Enhance Object Tracking on Augmented Reality Markerless using FAST Corner Detection

The feature of combining the real world with virtual objects enables Augmented Reality (AR) to provide a better display of information, resulting in its increasing popularity in a variety of industries. However, sometimes the two types of AR application Ð marker-based AR and markerless AR Ð are confusing to developers. These two types of AR can be applied to different situations because both of them have their own advantages and disadvantages. So it is necessary for developers to learn the difference between these two types of AR. In this paper, an AR-based indoor decoration system is developed to illustrate the difference between marker-based AR and markerless AR. The developed system can aid in viewing the effect of indoor decoration with both virtual facilities and product information in advance. Based on the two modules of this system (marker-based module and markerless module), this paper makes a comparison between these two types of AR in the following four aspects: (1) methods in realizing AR, (2) position accuracy, (3) stability, and (4) hardware support. The comparison results can provide future developers with a judgement basis when deciding which types of AR to select.

In recent years, augmented reality (AR) technology has received attention. AR technology is expected to be widely used in various day-to-day activities. Many researchers have proposed methods that use AR technology for various purposes. However, there is a possibility that displayed AR objects cause anxiety or spoil scenic views for the user, as the objects can hinder the view and the appearances can change to several forms. Therefore, it is important to consider how we should display the AR objects depending on its purpose. In this study, we have investigated how participants behave when they are shown different AR objects to lead them to the left/right side on an outdoor road. As a result, we confirmed that we should use the AR object whose appearance blends with the surroundings when the object is a sign to lead people on outdoor.

The development of the learning process by utilizing current technological developments needs to adapt to the character of 21st-century learning. The fact that 21st-century learning is still not implemented optimally and well enough in schools has encouraged several studies that integrate Augmented Reality technology into science learning. AR Learning Media can visualize science learning concepts for understanding and structure of an object model, making AR a more effective, innovative, and fun media. Where the research objective is to examine Augmented Reality for Interactive, Innovative, and Fun Science Learning: Systematic Literature Review. The review was conducted based on state-of-the-art methods using the preferred reporting items for reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The results of this research explain that there are 3 types of Augmented Reality Methods, namely image recognition, Markerless Augmented Reality, Projection Augmented Reality, and Superimposition Augmented Reality; There are 4 things to use Augmented Reality, namely the use of augmented reality (AR) as a learning medium, the use of augmented reality (AR) to train skills, Abstract Thinking Skills, Creative Thinking Skills, Interactive, Innovative and fun. Some fields use AR, namely: entertainment, military training, robotics and telerobotics, consumer design, and medicine.

We propose a novel wearable haptic device that can provide kinesthetic haptic feedback for stiffness rendering of virtual objects in augmented reality (AR). Rendering stiffness of objects using haptic feedback is crucial for realistic finger-based object manipulation, yet challenging particularly in AR due to the co-presence of a real hand, haptic device, and rendered AR objects in the scenes. By adopting passive actuation with a tendon-based transmission mechanism, the proposed haptic device can generate kinesthetic feedback strong enough for immersive manipulation and prevention of inter-penetration in a small-form-factor, while maximizing the wearability and minimizing the occlusion in AR usage. A selective locking module is adopted in the device to allow for the rendering of the elasticity of objects. We perform an experimental study of two-finger grasping to verify the efficacy of the proposed haptic device for finger-based manipulation in AR. We also quantitatively compare/articulate the effects of different types of feedbacks across haptic and visual sense (i.e., kinesthetic haptic feedback, vibrotactile haptic feedback, and visuo-haptic feedback) for stiffness rendering of virtual objects in AR for the first time.

Augmented Reality (AR) that can be considered as a form of location-based services is a technique utilizing position and orientation information and a location database of POIs to enrich video or photographs by adding on graphics or text objects. The AR technique can be used to develop Pedestrian Navigation Systems (PNSs), but high-precision positioning is needed for displaying AR objects at proper places. However, the required level of accuracy is far beyond current commercial positioning solutions, e.g., outdoor GPS and indoor RF systems. In this paper, we propose an AR-based positioning technique for AR users to position their locations. First, by utilizing a coarse positioning system, AR objects can be roughly displayed on the touch screen of a AR device. Then, AR objects can be matched with their images on the display via drag-and-drop operations by users. Thus, both the coordinates of the AR objects in the image and in the real world can be known. Based on the coordinates along with the knowledge of the camera focal length, the location at which the photograph was taken can be known. The location of the camera can be treated as the location of the user. The proposed positioning technique is very helpful in developing high-precision PNSs.

Locating virtual objects (e.g., holograms) in head-mounted Augmented Reality (AR) can be an exhausting and frustrating task. This is mostly due to the limited field of view of current AR devices, which amplify the problem of objects receding from view. In previous work, EyeSee360 was developed to address this problem by visualizing the locations of multiple out-of-view objects. However, on small field of view devices such as the Hololens, EyeSee360 adds a lot of visual clutter that may negatively affect user performance. In this work, we compare three variants of EyeSee360 with different levels of information (assistance) to evaluate in how far they add visual clutter and thereby negatively affect search time performance. Our results show that variants of EyeSee360 with less assistance result into faster search times.

Augmented Reality technology is a technology that unites the real world and the virtual world using hardware, namely a camera. This technology does not completely replace reality but adds several virtual objects in 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional form to the real 3-dimensional environment and then displays them in real time or actual time. The Markerless Augmented Reality (MAR) method is one method that is currently being developed. This method means that users no longer have to use markers to display digital elements.Through this media, this research aims to minimize violations of traffic signs and increase understanding of traffic signs. For the public, one of the efforts made is through the introduction or socialization of traffic signs and rules in the form of educational applications. So an application was created that introduced types of traffic signs and road markings. Augmented reality technology, which combines virtual objects into the real world, is considered more interesting as a learning medium. Plus, with 3D animation, the information presented feels more alive so it can provide a clear understanding, for example the location of signs. -the sign is in 3D Object.

The article presents the experience of teaching students — future teachers to use augmented reality (AR) technologies in lessons on various subjects of the school curriculum. The analysis of two main approaches to the creation of augmented reality (marker-based and markerless), AR applications for mobile devices, software solutions for creating AR content, as well as the experience accumulated by teachers-researchers in the use of AR technologies in the educational process allowed us to draw conclusions about what methodological techniques for studying theoretical approaches to defining the concept of “augmented reality” and technologies for implementing augmented reality are appropriate to use in educational practice. As a result, a methodology was proposed that includes two blocks of training future subject teachers to use augmented reality technologies in their future professional activities in the process of teaching academic subjects, according to two implementations of AR technologies: marker-based AR based on the use of the domestic software platform ARGUMENT and markerless AR, involving the use of ready-made AR applications available on the software market. This methodology can be used not only in educational practice with students, but also in working with schoolchildren in the context of specialized informatics training. The developed methodology was tested at Murmansk Arctic University as part of the professional training of bachelors in the field of “Pedagogical education” in the process of teaching the discipline “Digital education technologies”, as well as during the educational (project-technological) practice of students. The proposed training options for the use of augmented reality technologies in teaching academic subjects at school can be included in the programs of professional training of students studying in the field of “Pedagogical education”, and also used in additional professional pedagogical education when working with subject teachers in retraining and advanced training courses to develop methodological knowledge and skills of teachers on the proposed issues.

Currently, most existing research on the security of augmented reality (AR) primarily focuses on user-to-user or user-to-infrastructure authentication, aiming to establish secure communication and prevent potential attacks, such as man-in-the-middle attacks, among others. AR techniques enable users to interact with virtual information and objects within the real environment. However, creating virtual objects can be time-consuming, and unfortunately, malicious individuals may unlawfully copy these objects and integrate them into their own AR scenarios. It is essential to authenticate whether AR objects and the associated content they interact with are legitimately integrated. This paper proposes a novel method for authenticating AR-delivered content using data-hiding techniques with the symmetric property. The proposed method utilizes data hiding to embed data within the content that AR objects interact with, enabling the identification of illegal and tampered AR objects. A scenario involving an AR e-book is defined, and two data-hiding methods are applied to this scenario. The experimental results demonstrate that both data-hiding methods effectively identify the tampered image page of an AR e-book under different tone versions, new trigger image(s) added, or new image(s) replacement.

Buku merupakan salah satu media cetak yang sangat penting untuk dibaca, tidak terkecuali dengan buku kebudayaan lokal daerah. Dalam perkembangan media cetak, umumnya terkesan dan terlihat satu arah sebab hanya bisa dibaca dan terkadang pembaca tidak dapat menerima informasi lebih terutama informasi mengenai buku kebudayaan daerah karena terdapat hanya beberapa gambar di buku tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, Augmented Reality (AR) dapat diimplementasikan kedalam buku cetak yang dibuat dalam bentuk pengenalan budaya lokal Kalimantan Barat berbasis ponsel Android, sehingga terlihat lebih menarik dan aktraktif untuk dibaca sebab pembaca juga dapat berperan dalam hal ini. AR dalam konsep markerless menawarkan keunggulan dalam penggabungan objek 3D dengan lingkungan realitas, namun hal tersebut harus diimbangi dengan proses pendeteksian marker sebagai objek yang ditampilkan. Pada metode FAST Corner detection yang digunakan, dibahas mengenai apa saja yang dapat mempengaruhi baik atau buruk dari implementasi AR. Sebab FAST merupakan algoritma dalam pengenalan objek 2D yang memanfaatkan tingkat kecerahan suatu objek gambar 2D yang akan dijadikan marker, sehingga setiap nilai dari titik sudut piksel gambar tersebut dapat dikenal oleh sistem. Untuk perolehan hasil dari aplikasi, kamera ponsel mendeteksi marker dengan sudut pandang terdeteksi diantara 0º - 75º dan kadar cahaya sedang pada jarak 0 - 30 cm. Kata Kunci : Kebudayaan, AR, metode FAST, marker 2D, Android.

The concept of augmented reality markerless tracking is introduced. This concept provides a flexible and practical framework and is especially relevant for video game augmented reality applications. Markerless AR has been comprised of the universal communal. Markerless augmented reality is the encounter proficiency that’s now prepared for the primary time. The perception of this report is that the handler’s aspect at the live appearance of the camera of their portable phone in three dimensional and the passage that they see that is the certainty is developed by assimilated three- dimensional virtual objects. Augmented reality games have the authority to outspread virtual gaming into real-world circumstances with real people, while improving the senses of the user. This paper designates the AR-zombie game established with the purpose of detected and unindustrialized mobile augmented reality submissions, precisely for gaming, using ground plane detection collaboration techniques. The objective of the AR zombie player is to kill zombies that are identified through the demonstration of the device. Instead of using indicators as a mean of tracking zombies, this game integrates a ground plane detection system, which will augment the user experience by improving the interface of performers with the real world. As the player travels around the environment, the game will show virtual zombies on the display if the detected ground plane is predictable as belonging to the class of the zombies. AR zombie was tested with users to evaluate the interaction with the real world and its types of tracks were evaluated concerning the presentation to confirm a better gaming familiarity.

Augmented reality (AR) has become a pivotal tool for enhancing museum engagement through interactive experiences. This study developed and evaluated an Android-based AR application for the Popa Eyato Archaeological Museum, comparing marker-based (Vuforia), and markerless (EasyAR) tracking methods. While previous studies often focus on technical development, this research provides empirical insights into usability within the Southeast Asian Museum context. Using a mixed-methods approach with 35 participants, the application was evaluated using the system usability scale (SUS) and handheld augmented reality usability scale (HARUS). Results show that the application achieved an average SUS score of 78, classified as “Good” and “Acceptable”. The comparative analysis reveals that while marker-based AR offers higher stability, markerless AR provides greater flexibility for spatial exploration. However, environmental factors like museum lighting significantly impact markerless tracking performance. These findings offer practical recommendations for museum curators and AR designers in selecting appropriate tracking technologies based on infrastructural constraints and visitor demographics. The study concludes that balancing technical stability with user mobility is essential for optimizing digital heritage preservation and educational engagement in regional museums.

The digitization that is impacting the construction sector still encounters areas where it is hindered. Safety is one of them—in Italy, even health and safety plans have to be digitally modeled. In this article, a methodology is presented for the digitization of health and safety plans and their visualization on-site using augmented reality and a seamless system for indoor–outdoor localization. Safety requirements for equipment are modeled as customized property within BIM models. Then, the interoperable-format IFC is used to upload the model in a BIM platform. On-site outdoor localization is ensured by a GPS-RTK system, while for indoor spaces, an artificial intelligence algorithm that recognizes features is used. In this research, an application that supports a seamless outdoor–indoor transition is proposed, with the display of inspection information through augmented reality and a blockchain notarization of images taken on-site and aligned with BIM models. The results of indoor and outdoor alignment are presented below. The experiment regarding augmented reality information display and the photo notarization procedure are also reported. This methodology improves the site inspection process by supporting the traceability of operations.

The advancement of augmented reality (AR), gives a comprehensive and accurate training environment that revolutionizes firefighting courses. There are various realistic fire simulations. With markerless AR, trainees can experience realistic simulations of fire scenarios in a controlled environment, allowing them to gain situational awareness and improve their decision-making skills in a safe and effective manner. The researchers explore through using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A methodological approach to examining literature systematically. Selects, obtains, and assesses the quality of the study. The growth of augmented reality continues to rise which helps the future researchers to continually improve augmented reality. This includes in different types of devices used HoloLens, Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR), and Head-Mount Displays (HMD). Augmented reality technology has the potential to revolutionize education and training. By overlaying digital information on the real world, learners can gain a deeper understanding of complex concepts. In addition, situational awareness training for disasters can be greatly enhanced through the use of augmented reality.

Augmented reality (AR) is a trending technology with many potential applications. In architecture, AR can help visualize and document historic buildings by virtual reconstruction. Colonial buildings in Jakarta Old Town are cultural heritage buildings that are vulnerable to damage by aging and environmental factors. The mitigation of this damage as the first step toward restoration is important. The storage and maintenance of records of threatened buildings for posterity are also important. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for AR-based reconstruction. AR technology is implemented through mobile phones or smartphones. The modeling process is simple and interactive and has potential applications in both education and tourism. The reconstruction method of colonial buildings uses markerless AR and a database of historical knowledge of colonial architecture. The architectural style is identified using the database. Then, an AR-Reconstruction prototype, which provides a visual description of the building reconstruction process using 3D graphics animation models of colonial buildings, is developed. The model reproduces the building in its original condition and actual location. In the trial run, access to building details is delayed. Therefore, in the future, the geometric details and marker quality need to be optimized.