax, in the line of Booij (1992), Levin and Rappaport Hovav (1995, 1998), and Sadler and Spencer (1998). We will show that only verbs belonging to a specific lexical class can undergo co- prefixation. Therefore, it seems that this process has to be accounted for at the level of lexical semantic structure. As for auto- prefixation, it will be shown that this morphological process can apply to verbs belonging to very different lexical classes. This seems to indicate that auto-prefixation has to be accounted for at the level of argument structure. However, we will show that the existence of an additional semantic restriction governing auto- prefixation makes it necessary to have reference both to a lexical syntactic level of representation like argument structure and to a semantic level of representation like lexical semantic structure.

The structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of addiction state that addicts do not have adequate psychic structure with which to regulate painful affects internally. They instead use their drug of choice as an external regulator to self-medicate painful affects. This study tests whether the hypotheses can be applied to obese persons, for whom food may be the drug of choice. The level of object representation of 22 moderately obese and 24 normal weight subjects was compared using the Blatt Family Interaction Questionnaire. The mean level of object representation of both parents was lower for the obese subjects than for the normal-weight subjects. This finding supports the structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of food addiction.

Levels of Representation in Discourse Relations

This monograph proposes a new interpretation of the intrasegmental structure of consonants and provides the first systematic intra- and cross-linguistic study of consonant prevocalization. The proposed model represents consonants as inherently bigestural and makes strong predictions that are automatically relevant to phonological theory at both the diachronic and synchronic levels, and also to the phonetics of articulatory evolution. It also clearly demonstrates that a wide generalization of the notion of consonant prevocalization provides a uniform account for many well-known processes generally considered independent – from asynchronous palatalization in Polish to intrusive [r] in nonrhotic English, to vowel epentheses in Avestan, and to pre-/s/ vowel prothesis in Welsh. Consonant prevocalization has not played a significant role in the development of modern phonological theory to date, and this work is the first to highlight its broad theoretical significance. It develops important theoretical insights, with a wealth of supporting data and a rich bibliography. No doubt, this book will be of great interest to phonologists, phoneticians, typologists, and historical linguists.

A number of recent developments in phonological theory, beginning with The Sound Pattern of English, are particularly relevant to the phonology of compounds. They address both the phonological phenomena that apply to compound words and the phonological structures that are required as the domains of these phenomena: segmental and nonsegmental phenomena that operate within each member of a compound separately, as well as at the juncture between the members of compounds and throughout compounds as a whole. In all cases, what is crucial for the operation of the phonological phenomena of compounds is phonological structure, in terms of constituents of the Prosodic Hierarchy, as opposed to morphosyntactic structure. Specifically, only two phonological constituents are required, the Phonological Word, which provides the domain for phenomena that apply to the individual members of compounds and at their junctures, and a larger constituent that groups the members of compounds together. The nature of the latter is somewhat controversial, the main issue being whether or not there is a constituent in the Prosodic Hierarchy between the Phonological Word and the Phonological Phrase. When present, this constituent, the Composite Group (revised from the original Clitic Group), includes the members of compounds, as well as “stray” elements such as clitics and “Level 2” affixes. In its absence, compounds, and often the same “stray” elements, are analyzed as a type of Recursive Phonological Word, although crucially, the combinations of such element do not exhibit the same properties as the basic Phonological Word.

The two volumes of the <i>Phonological Spectrum</i> aim at giving a comprehensive overview of current developments in phonological theory, by providing a number of papers in different areas of current theorizing which reflect on particular problems from different angles. Volume I is concerned with segmental structure, and focuses on nasality, voicing and other laryngeal features, as well as segmental timing. With respect to nasality, questions such as the phonetic underpinning of a distinctive feature [nasal] and the treatment of nasal harmony are treated. As for voicing, the behaviour of voicing assimilation in Dutch is covered while its application in German is examined with an eye to its implications for the stratification of the German lexicon. In the final section of volume I, the structure of diphthongs is examined, as well as the treatment of lenition and the relation between phonetic and phonological specification in sign language.

The concept of the phoneme was central to the development of phonological theory. In the early twentieth century, phonological theory was all about the phoneme: how to define it, how to recognize it, how to discover it (see, for example, the articles selected for inclusion in Joos 1957 and Makkai 1972). The American structuralist term for phonology, phonemics, indicates to what extent the field was considered to be about the phoneme.

An influential hypothesis proposed by Greenwood (1980) suggests that different mating systems result in female and male-biased dispersal, respectively, in birds and mammals. However, other aspects of social structure and behavior can also shape sex-biased dispersal. Although sex-specific patterns of kin cooperation are expected to affect the benefits of philopatry and dispersal patterns, empirical evidence is scarce. Unlike many mammals, Saguinus geoffroyi (Geoffroy’s tamarin) has a breeding system in which typically multiple males mate with a single breeding female. Males typically form cooperative reproductive partnerships between relatives, whereas females generally compete for reproductive opportunities. This system of cooperative polyandry is predicted to result in female-biased dispersal, providing an opportunity to test the current hypotheses of sex-biased dispersal. Here we test for evidence of sex-biased dispersal in S. geoffroyi using demographic and genetic data from three populations. We find no sex bias in natal dispersal, contrary to the prediction based on the mating patterns. This pattern was consistent after controlling for the effects of historical population structure. Limited breeding opportunities within social groups likely drive both males and females to disperse, suggesting that dispersal is intimately related to the social context. The integration of genetic and field data revealed that tamarins are another exception to the presumed pattern of male-biased dispersal in mammals. A shift in focus from mating systems to social behavior, which plays a role in most all processes expected to influence sex-bias in dispersal, will be a fruitful target for research both within species and across taxa.

A major problem with MultiSensor Information Fusion (MSIF) is establishing the level of processing at which information should be fused. Current methodologies, whether based on fusion at the data element, segment/feature, or symbolic levels, are each inadequate for robust MSIF. Data-element fusion has problems with coregistration. Attempts to fuse information using the features of segmented data relies on a presumed similarity between the segmentation characteristics of each data stream. Symbolic-level fusion requires too much advance processing (including object identification) to be useful. MSIF systems need to operate in real-time, must perform fusion using a variety of sensor types, and should be effective across a wide range of operating conditions or deployment environments. We address this problem through developing a new representation level which facilitates matching and information fusion. The Hierarchical Data Structure (HDS) representation, created using a multilayer, cooperative/competitive neural network, meets this need. The HDS is an intermediate representation between the raw or smoothed data stream and symbolic interpretation of the data. It represents the structural organization of the data. Fused HDSs will incorporate information from multiple sensors. Their knowledge-rich structure aids top-down scene interpretation via both model matching and knowledge-based region interpretation.

We describe three experiments that use priming methodology to investigate the nature of the abstract mental representations activated during pronoun resolution, in order to contribute to our understanding of how structural representations and semantic coherence representations influence pronoun interpretation. The results of Experiment 1 suggest that there exists a level of abstract anaphoric dependency representations. Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that general coherence representations are activated during pronoun interpretation and thus provide direct evidence for the existence of shared abstract representations between (non-pronominal) coherence-related inferencing and pronoun resolution processes. Moreover, Experiment 3 has implications for our understanding of the connections between linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive processes.

One of the more recent developments on the Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) landscape lies in critical applications of Cognitive Linguistics (e.g. Chilton 2004; Koller 2004; Hart 2010, 2011a, 2014a; Hart and Lukes 2007). Critical Linguistic CDS (CL-CDS) is characterised by a shift in focus to the interpretation-stage of analysis (O’Halloran 2003; Hart 2010). That is, CL-CDS addresses the cognitive-semiotic processes involved in understanding discourse and the fundamental role that these processes play in the construction of knowledge and the legitimation of action. Cognitive Linguistic approaches to CDS thus typically present detailed semantic analyses of language usages. In particular, CL-CDS emphasises the conceptual nature of meaning construction and is concerned with modelling the conceptual structures and processes which, invoked by text in the course of discourse, constitute an ideologised understanding of the situations and events being described. Cognitive Linguistics itself is not a specific theory but a paradigm within linguistics comprised of several related theories. Accordingly, Cognitive Linguistics makes available to CDS a set of alternative ‘tools’ as different theories may be operationalised as methodologies in critical analyses of discourse. Theories in Cognitive Linguistics, however, share a common set of assumptions about the nature of language. These assumptions are naturally shared by Cognitive Linguistic studies in CDS and thus provide the common thread and theoretical backdrop that defines a more general Cognitive Linguistic school of CDS (cf. Hart 2011b, 2015b). In this chapter, then, I begin, in Section 2, by introducing the Cognitive Linguistic perspective, reviewing the common aims and commitments of Cognitive Linguistic approaches. In section 3, I introduce some of the methods employed in Cog Linguistic approaches. And finally in Section 4, I provide an example analysis using data sourced from three online newspaper articles reporting on the 2014 Million Mask March in London.

On representations in morphology case, agreement and inversion in Georgian

A fundamental observation of phonological theory is that, out of the rich sound signal of speech, a small subset of phonetic properties is contrastive in any given language. Standardly, this observation is captured by excluding the non-distinctive phonetic properties from some levels of representation, yielding an abstract categorical representation of the contrasts among the speech sounds. Universally non-contrastive features have generally been assumed to be unspecified throughout the phonological component; thus, for example, Keating (1984) and Lombardi (1991) have argued against inclusion of particular laryngeal features in phonological representation on the grounds that they are never contrastive. Language-particular non-contrastive features have generally been assumed to be unspecified only in underlying representation and early stages of the derivation (e.g. Kiparsky 1982, Archangeli 1984, 1988, Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1986, 1994, Steriade 1987, Clements 1988). Moreover, since the discovery of extensive language-particular gradient alternations, it has standardly been assumed that a subsequent phonetic component is needed, to fill in gradient and universally non-contrastive properties (e.g. Pierrehumbert 1980, Keating 1990; but see Pierrehumbert 1994 for an attack on this view of the phonetics–phonology interface). This model is schematised in Fig. 1.

The presence of clustering structure in the cystic fibrosis (CF) Document Collection is evaluated as a function of the exhaustivity of five composite representations. The composite representations are constructed from two subject descriptions, based on Medical Subject Headings and subheadings, and two citation indexes, based on the complete set of references in and a comprehensive set of citations to each document. Experimental results reveal observable evidence for clustering structure at all exhaustivity levels of all composite representations but also show that the evidence for clustering structure diminishes as the exhaustivity of each representation is decreased. The representation composed of references and citations shows less evidence of clustering structure at the exhaustive level but more uniform evidence of clustering structure over a wide range of exhaustivity levels than composite representations that include subject descriptions. The structures imposed on the CF Document Collection by all composite representations satisfy the necessary condition for a meaningful clustering outcome. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The article reveals the key ideas of psychoanalysts of the «independent» group of the British Psychoanalytic Association. To date, the framework of the modern anthropological system consists of psychoanalytic theories of personality development. In addition to the orthodox (classical) psychoanalysis of S. Freud, individual psychology of A. Adler and analytical psychology of Jung, an important place in the system of psychoanalytic directions is occupied by the theory of object relations - psychoanalytic current, which is based on the idea that as much the satisfaction of internal urges, as Freud argued, as the successful search and establishment of relationships with others. However, in addition to the work of M. Klein and the followers of her scientific and practical school, the creative work of other representatives of British psychoanalysis remains little studied for Ukrainian science. On the basis of the theoretical analysis of literary sources the main principles of psychoanalytic pedagogy within the theory of object relations are revealed. The main features of the theory of object relations, around which the representatives of the «independent» group gathered, have been identified. Emphasis is placed on the common and different views of British psychoanalysts on the formation of the child's personality, as well as criticism of the ideas of classical psychoanalysis. In particular, it is proved that the representatives of the «independent» group departed from the classical Freudian idea of the dominant influence of the Oedipus complex and the rigid «Super Ego» on the formation of personality. It is proved that the representatives of the «independent» group adhered to three common ideas: 1) each person from birth seeks to object relations, rather than to meet needs; 2) the interaction of the newborn with the outside world, especially in the dyad with the mother, has a decisive influence on the evolution of his inner world, which is considered through the prism of introjected inner objects; 3) a person's attitude to external objects is determined by imaginary internal object relations, which were formed in the child's psyche at an early age. It was concluded that the activities of analysts of the «independent» group focused on the problems of interpersonal communication, the child's interaction with parents at an early age, as well as the problems of identification and self-perception. Prospects for further research are planned in revealing the peculiarities of the work of Balint’s groups and the organization of scientific and practical measures for the prevention of pedagogical burnout.