English

The rule of thumb dictates that for any country to have a stable and sufficient power supply, there must be at least a thousand Megawatts of electricity for every one million population. However, many developing countries generate far less than the population demand. Despite not generating enough, enormous electrical power loss, energy theft, and unpaid bills are major problems bedeviling the power distribution companies. A fundamental process in the electricity cycle is energy metering from power generation to distribution and consumption. For decades now, manual (or conventional) energy meters are used to estimate every end-user's energy consumption. But there are lots of setbacks to these meters. These meters were unable to solve the problems of power loss and theft, giving necessity to developing a metering system that will serve as a solution to all issues emanating from the consumer end. The past decade saw many developments of such meters, where all are based on the internet of things (IoT) technology. Such meters are called – by the early developers – a smart energy metering system (SEMS), or simply, a Smart Meter. While there have been several reviews on SEMS, most were found to be based on the instant billing capabilities of SEMS, system development, and the wireless communication protocols of the systems. This review focuses on individual components of SEMS with particular attention to the different types and modes of sensors used for other applications. It analyzes various SEMS designs, microcontrollers, sensors, modules, transducers, communication protocols, data storage accuracy, and maximum power capability. Also discussed are the achievements and weaknesses of the designs, some future research challenges, and open issues in the implementation of SEMS.

In this project Hybrid Smart Home and Prepaid Energy Meter Using GSM has been presented to adoptively reduce the Negligent and unnecessary power consumption in home. The proposed system has three main components namely Sensor Block, wireless system (GSM) and Energy meter. Microcontroller and sensor units are used to implement smart home, based on sensor outputs the electrical appliances are controlled. On the other hand, wireless modules have been used to implement the wireless system using GSM. The main goal of this system is to control home appliances by using SMS. Key Words: Smart Energy Meter, GSM, Microcontroller, Sensors

Abstract: It is an IOT based paper electricity is one of the fundamental necessities of human beings which is commonly Used for Domestic, Agriculture, Industrial purpose. Power theft and Meter billings are biggest problems in recent days which causes a lot of loss to electricity board. If we can prevent these thefts we can save a lot of power. This is done by Smart Energy Meter by using IOT, present an efficient and cost-effective way to transfer the information of energy consumed by consumer wirelessly as well as it provides facilities to detect illegal usage of electricity. Smart Energy meter by using IOT basically consists of three major components namely controller, Wi- Fi, theft detection device. Whenever there is any fault or theft, the theft detector sensor detects the error. The controller plays a crucial role in keeping all the components in the working state. In this system the energy meter is connected to internet. The proposed system is capable of continuously monitoring and being notified about the number of units consumed to energy provider and consumer. The energy consumption is calculated automatically, and the bill is updated on the internet by using a network of internet of things. This automation can eliminate the manual work in electricity maintenance. In this paper mainly focuses on automatic billing, theft detection, power optimization and providing the relevant energy consumption information to user.

Abstract: The growing demand for intelligent energy management systems has led to the development of Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart meters that provide real-time monitoring, remote control, and data analysis. This paper presents the design and implementation of a smart energy meter that utilizes Wi-Fi (ESP32), Bluetooth (HC-05), and GSM (SIM800L) technologies to monitor energy consumption and control connected appliances remotely. The system leverages an energy meter for measurement, a microcontroller for processing, a relay module for control, and a user-friendly communication framework. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the system in real-world scenarios, with applications in residential, commercial, and industrial energy monitoring. The proposed system also supports integration with cloud platforms and mobile applications to enhance accessibility and improve decision-making. Keywords: IoT, Smart Energy Meter, ESP32, GSM, Bluetooth, Energy Monitoring, Home Automation, Blynk, Real-time Monitoring, Remote Control

In underdeveloped nations, where power grids provide insufficient and unstable power, electricity theft is most prevalent. Approximately $96 billion is lost annually due to electricity theft worldwide. Theft of electrical power is considered an offence known as electricity theft. Energy theft is a common behavior that predates the distribution of electricity. A range of techniques, from the most basic, such as simply connecting to a power line, through the manipulation of computerized electrical meters, are used to steal electricity. Fines and jail are a few of the penalties for the offence. Non- technical losses are those resulting from the theft's impact on the electricity supply. Many methods for identifying electricity theft have been put forth. This paper presents a prototype model which helps the distribution companies (DISCO) that transfers energy from generating stations to consumers to digitalize the present tariff system. It is accomplished by sending the messages to the consumer of their energy consumption and reduce the non-technical losses which occurs mainly due to energy theft by direct hooking from service lines and bypassing the metering system. With the use of a smart energy meter, this model is utilized to automatically determine when and where a theft is occurring by any resident, business, industry, etc. This paper also presents a method to find location of the electricity theft as quickly as possible, thereby allowing the distributors to take necessary measures to rectify the situation and penalize the wrongdoers.

Electricity theft is an escalating issue, worsened by global warming, which contributes to unbalanced power supply and increased safety concerns. Unauthorized power usage exceeding supply limits often leads to system shutdowns and reduced transmission efficiency. Illegal circuit bypassing has also caused fires, resulting in property damage and threats to public safety. This study presents the design and development of a real-time Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart meter using Arduino technology to monitor energy usage and detect electricity theft. The proposed system involves partial circuit simulation and the development of a full prototype using a direct current (DC) circuit. A Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) module is integrated to provide remote monitoring and control through Short Message Service (SMS), offering reliable and cost-effective connectivity. When theft is detected, the system triggers a buzzer alarm, displays warnings, and sends power shutdown alerts via GSM. Authorities can then intervene using SMS commands to restore safety. Energy consumption is monitored in real time with updates every 30 seconds. The prototype was tested and successfully validated, showing a maximum error margin of 18% when comparing real and measured power data. The system demonstrated efficient theft detection, real-time monitoring, and remote power control capabilities. This study confirms the feasibility of an Arduino-GSM-based IoT smart meter for real-time electricity monitoring and theft detection. The proposed solution enhances grid safety and efficiency by providing accurate energy tracking, early warning systems, and remote intervention tools.

This paper present a smart energy meter for computing energy cost based on consumers category and tariff rates. Proposed smart energy meter computes consumer energy cost, subsidy amount, and payable energy cost based on consumers category and tariff rates of Tamil Nadu electricity board. Prototype is experimented in various scenarios and evaluated using test cases. Results show the proposed smart energy meter is effective in computing energy cost based on consumers category and tariff rates.

Electricity theft remains a huge loss incurred by electricity distribution companies. This theft arises majorly because of activities carried out by consumers such as energy-meter by-passing, energy-meter tampering etc. This research study offers an approach for handling energy meter by-passing and tampering. The system design is based on the monitoring of the readings of two current sensors by a programmed microcontroller. While one of the current sensors monitors the current drawn by the user’s load, the latter installed before the meter monitors current drawn by all loads. Any discrepancy between the values read, indicates theft. A momentary switch is also installed in the meter to trigger the meter once it is tampered with. Furthermore, the user is provided with a remote access to the energy meter for recharging energy units and for monitoring energy consumption. It was observed that the system accurately measured load consumption and detect any attempt to by-pass or tamper with the energy meter. Lastly, all unscrupulous attempts were reported using GSM technology.

In response to the growing demand for sustainable practices in the hospitality industry, many hotels have concentrated on operational measures to reduce energy consumption. However, the potential for promoting voluntary customer-initiated energy-saving behaviors has been largely overlooked. This study fills that gap by investigating how environmental values (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric) among Chinese consumers shape their attitudes, personal norms, and behavioral intentions to book budget hotels equipped with ‘pay-as-you-use’ smart energy meters (SMEMs). Unlike previous research, which primarily focuses on consumers’ willingness to pay a premium for green hotels, this study emphasizes cost-saving, pro-environmental behaviors—particularly relevant for cost-conscious travelers. The central challenge lies in understanding how financial incentives and real-time energy usage feedback can effectively drive sustainable behavior in transient hotel settings. The study also examines the moderating role of instant gratification in these relationships. This study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS and multiple-group analysis (MGA) on data collected from 929 Chinese participants. The findings reveal that environmental values significantly influence attitudes, personal norms, and intentions to book hotels with SMEMs. Moreover, the relationship between environmental values and behavioral intentions is moderated by the level of instant gratification, underscoring the importance of immediate rewards in promoting sustainable consumer behavior. This study contributes to the literature by extending the Values-Attitude-Behavior theory and also provides practical insights for hotel managers seeking to align sustainability goals with consumers’ preferences for cost savings and instant gratification.

The measuring of the distributed energy system and billing are complicate and have many problems such as easily prone to tampering, inaccurate, and requires a large number of human operators. This paper proposed the design and implementation of modern and highly accurate single-phase smart energy meter using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and based on the Internet of thing (IoT). The proposed system has three units, smart energy meter and control centre and recharging RFID card system, which contains a unit for generating a serial number for each card and storing these numbers in the control centre unit. The transmission of consumed energy and smart meter readings information is sent using Wi-Fi technology to the central control unit.

Extremely randomised trees machine learning model for electricity theft detection

In this paper a smart energy meter is developed for domestic/industrial consumer. The proposed smart energy meter is developed in LabVIEW. The developed prototype accounts electricity consumption in multi-tariff structure, computes power quality measures, generates monthly electricity bill for the consumer along with incentives provided and penalties levied for power quality measures accordingly and establishes communication between the consumer and utility. The developed prototype is experimentally verified for sample input voltage and current waveforms.

In order to solve the problems of heavy workload, weak planning, and repetitive maintenance in the periodic rotation of smart energy meters, the author proposes a verification cycle optimization method based on the evaluation results of energy meter status. This method first obtains data on six indicators of smart energy meters: regional factors, reliability, full event, abnormal metering events, battery overload, and clock battery undervoltage; Subsequently, on the one hand, the coefficient of variation assignment method is used to obtain the status score of each electricity meter, and on the other hand, these six indicator data are used as input data, and the K means clustering algorithm is used to classify and obtain the corresponding categories. Finally, the two algorithms are combined to obtain a new method for evaluating the status of smart energy meters, and the final evaluation result is output. The experimental results indicate that: The number of electricity meters scored below 80 points obtained by this method accounts for 22.08% of the total number of electricity meters, while electricity meters scored above 80 points account for 77.93% of the total number of electricity meters. This indicates that this method is in line with the actual situation and objective laws. Constructing a state evaluation model for electric energy meters, using historical data and on-site calibration data as state variables, analyzing the annual operational quality of electric energy meters, and providing reference basis for adjusting the calibration cycle of electric energy meters.

The trends and technologies in power systems are rapidly changing. As part of conversion to Smart Grid, there is an increased demand for an efficient and reliable Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system especially in domestic consumers. Smart energy meters are widely employed in developed countries where there are Smart grids. The immediate transition to smart meters generates huge financial investments for developing countries like India. In order to minimize this initial investment as well as the E-wastes, it is possible to upgrade the functionality of the existing digital meter by incorporating an additional circuitry. This paper presents the design of an energy meter suitable for our traditional power grids, and its associated web interface based on cloud storage, for automating billing and managing the collected data. Here the proposed design converts the conventional digital electronic energy meters into AMRs, capable of communicating with the utility and the consumers. A Long Range (LoRa) WiFi-based wireless communication module is integrated with an electronic energy meter through a gateway and Raspberry pi module. An optocoupler is used to fetch the meter readings from the pulses of LEDs of the energy meter. A LoRa receiver at the other end, with a cloud database, acts as the billing point. The cloud storage used is Firebase. A responsive, user-friendly graphical user interface has developed for monitoring the consumption. With proper authentication, users can access the developed web page from anywhere in the world. The total energy consumption and the due bill of the customers can be obtained from this webpage. The consumers can also set their consumption limits and thereby reduce their overall energy consumption for energy management. The proposed system neglects the regular digital metering system and allows remote access to the electronic meter.

Objectives: To present a Smart Energy Meter (SEM) that reduces errors effectively while generating the electricity bill. Methods: This SEM confluence of modern technology and existing electrical architecture, yet it is a low-cost device suitable for the Indian environment. The proposed SEM is only incorporated with a current sensor and other associated circuitry. Findings: A quantitative comparison between our SEM and other existing SEMs revealed that the proposed SEM is superior in the economy, circuit complexity, and accuracy. With mere Indian Rupees (INR) around 3k to 3.5k, it can be designed to be used. There is no complex circuitry associated with this proposed SEM. The accuracy of the proposed SEM is also comparable with the existing meters that it could attain up to 0.7-0.9 % accuracy. Novelty: The proposed system deals with the digitalization of the billing process with the help of sensors that are used to calculate the usage time of each household device. Subsequently, it alerts the user about the consumed units using a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) module. An Advanced Reduced Instruction Set Computer Machine (ARM7) microcontroller continuously monitors the system, and the results can be viewed through a built-in Android App. A Wi-Fi module allows for continual data updates and control of home appliances. Achievements: The real-time solution for the overloading problem is provided in this research. Keywords: Smart Energy Meter, GSM module, Relay module, ARM7, Wi­Fi module