English

Beyond international guidelines and agreements, over the last decade the focus of the global development community turned to collaboratively designing technical methodologies and tools to support women’s access to land. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides a prime example of one of these technical initiatives. Whilst LADM was developed with the aim to support the access to land for women and vulnerable groups as a key design criterion, many other potentially conflicting requirements influenced the developed model. Moreover, after a decade of the standard being in practice and applied in various country contexts, there now exists the impetus and opportunity to assess whether the LADM can support the access to land for women and vulnerable groups in practice, including an assessment of the standard against new international standards and agreements emerging over the previous decade. This paper therefore assesses the gender sensitivity of the LADM, from a technical perspective, which is needed to better understand and therefore support and strengthen the documentation and recordation of women’s land rights through standard based systems, and basic datasets. The research type ‘modelling’ is followed to identify requirements from related land administration literature, and to model and match these with the current Edition I of the LADM. The status of the current version of the LADM with regards to whether, and if how it deals with these requirements was assessed. Potential actions for improvements to the LADM were recorded and some examples illustrate options of people to land relationships considering a women perspective and how the LADM would currently model those people-to-land relationships. The assessment shows that the LADM contains significant functionality to support women’s access to land and hence support the implementation of a gender sensitive land administration system. The potential and importance of standards, such as the LADM, and their role in the recognition of women’s land rights is shown and therefore future developments and uptake of such standards are seen as imperative for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The decision to refine the existing content and to extend the scope of Edition I of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a response to requests from the international Land Administration (LA) community. This response has to be formally organised in accordance with ISO guidelines. This begins with gathering feedback from ISO/TC 211 Member States on the need for updated and enhanced capabilities of the LADM. In addition, several proposals have been made to extend the scope of the LADM Edition I. After analysing the feedback received, it was proposed to develop the LADM Edition II as a multi-part standard: Part 1 — Generic conceptual model, Part 2 — Land registration, Part 3 — Marine georegulation, Part 4 — Valuation information, Part 5 — Spatial plan information and Part 6 — Implementation aspects. In other words, Edition I focuses on land tenure, while the design and development of Edition II is based on the inclusion of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) concerning marine georegulation, valuation information, spatial plan information as well as LADM implementation. 3D representations are relevant for all parts.This paper focuses on the design of the new structure of the second edition of the LADM and on the (operational) capabilities of this new edition in relation to the LA issues in Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually close classes), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process. The parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 are the parts in which the authors are currently involved. Part 1 will be a high-level umbrella standard; Part 2 is largely based on LADM Edition I and focuses on land registration, with an enhanced support on the surveying functionality, including new subclasses of spatial unit, and extended 3D spatial profiles. Part 3 harmonises the description of RRRs and aligns land concepts with marine aspects from the marine domain based on the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) S121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries Product Specification. Part 4 deals with valuation information used and produced in the context of land administration, while Part 5 deals with spatial planning information and includes the planned use of the land (zoning), resulting in RRRs. Lastly, Part 6 is planned to be about implementation of the LADM and will be developed in close collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).

Presently, informal settlements exist as part of the urban fabric and a major constituent of the residential geographies of most Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The growth of informal settlements in cities of the global south has been widely discussed in existing literature as a critical concern. Urban development literature in Zambia in particular has focused on the rapid urbanization and poverty growth, but barely explains how this affects settlement sustainability. Studies have focused on measures put in place by government and supporting organisations to help find solutions to the problem. But this has been done without providing specifics as relates to interventions for settlement sustainability and user perceptions of their living environments. The article provides a conceptual analysis of the local dynamics influencing informal settlement development and sustainability. The historical perspective and modern day realities of informal urban settlement settings in Lusaka in Zambia are also reviewed. The case study findings indicate a need to refocus development interventions in informal settlements by considering informal dwellers concerns and requirements when formulating settlements development strategies. The article offers an insight into sustainability challenges that the settlement population faces despite a variety of development interventions by the State and private agencies. The article shows the potential success and sustainability of interventions when informal settlement residents are empowered and take responsibility of their own development agenda. The paper points out the need for collaborative approach to informal settlement improvement where all stakeholders including the local residents, participate in all stages of settlement development.

In this paper, the possibilities of developing the national information infrastructure by applying the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) are discussed. Confirmation of the legitimacy of using the LADM within the (Spatial) Information Infrastructure (SII) context is illustrated with the case of Poland. Creating the information infrastructure is an immense challenge because its components are usually dispersed among various institutions responsible for their maintenance and dissemination. Co-existing spatial and non-spatial components of the information infrastructure require their proper integration. Moreover, the interdisciplinary nature of the SII results in combining objects from physical and legal world in one computer environment. The process of standardisation is the first step to refine land administration system and to make it more understandable and transparent for involved parties. The LADM, being officially adopted as an international standard ISO 19152, gives a basis for building national profiles and supports creating the European information infrastructure, enabling communication based on common terminology. This paper provides a brief overview of the current land information system in Poland emphasising the main issues in creating the national information infrastructure. Then, the general concept of the country profile for Poland with the adaptation of the LADM is described. With respect to the users’ expectations and requirements, the conceptual model is extended to information being outside the scope of LADM. As a final point, several technical aspects of implementing the complemented LADM country profile are explored. The results indicate that effective functioning of the information infrastructure requires proper integration of data, proceeded by analysing the contents of existing data sets, indicating key registers and defining a linkage system between them.

The application of the Land Administration Domain Model in building a country profile for the Polish cadastre

The article examines the feasibility of developing an evaluation information model for use in the system of land administration in Ukraine. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard, which is intended to standardize cadastre models of different countries of the world, is considered. The conceptual principles of the evaluation information model and the conformity of this model to the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) are revealed. Features of the basic evaluation information model structure are presented, including identification of information needs, and establishment of relationships between classes of objects and their filling. This approach automates the process of data collection and analysis, as well as reduces the number of errors during evaluation. The article examines the implementation of the evaluation information model based on LADM in Ukraine, which will require a comprehensive study of the legal and regulatory framework related to the system of land administration in Ukraine. For the successful implementation of the evaluation information system in Ukraine, the authors propose to define types of ownership, which will include the model, spatial-territorial distribution, and types of tax payments, which will be administered in the system. Thus, a well-developed and implemented model of land administration can provide effective management of land resources, an increase of investments, and generation of incomes.

Abstract. A new version of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been discussed and is under further development in ISO/TC 211 on Geographic Information. One of the extending parts is where the model can accommodate complex and advanced marine properties and cadastral objects. Currently, the fundamentals part of this new version (LADM Edition II) has been examined by the committee, and a few elements need to be considered, especially for marine space georegulation. Based on the possibility of embedding LADM with marine cadastre as agreed by several researchers, the concept of marine cadastre data model within land administration context has been anticipated in many countries (e.g., Canada, Greece, Turkey, Australia, and Malaysia). Part of the research focused on constructing and developing the appropriate data models to manage marine spaces and resources most effectively. Several studies have attempted to establish a conceptual model for marine cadastre in Malaysia. However, there is still no acceptable marine data model. Thus, this paper proposed a marine data model for Malaysia based on the international standard, LADM. The approach, by definition, can be applied to the marine environment in terms of controlling and modelling a variety of rights, responsibilities, and restrictions. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) application was utilized to construct the conceptual and technical models via Enterprise Architect as part of the validation process. The data model was constructed within the marine's concept in Malaysia to meet international standards. The features of the data model were also discussed in the FIG workshop (9th LADM International Workshop 2021). The experiment on the data model also includes 3D visualization and simple query.

In this paper, the enhancement of the data model of the Cyprus land information system (CLIS), with the adoption of the land administration domain model (LADM) is examined. The CLIS was established in 1999, within the Department of Lands and Surveys, to support the operation of the Cyprus cadastral system and has met the majority of its initial set goals. It is however now broadly accepted that the CLIS should be improved and upgraded, and a new data model should be introduced to facilitate the manipulation and provision of data to internal and external users/customers in a more effective way. The need to enhance the CLIS coincides with the introduction of the LADM, which is under development within the Technical Committee 211 of the International Organization for Standardization and identified as ISO 19152. The LADM provides an abstract, conceptual schema with three basic packages: parties (such as people and organisations), administrative rights, responsibilities and restrictions (such as property rights) and spatial units (such as parcels, buildings and networks), with the latter having one subpackage: surveying and spatial representation [6]. [Note: In this moment (January 2012), the LADM is at the development stage of Final Draft International Standard]. In this paper, the basic entities of the CLIS are presented and restructured, in a way to comply with the LADM. After analysing the characteristics of LADM, it is concluded that this is compatible with CLIS, and can be used as a data model framework for CLIS’s upgrade. Thus, the Cyprus country profile is proposed. The adoption of the LADM is a great opportunity for the Department of Lands and Surveys to introduce an International Organization for Standardization standard model, based on model driven architecture, and to gain all the benefits derived from such a movement. Such benefits include the improvement in the effectiveness and the efficiency of the current system and the expansion of the services provided by CLIS to the broader land administration system and to the Cyprus community. The new functionality includes: better structuring of the rights, responsibilities and restrictions (and related source documents); better fitting in the information infrastructure, both national (e.g. valuation, taxation, building, address and person registrations) and international (e.g. INSPIRE cadastral parcels); and future capabilities for representing three-dimensional spatial units (e.g. legal spaces related to apartment or utility infrastructure).

The frequency and magnitude of natural disasters, increased by anthropic factors such as the intensification of agricultural activities, population growth, pressure on natural resources, and climate change, cause economic losses and negatively impacts the economy, health and security. One of the most effective solutions to deal with the risks associated with these events is prevention through proper land use planning, in which land administration systems provide land-related data for better decision-making, policy frameworks, and information infrastructures. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), ISO 19152:2012, allows each plot’s rights, restrictions, and responsibilities, among others, to be considered at the municipal level, in accordance with adequate risk management. In this work, 1) the LADM, 2) the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 risk management system developed for New Zealand, and 3) the criteria used in Ecuador for the spatial planning of municipalities are combined in a single process. Next, applying the business management model to define the stakeholders and the main integrated processes in a single system was considered. Finally, the conceptual model for using land administration tools in managing natural hazards is presented, relating in a single system, the cadaster, tenure, value, planning, and use of the land. KeywordsNatural hazardRiskLand administration system

Namibia's rapid urbanization has led to an increase in informal settlements, with an estimated 40 % of the country's urban population living in these communities. These settlements are characterized by unregulated land occupation, limited access to municipal services, and a lack of tenure security. The prevalence of poor housing conditions in informal settlements contributes to prevailing cycles of poverty, social exclusion, and vulnerability to environmental hazards. In order to support socio-economic progress, existing research emphasizes the need for inclusive urban planning, secure land tenure, and infrastructural development. Despite community-driven efforts, such as negotiations for group land ownership, water management, and participatory informal settlement profiling and household mapping by organizations like the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia, various challenges that hinder sustainable improvements remain. At the municipal and national levels, these challenges include insufficient geospatial data for planning and cadastral purposes.To address these issues, we rely on advancements in open-source geospatial software and the capabilities of commercial drones (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAVs). Together, these advancements allow for removing barriers when generating high-resolution geospatial data products. UAVs offer high-resolution imagery with centimeter-level accuracy that can potentially be employed for cadastral purposes, and their deployment is faster and more cost-effective compared to conventional field surveying methods. At the same time, open-source software, specifically OpenDroneMap, allows for the generation of geospatial data products, such as orthophotos, digital elevation models, and textured 3D models from captured drone images without additional licensing costs.In this study, we conducted drone flights over informal settlements in Okahandja, a town in central Namibia that has not yet been mapped by the municipality. We conducted the fieldwork in close collaboration with the municipality and the informal settlements' residents, and drone flights were enabled by financial support from the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. Our team surveyed ground control point markers, visible in the drone imagery, using real-time kinematic positioning based on existing cadastral ground control points outside the informal settlements to improve georeferencing. As a result, we generated orthophotos and digital elevation models with centimeter-level georeferencing accuracy and an image resolution of 6 cm/px, which is sufficient for layout planning and cadastral applications. We shared the data products with the municipality of Okahandja, with technical support from the Namibia Housing Action Group, and published the orthophotos on the OpenAerialMap platform under a CC-BY 4.0 license to encourage broader use by stakeholders, such as researchers, local authorities, NGOs, and community organizations. As a result, the data generated supports the community-driven land formalization process.Our work highlights the potential of combining UAVs, the availability of open-source geospatial tools, and open science principles to address critical challenges within Namibia's informal settlements. The procedure provides high-resolution data for the municipalities' planning and cadastral needs and supports participatory informal settlement upgrading efforts. By enabling community involvement through open science, we show how technological advancements and good scientific practice can enhance participatory decision-making in land administration - particularly where the scope for shaping outcomes by governance structures alone is limited.

Formal land registration systems have failed to accommodate the wide range of land tenure claims found in developing countries, including land rights under customary and informal tenure systems, thereby leaving the rural people with insecure tenure. To reduce poverty, empower the poor, and ensure economic growth, security of tenure is beneficial. This paper investigates how the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) can be applied to record customary and informal land rights at Itaji-Ekiti, Nigeria. Primary data was collected by administering questionnaires on a house-to-house basis and conducting interviews with land rights holders. Spatial data was recorded using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) Garmin Oregon 300 and a mobile application (Topographic Mapper). Secondary data was collected from reports, journal articles, published books and the Google Earth image repository. The data collected through the administered questionnaires was used to analyse perceptions of tenure by the holders of land rights. This study provides additional knowledge for researchers in the field of Cadastral Surveying, as it tested the applicability of the STDM. The model will also help the government of Nigeria with the necessary data for the upgrading of informal settlements, which will provide integrity in land administration.

The aim of the paper is to give an overview of selected ongoing ISO standardization activities in the domain of geographic information dealing with BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre. The presented international standards have also a close relation to the activities (e.g. 3D spatial planning) from which the smart cities could benefit. In particular, in this paper the ISO 19152 Geographic information – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard and ISO 19166 Geographic information – BIM to GIS conceptual mapping (B2GM) standard (still under development) are emphasized. Both mentioned standards are also strongly interrelated with each other. The ISO 19152 standard supports the smart registration of real estates by providing a conceptual schema incorporating 3D parcels, i.e. the 3D cadastre. 3D cadastre can provide the accurate, authoritative and unambiguous foundation for understanding the urban form. The second version of the ISO 19152 is also going to be extended to manage the spatial planning information. This enables 3D spatial planning in connection with the legal information, which is all together of big importance for building the smart cities. Furthermore, the ISO 19166 standard is going to provide a conceptual framework for transformation of BIM into GIS (at various level of details) and vice versa. This enables a wider use of existing detailed and semantically rich 3D digital BIM data in building of the 3D cadastre and smart cities GIS projects. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • There are currently two running projects within International Organization for Standardization (ISO) from which the smart city should benefit – the international standard ISO 19166 BIM2GIS and ISO TR 23262 GIS (geospatial) / BIM interoperability. • There is an existing international standard ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) supporting the creation of the 3D cadastre. • The second version of the international standard ISO 19152, which is now under development, will bring a support for spatial planning and also the examples of technical encodings of LADM in BIM/IFC and CityGML.

Towards SDG 11: Large-scale geographic and demographic characterisation of informal settlements fusing remote sensing, POI, and open geo-data

Development of 3D underground cadastral data model in Korea: Based on land administration domain model

Access to safe water, adequate sanitation, and improved hygiene (WASH) are essential for human health, dignity, and sustainable urban development. However, informal urban settlements in Namibia, particularly Havana in Windhoek, continue to experience severe WASH challenges such as unsafe water sources, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices despite ongoing government interventions. This qualitative study explores participatory approaches to improving WASH conditions in the Havana settlement through community engagement, behavioural change, and intersectoral collaboration. Using participatory action research (PAR) design, data was collected between 2018 and 2020 through interviews, focus group discussions, and community meetings involving 110 residents, four community leaders, and eight stakeholders. Thematic analysis, guided by Tesch’s framework and the use of ATLAS.ti software, identified key patterns and themes. A complementary systematic literature review (2020–2025) provided insights into recent WASH interventions and public health developments in informal settlements, ensuring methodological rigor through transparent inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings show that poverty, overcrowding, insecure tenure, and poor living environments exacerbate WASH deficiencies, leading to frequent outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Participants reported irregular water supply, inadequate communal toilets, open defecation, and limited hygiene awareness. Nevertheless, strong community willingness to participate in WASH improvement initiatives emerged when supported by inclusive education, participatory governance, and adequate infrastructure. The study concludes that community-led and participatory approaches, particularly the proposed Community WASH Action Plan (COMWAP) enhance social inclusion, promote behavioural transformation, and strengthen resilience. Implementing such approaches will improve WASH conditions of informal settlements and advance Namibia’s progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation for all.